GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC HIMATNAGAR

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

UNIT NO:1

UNIT NAME:Operating System Concepts

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What is Operating System?

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Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to

actually work.
It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the
machine hardware.
It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its
software and hardware.
Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
Without a computer operating system, a computer and software
programs would be useless.

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An operating system performs basic tasks such as

controlling and allocating memory
prioritizing system requests
controlling input and output devices
facilitating networking and managing file systems.
Sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.

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Structure of Operating System

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Structure of Operating System

1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,
2. Software (Operating System)
Software includes process management routines,
memory management routines, I/O control
routines, file management routines.
3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker
etc.
4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database management
etc.,

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Need Of Operating System

Managing Resources
Providing user interface
Running applications
Controls the computer Hardware
Process Management
Memory Management and Network Management
File System and Protection

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Evolution Of Operating System

The evolution of operating systems went through seven major

phases.
Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users
accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing,
multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and
distributed systems.
In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent
programming were developed and demonstrated in model
operating systems.

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Evolution Of OS
Major Phases

Technical
Innovations

Operating Systems

Open Shop

The idea of OS

IBM 701 open shop

(1954)

Batch Processing

Tape batching,
First-in, first-out
scheduling.

BKS system (1961)

Multiprogramming

Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor (1961),

Indivisible operations, Exec II system (1966)
Demand paging,
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling.

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Evolution Of Operating System

Timesharing

Simultaneous user
interaction,
On-line file systems

Multics file system

(1965),
Unix (1974)

Concurrent
Programming

Hierarchical systems,
Extensible kernels,
Parallel programming
concepts, Secure
parallel languages

RC 4000 system
(1969),
13 Venus system
(1972),
14 Boss 2 system
(1975).

Personal Computing

Graphic user
interfaces

OS 6 (1972)
Pilot system (1980)

Distributed Systems

Remote servers

WFS file server (1979)

Unix United RPC
(1982)
24 Amoeba system
(1990)

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Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer

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Types Of Operating System

1) Batch Operating System
The users of batch operating system do not interact
with the computer directly.
Each user prepares his job on an offline device like
punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are
batched together and run as a group.
Thus, the programmers left their programs with the
operator.

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Types Of OS
The problems with Batch Systems are following.
Lack of interaction between the user and job.
CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical
I/O devices are
slower than CPU.
Difficult to provide the desired priority.

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Types Of Operating System

2) Time Sharing Operating System

Time sharing is a technique which enables many people,
located at various terminals, to use a particular computer
system at the same time.
Time sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared
among multiple users simultaneously is
termed as timesharing. Multiple jobs are executed by the
CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur
so frequently.

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Thus, the user can receivean immediate response. For

example, in a transaction processing, processor execute
each user program in a short burst or quantum of
computation. That is if n users are present, each user
can get time quantum.

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Types Of Operating System

Advantages of Timesharing Operating Systems are :
Provide advantage of quick response.
Avoids duplication of software.
Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages Of Time sharing OS
Problem of reliability.
Question of security and integrity of user programs and
data.
Problem of data communication.

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Types Of Operating System

The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch

Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of
multiprogrammed batch systems, objective is to maximize
processor use, whereas in TimeSharing Systemsobjective is to
minimize response time.

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Types Of Operating System

Real Time operating System
Real time system is defines as a data processing system
in which the time interval required to process and respond
to inputs is so small that it controls the environment.
In this Response Time is already fixed. Means time to
Display the Results after Possessing has fixed by the
Processor or CPU.
Real Time System is used at those Places in which we
Requires higher and Timely Response.
These Types of Systems are used in Reservation. So
when we specify the Request, the CPU will perform at that
Time.

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Types Of Operating System

4) Multiprocessing Operating System
Generally a Computer has a Single Processor means
a Computer have a just one CPU for Processing the
instructions. But if we are Running multiple jobs, then
this will decrease the Speed of CPU.
For Increasing the Speed of Processing then we uses
the Multiprocessing, in the Multi Processing there are
two or More CPU in a Single Operating System if one
CPU will fail, then other CPU is used for providing
backup to the first CPU.

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With the help of Multi-processing, we can Execute

Many Jobs at a Time. All the Operations are divided into
the Number of CPUs
if first CPU Completed his Work before the Second
CPU, then the Work of Second CPU will be divided into
the First and Second.

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Types Of Operating System

5) Multi-Programming Operating System
With the help of Multi programming we can Execute
Multiple Programs on the System at a Time and in the
Multi-programming the CPU will never get idle, because
with the help of Multi-Programming we can Execute
Many Programs on the System .

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When we are Working with the Program then we can

also Submit the Second or Another Program for Running
and the CPU will then Execute the Second Program after
the completion of the First Program. And in this we can
also specify our Input means a user can also interact with
the System.
The Multi-programming Operating Systems never use
any cards because the Process is entered on the Spot by
the user.

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Types Of Operating System

6) Multithreading Operating System
An application typically is implemented as a separate
process with several threads of control.
In some situations a single application may be required
to perform several similar tasks for example a web server
accepts client requests for web pages, images, sound, and
so forth
A busy web server may have several of clients
concurrently accessing it. If the web server ran as a
traditional single-threaded process, it would be able to
service only one client at a time.

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Types Of Operating System

The amount of time that a client might have to wait for
its request to be serviced could be enormous. So it is
efficient to have one process that contains multiple threads
to serve the same purpose.
This approach would multithread the web-server
process, the server would create a separate thread that
would listen for client requests when a request was made
rather than creating another process it would create
another thread to service the request.
To get the advantages like responsiveness, Resource
sharing economy and utilization of multiprocessor
architectures multithreading concept can be used.

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Types Of Operating System

7) Distributed Operating System

Computers network connects computer with one

another so that data such as files and email could be
transferred. Over time, more and more of the computer's
capabilities are being shared over the network has given
ample scope to distributed computing.
An OS which manages a collection of independent
computers and make them appear to the user of the
system as a single computer.
Then it only takes a small amount of work by each
computer (or human) to complete the bigger task.

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Types Of Operating System

DOS is transparency. User are not aware of
existence of other machines.
When there is higher load on one processor,OS
automatically distributes the computation on other
machine,where the processor is idle or having low load.

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Operating System Services

The common service provided by the operating system
is listed below
1)Program execution
2) I/O operation
3) File system manipulation
4) Communications
5) Error detection

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Operating System Services

1)Program execution
Operating system loads a program into memory and
executes the program. The program must be able to end
its execution, either normally or abnormally.
2) I/O Operation
I/O means any file or any specific I/O device. Program
may require any I/O device while running. So operating
system must provide the
required I/O.

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Operating System Services

3) File system manipulation
Program needs to read a file or write a file. The
operating system gives the permission to the program
for operation on file.
4) Communication
Data transfer between two processes is required for
some time. The both processes are on the one
computer or on different computer but connected
through computer network. Communication may be
implemented by two methods:
a.Shared memory
b.Message passing.

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Operating System Services

5) Error detection
Error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the
memory
hardware. The operating system constantly needs to be
aware of possible
errors. It should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent
computing
Operating system with multiple users provides following
services.
1.Resource Allocation
2.Accounting
3.Protection

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Operating System Services

Resource Allocation:
If there are more than one user or jobs running at the
same time, then resources must be allocated to each of
them. Operating system manages different types of
resources require special allocation code, i.e. main
memory, CPU cycles and file storage.
There are some resources which require only general
request and release code. For allocating CPU, CPU
scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of
CPU. CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better
utilization of CPU. CPU scheduling routines consider the
speed of the CPU, number of available registers and other
required factors.

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Operating System Services

Accounting :
Logs of each user must be kept. It is also necessary to
keep record of which user how much and what kinds of
computer resources.This log is used for accounting
purposes.
The accounting data may be used for statistics or for the
billing. It also used to improve system efficiency

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Operating System Services

Protection :
Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled. Security starts with each user
having to authenticate to the system, usually by means of
a password. External I/O devices must be also protected
from invalid access attempts.
In protection, all the access to the resources is
controlled. In multiprocess environment,it is possible that,
one process to interface with the other, or with the
operating system, so protection is required.

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