CHPT: 6

LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

REFRESHMENT!!!!!
ATOM: THE SMALLEST PARTICLE IN MATTER. E.g. : ATOM
OXYGEN, ATOM NITROGEN.
MOLECULES:
A PARTICLE OF MATTER MADE UP OF TWO OR MORE
ATOMS. E.g.: A MOLECULE OF NITROGEN CONSISTS OF 2
ATOMS OF NITROGEN JOINED TOGETHER.

A MOLECULE OF WATER CONSISTS OF 2 KINDS OF ATOMHYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.

H O H

2
.

One type of
atom only.
Made up of

Simplest substances,
Cannot be broken by
Common chemical reactions

ELEMENTS
Atoms or molecules
May be formed by Of similar atoms.
e.g. oxygen element is
made up of oxygen molecules,
(2 atoms oxygen combine together)
O

02

METALS & NON-METALS

Some elements are metals and some are non-metals
Elements

Metallic elements,
solids at room
temperature
Except mercury.

Solid:
silver
Iron
Lead

Liquid:
Mercury

Non- metallic Elements

Solid:
carbon
phosphorus
silicon

Liquid:
Bromine

Gas:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Helium

VARIOUS MINERALS IN THE EARTH CRUST

3. Minerals
exist in the
form of
element or
compounds

2. Minerals are
elements or
chemical
compounds that
are naturally
present in the
earth crust

1. Minerals
form the
earth crust

definite
Chemical composition
and crystalline structure

are naturally occurring

solid found in
the earths crust

Crystalline structure
result in different
properties of minerals.

2. They have

1.

3
MINERALS
6

4
found in the earths
Crust mostly in the form
Of compounds.

Only the extremely

Non-reactive elements such as gold,
silver and platinum are found as
natural element (pure state).

Why??

Most elements are active

in their free state
and tend to combine
with other elements
to form compounds.

MINERALS

1
NATURAL ELEMENTS
These natural elements are
found as free elements
Because:
they are inactive elements
which do not combine
with other elements.

Example:
gold, silver (argentum)
Platinum and mercury.

NATURAL COMPOUNDS
Consist of combination
of a few types of different
element.

Example:
Tin ore, clay and limestone.
Most minerals in the earth crust
Exist in the form of compounds
Especially:
Oxide, carbonate,
Sulphide and silicate

Example of natural elements:

Mineral element in the natural compounds

Minerals which exist as natural compounds

include the examples given in the the table below
Ore (bijih)-are minerals that contain a metal which can be extracted

Most minerals are still in existence and have not changed in the
earth crust because minerals are generally hard and do not
dissolve in water.

Characteristics
of minerals
Physical characteristics
Such as: colour, hardness,
Luminosity and shape of crystals.

Chemical characteristics
Such as: solubility in water,
Chemical reactions and
effect of heat on it.

Physical characteristics
Of minerals
1. COLOURS:
Minerals have different colours
Example:

Natural mineral
Hematite
Malachite
Bauxite
Cassiterite
Galena
Iron pyrite
Limestone

colour
Brown
Green
White
Black
Grey
Black
White

2.
HARDNES
S

Physical characteristics
Of minerals
Of a minerals

Refers to its resistance

against erosion and scratches.

A hard minerals
is able to scratch
a mineral that is less hard.
Generally
All metal oxides, sulphides
And carbonates are
Hard minerals.

3.
CRYSTAL

Most minerals exist

in the form of crystals.
Each crystal has the same shape.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
MINERALS

1. Solubility in water

Most mineral
mineraldo
donot
not
Most
Dissolvein
inwater
water
Dissolve
Minerals
Minerals like
like metal
metaloxide
oxide
and
andsilicate
silicatenormally
normally
Do
Donot
not decompose
decompose(terurai)
(terurai)
When
Whenheated.
heated.

2. Effect of Heat

A. METAL
METALOXIDES
OXIDES
A.

Hard and do not dissolves in water.

Except the potassium oxide, sodium oxide,
calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.
Silicate also normally do not decompose
When heated.
B. METAL
METALCARBONATES
CARBONATES
B.

Mostly are hard minerals

They cannot be scratched with a steel knife.
do not dissolve in water except
potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate

C. EFFECT
EFFECTOF
OFHEAT
HEATON
ONMETAL
METALCARBONATES
CARBONATES
C.

Heat decomposes metal carbonates into metal oxide

And releases carbon dioxide as shown in the word
equation:

METAL CARBONATE

heated

Example: i) zinc carbonate

METAL OXIDE + CARBON

DIOXIDE

heated

ii) calcium carbonate

zinc oxide + carbon dioxide

heated

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

iii) copper Carbonate ?????

Carbon dioxide that is released
can be tested by using Lime Water. Lime water will turn cloudy
in the presence of carbon dioxide.

D.
D.

EFFECTOF
OFHEAT
HEATON
ONMETAL
METALSULPHIDES
SULPHIDES
EFFECT

1. Are hard
2. Do not dissolved in water except potassium
Metal
Sulphide and sodium sulphide.
sulphides
3. Decompose on heating to release sulphur
dioxide
except potassium
sulphide
and sodium
Metal sulphides decompose
when heated
to release
sulphursulphide.
dioxide
And form metal oxide as shown in the following equation:
METALSULPHIDE
SULPHIDE ++OXYGEN
OXYGEN
METAL
Example:
1. magnesium + oxygen
sulphide
2. Lead + oxygen
sulphide

heated

3. Copper sulphide????

heated

heated

METALOXIDE
OXIDE++SULPHUR
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
DIOXIDE
METAL

magnesium + sulphur dioxide

oxide

lead + sulphur dioxide

oxide

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
GAS
It can be tested with
Is an acidic gas
i)

Acidic potassium manganate (vii)

Solution. This gas bleaches the purple
colour of the solution.
ii) Acidic potassium dichromate(vi).
This gas changes the orange-coloured
solution to green.

METALS AND NON-METALS

SOME EXAMPLE OF METALS AND NON- METALS

METALS
ALUMINIUM
IRON
LEAD
TIN
SILVER
GOLD
NICKEL

NON-METALS
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
HYDROGEN
CHLORINE
IODINE
SULPHUR
BROMINE

MOST METALS AND NON-METALS REACT TO FORM COMPOUNDS

METALS AND NON-METALS

Reactive metals combine with non-metals such as oxygen and
Sulphur to form oxides and sulphides.
Most metals in the earths crust are found in the form of natural compounds
Called ORES (BIJIH).

iron

sulphur
lead

sulphur

Rock and mineral containing high concentration of compounds

of metals that can be used to be extracted the metals in their pure form.

E.g. spoons, knives, cooking pots

and so on are made of metals
( Soft and shiny )

( can be forged )

REACTION OF METALS WITH OXYGEN

METALS + OXYGEN
FORM

METAL

e.g.. Metal copper, metal iron and

Metal zinc react with oxygen.

TO STUDY THE REACTION BETWEEN METAL AND OXYGEN

Glass wool
To prevent the potassium permanganate
Mix with the copper powder.

Experiment 1: Action of Copper with Oxygen

To ensure copper reacts with oxygen,
it has to heated very strongly

COPPER + OXYGEN heated

COPPER OXIDE

Word equation for

this chemical reaction

Oxygen released by potassium permanganate crystals reacts

With hot copper powder. Observe how the copper powder
Slowly turns to black copper oxide.
heated

Repeat the experiment above using zinc, Iron, magnesium and aluminium
Metal

Reaction
with oxygen
when
heated

product

Reactivity

copper

Glows
brightly

Copper
oxide
(black)

Less
active

Glows
brightly and
produces
sparks

Iron oxide
(red)

active

Glows
brightly and
burns

Zinc oxide
( yellow
when hot
and white
when cold)

Iron

zinc

Equation of reaction in
words

Copper + oxygen
Copper oxide
Iron + oxygen
Iron oxide

active

Zinc + oxygen
Zinc oxide

Table 1. comparison of reactivity between metal & oxygen

Metal

Magnesium

Aluminium

Reaction
with oxygen
when heated

product

Burns with a Magnesium

white
oxide
glittering
(white)
flame
Burns very
brightly

Aluminium
oxide
(white)

Reactivity

very
active

Equation of reaction in
words

magnesium + oxygen
magnesium oxide

active

Aluminium + oxygen
Aluminium oxide

Magnesium > aluminium > zinc > iron > copper

Table 1. comparison of reactivity between metal & oxygen