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WCDMA Antenna Principle and Model

Selection

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Outline of Presentation

Principles of Antenna

Model Selection of Antenna

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Principles of Antenna (1)

What is antenna?

Antenna converts the electrical signals from the conductive wire into radio wave and
transmits it into the air
Antenna collects the radio wave and converts it into electrical signals

B l a h blah
b la h b l a h

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Principles of Antenna (2)

When the conductive wire has alternating current, it can form radiation
of electromagnetic wave, with the radioactive capacity related to the
length and form of the conductive wire. When the length of the
conductive wire increases to a degree comparable to wavelength, the
current on the conductive wire sharply increases, forming strong
radiation. Generally the straight conductive wire below that can form
noticeable radiation is called dipole .

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Principles of Antenna (3)

A dipole with the two rods of the same length is called symmetrical dipole, or 1/2
wavelength dipole. A single 1/2 wavelength symmetrical dipole can be used
independently, or multiple 1/2 wavelength symmetrical dipole can form an antenna
array.
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength

dipole

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Outer View of Antennae (1)

--- Outdoor BS directional antenna

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Outer View of Antennae (2)

--- Indoor antenna
Indoor ceiling-mount antenna

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Indoor wall-mount antenna

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The high gain of the patch antenna is formed by the antenna array of
multiple basic dipoles

For example, 1 symmetrical dipole

Receiving power: 1mW

Antenna array of 4 symmetrical dipoles

Receiving power: 4 mW

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

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Gain of Antenna
The definition of the gain of an antenna is related to the 1/2 wavelength dipole or the
omni radiator. The omni radiator assumes that the radiation powers in all directions
are equal. The gain of the antenna in a certain direction is a value of the field
strength generated in this direction over the intensity by the omni radiator in this
direction.
Generally the gain of the antenna has two units: dBd and dBi. dBi indicates the
field strength in the direction of the largest radiation of the antenna, compared with
the reference value of the omni radiator. The gain of the antenna compared with the
1/2 wavelength dipole is indicated with dBd. 0dBd=2.15 dBi

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Difference of dBd and dBi

A omni homogeneous radiator

has the same radiation in all
directions

Pattern radiation of a single

symmetrical dipole

2.15dB

Gain of an antenna compared with a

symmetrical dipole is indicated with dBd.
Gain of an antenna compared with an omni
homogeneous radiator is indicated with dBi.
For example: 3dBd = 5.15dBi

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Antenna Direction (1)

The antenna direction refers to the capability of radiating electromagnetic
wave in a certain direction. For the receiving antenna, pattern means the
receiving capability of the wave propagated from different directions. The
characteristic curve of antenna direction is usually indicated with pattern
diagram.
Pattern diagram is employed to describe the capability of
transmitting/receiving electromagnetic wave in all directions in the space.

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Antenna Pattern (2)

Top view

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Beamwidth of Antenna
Horizontal pattern
3dB beamwidth

10dB beamwidth
- 3dB point

60 (eg)

- 10dB point

Peak

120 (eg)

- 3dB point

- 10dB point

Peak - 3dB

Peak

15 (eg)

Peak

Peak - 3dB

Vertical pattern

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Peak - 10dB

32 (eg)

Peak

Peak - 10dB

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Horizontal Lobe 3dB Width

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Vertical Lobe 3dB Width

Directional antenna

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Omni antenna

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Impact of Vertical Lobe

The relatively narrow 3 dB width of the vertical lobe will generate more coverage
dead zones. With two antennae without downtilt hung at high places, the wide
vertical lobe in read generates a dead zone with the length being OX, smaller than OX
for that of the narrow vertical lobe in blue.

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Work Frequency Range of Antenna

In disregard of transmitting or receiving antenna, it always works within a
certain frequency range. With the considerations of out-of-band antiinterference, the usual practice is to select the bandwidth of the antenna that
just meets the frequency requirements.

At 850MHz, the 1/2

wavelength is best

At
820
MHz

At
890
MHz
Antenna
dipole

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Polarization of Antenna
The field direction of the electromagnetic field of the antenna radiation is the polarization of the
antenna. The BS antenna usually applies linear polarization. With the ground as reference plane, if the
field vector is to the ground, it is vertical polarization (VP); if the field vector is parallel to the
ground, it is horizontal polarization (HP). In the case of a dual-polarization antenna, the +45 and
-45 orthogonal dual-linear polarization are adopted.

Vertical
polarization

+ 45 tilted polarization

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Horizontal
polarization

- 45 tilted polarization

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Dual-polarization Antenna
The dual-polarization consists of two antennae with orthogonal poles within the same
radome. The adoption of dual-polarization antenna can sharply reduce the number of
antennae, streamline the installation engineering of antenna, lower cost, and save
space in antenna installation.

V/H (vertical/horizontal)

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Tilt (+/- 45)

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Antenna Beam Downtilt

Applied to suppress coverage and reduce cross-modulation
Two modes: Mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt

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Impact of Downtilt on Coverage

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Beam Downtilt
The purpose of the downtilt technology is to tilt the main beam to reduce the radiation level to
the adjacent coverage cells. In the case, though the signal level at the edge of the cell is reduced,
the interference level is much lower than the signal level.

No downtilt

Electrical downtilt

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Mechanical downtilt

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Principle of Electrical Downtilt

Phase Shifter

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Electrical Downtilt and Mechanical Downtilt

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F/R Ratio
In the antenna pattern, the ratio of max. value of front and back lobes is called
front/back ratio . The F/R ratio of the outdoor BS antenna is preferably generally
larger than 25dB.

Rear power

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Front power

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Input Impedance of Antenna

The ratio of the signal voltage and the signal current of the antenna at the feeder
connection points, i.e., the two ends of the feeding points, is called impedance of
antenna.
Input impedance has resistance component and reactance component. For any
antenna, we make adjustment through the antenna impedance so that within the
required work frequency range, the imaginary part of impedance is very small and
real part is very close to 50 , so that the antenna impedance is Zin = Rin = 50 .
This is necessary to ensure the impedance of antenna and that of feeder to be well
matched.

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VSWR
The generation of VSWR : As the incident wave power is transmitted to the antenna input end
and is not completely absorbed (radiated), reflection wave is generated and stacked to generate
VSWR.
The value of VSWR is between 1 and infinite. VSWR is 1, indicating full match. VSWR is
infinite, indicating full reflection and full mismatch.

Forward: 10W

50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W

80
ohms

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9.5 W

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Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill-in

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Distance

Provide high service quality in the sector. No blind spot means few call crop

Distance

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Outline of Presentation

Principles of Antenna

Model Selection of Antenna

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Parameters Related to Antenna Model Selection

In selecting antennae, a large number of antennae is involved.

Such parameters as radiation pattern, gain, horizontal lobe width, vertical

lobe width, and downtilt mode are selected according to the terrain, ground
objects, height of BS, and coverage radius in the coverage.

The selection of other parameters is relatively simple and done according to

the designed system.

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Polarization Mode (1)

BS antenna adopts linear polarization mode.

In particular, single-polarization antenna adopts
vertical linear polarization, whereas dual-polarization
antenna adopts 45 dual-linear polarization.

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Polarization Mode (2)

In downtown of cities, the number of BSs is large, and the

coverage radius of each BS is small. It is suggested to adopt
dual-polarization antenna.

In suburb and countryside, the number of BSs is small and

the coverage radius is large relatively. Space diversity can be
adopted to enhance the receiving effect of the BS. The singlepolarization antenna can be adopted.

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Antenna Radiation Direction

For an omni antenna, the radiation intensity in all directions on

the same horizontal plane is equal in theory. It is applicable to the
omni cell. The selection of omni antenna to achieve large-scope
coverage in the countryside is economical

The directional antenna enables the direction of the radiation of

the antenna in the horizontal plane. It is applicable for the
coverage of sector cell. Directional antenna can be selected for
downtown and suburb of cities.

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Horizontal Lobe Width

The horizontal lobe width of the omni antenna is all 360.

In the cases of 20 and 30 widths, the gain is high. They are applied for the coverage of the narrow
land stripes or express highways.

In the case of 65 width, it is applied mostly in the typical three-sector BS configuration in the densely
populated city areas.

In the case of 95 width, it is applied mostly in the typical three-sector BS configuration in the suburban
areas.

In the case of 105 width, it is applied mostly in the typical three-sector BS configuration in the sparsely
populated areas.

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Suggestions for different scenarios:

Downtown of cities
The S111 BS in downtown of cities generally adopts antennae with 65 horizontal
lob width and 7 to 10 vertical lobe width, with the gain of the antennae ranging
within 15 to 18 dBi. For the S110 or directional single-sector station, the antennae
with 65 , 90 or wider horizontal lobe width. The selection is based on the actual
situation. The selection of vertical lobe and gain is the same as the S111 station. For
omni station, antennae with small gain and electronic downtilt are selected.

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Suburb and countryside

Directional antennae adopt antennae with 90 horizontal lobe
width and 5 to 7 vertical lobe width, with the gain ranging
within 15 to 18 dBi. Omni antennae adopts antennae with 5 to 7
vertical lobe width, with the gain ranging within 9 to 12 dBi.

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Water surface (large lake and sea surface), gobi, and desert

Directional antenna: If the coverage is relatively open and wide, antennae

with 90 or 105 horizontal lobe width and 5 to 7 vertical lobe width ,
with the gain ranging within 14 to 18dBi , can be selected. If the coverage
distance is long but the width is narrow (e.g., lake and terrain factors), the
65 narrow beamwidth antenna can be selected.
Omni antenna: The antennae with 5 to 7 vertical lobe width and gain
ranging within 9 to 12dBi can be selected.

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Narrow land strips such as highway and railway

Antennae for highway and railway are selected according to the coverage
line distance and shape of the highway and railway concerned.
If the line is relatively straightforward, high-gain antennae with 20 to 30
horizontal lobe width and 5 to 7 vertical lobe width can be selected.
If the line is a curve in a large amplitude, antennae with 65, 90, or even
larger horizontal lobe width, and with 5 to 7 vertical lobe width can be
selected.

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Areas of a complicated terrain with a large fall

In the actual networking planning, there may be a scenario that features a large
fall. In that case, antennae with 10 to 18 vertical lobe width can be selected
according to the actual situation. In another case, the area that needs a large
coverage is higher than the mount height of the antennae. The antennae with 18 to
30 vertical lobe width can be selected according to the actual situation.

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Downtilt Mode of Antennae (1)

Antenna downtilt modes fall into mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt. Electrical
downtilt can be further divided into fixed electrical downtilt and adjustable electrical downtilt.

In the case of mechanical downtilt antenna, it is tilted when they are installed. The price
is low. It is mostly applied in the scenario with the downtilt angle smaller than 10.

In the case of electrical downtilt antenna, the price is relatively high, yet with a larger
downtilt range (larger than 10. When the downtilt angle is wide, the antenna pattern
shows no obvious distortion, and the back lobe of the antenna will also be downtilted at
the same time.

In particular, the fixed electrical downtilt antenna with a small angle plus the
mechanical downtilt scheme has advantages in performance and cost, which is the
mainstream option of downtilt.

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Downtilt Mode of Antennae (2)

The application of electrical downtilt antenna includes the following scenarios:

In the case of city sites with specially small coverage radius, large downtilt angle is needed to
reduce the interference with the adjacent cells.

In the case of high sites, to reduce the interference with the adjacent cells and the problem of
light shadow, it is better to select the first upper side lobe suppression and the first null fillin, with large-angle electrical downtilt or adjustable electrical downtilt antenna.

In the case of sites higher than the surroundings (e.g., mountain top and riverside), electrical
downtilt antenna can be selected.

Omni antenna cannot be mechanically downtilted. High omni BS should select the electrical
dwontilt antenna with different angles according to the different situations.

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Downtilt Mode of Antennae (3)

In the city with dense BSs, the BSs may easily interfere with each other. To ensure the radiation of most
power in the coverage area, and decrease the interference with neighboring areas, the half power point on the
major plan of the antenna should point to the edge of coverage area while setting the initial declination angle of
antenna. The formula is follows:
= arctg ( H / L ) * 180 / + /2 e_
In the suburb, countryside, highway, and sea, to make the coverage as wide as possible, the initial declination
angle can be decreased. Point the max. gain point of the main lobe to the edge of coverage area. The formula of
declination angle is follows:
= arctg ( H / L ) * 180 / e_
In the above formulas, is the initial declination angle of the antenna (unit: degree). H indicates the valid
height of BS, that is, the difference of the hanging height of the antenna and the average height of surrounding
coverage area (unit: meter). L indicates the edge distance needed to be covered from the antenna of the BS to the
sector (unit: meter). indicates the vertical lobe width of antenna (unit as degree). e_ indicates the electrical
down tilt angle of the antenna (unit: degree).

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Examples of Antennae (1)

Type: Outdoor omni antenna
Antenna manufacturer: KATHREIN
Model: HXS-201-60-1.9-6-2GHz-60
Work frequency: 1920 MHz ~ 2170MHZ
Gain: 11.6 dBi
Horizontal 3dB beamwidth: 360
Polarization: Vertical
Angle: 0
Input impedance: 50
Dimensions: 60 1500mm
Weight: 3.8kg
Applicable scenario: Suburb and countryside

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Examples of Antennae (2)

Type: Outdoor directional antenna
Antenna manufacturer: KATHREIN
Model: TDJS-2000-18-H65-3G
Work frequency: 1920 MHz ~ 2170MHZ
Gain: 18dBi
Horizontal 3dB beamwidth: 65
Polarization: 45 polarization
Angle: 0 ~ 15
Input impedance: 50
Dimensions: 1300mm 160mm 75mm
Weight: 4.5kg

Applicable scenario: High-density downtown and resident

areas

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Examples of Antennae (3)

Type: Indoor directional antenna
Antenna manufacturer: Mobile Antenna Technologies
(Shenzhen)
Model: MB5F-70/40-9/6-W
Work frequency: 1710 MHz ~ 2170MHZ
Gain: 6 dBi
Horizontal 3dB beamwidth: 40
Polarization: Vertical
Angle: 0
Input impedance: 50
Dimensions: 240 220 65mm
Weight: 1.5kg
Applicable scenario: Interior of buildings

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