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Phase3 DL Metrics
Alex Anokye
DL Frame Structure
Picture below shows a pair of Physical Resource Blocks (PRB) (1 PRB = 0.5 ms, 2 PRB per TTI=1ms)
In frequency domain, there are 50 PRBs in a 10 MHz LTE channel
PRB in frequency domain: 12 carriers = 180 kHz
PRB in time domain: 7 OFDM symbols = 0.5 ms
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
l 6
l 6l 0
Time
R0
R0
R0
Resource element k , l
R0
R1
R0
R0
l0
R0
R0
l 0
Frequency
In current implementation, Scheduler grants a minimum of 3 (or 2) PRBs per user (more on that later)
R1
R0
R1
R0
l 6l 0
R1
R1
R1
l6
l0
R1
R1
l 6l 0
l 6
OFDM overview
Lets try to have a better understanding of the physical layer parameters and
frame structure with an overview of OFDM
Whats OFDM?
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
Any two carriers with an integer number of cycles during the symbol time are
orthogonal to each other
This plot illustrates OFDM baseband carriers in time domain:
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Carrier #3
Change the frequency (carrier #), and play with the phase and the
amplitude of the two carriers (columns C and D)
Note that, independent of the phase and amplitude you select, the two
carriers remain orthogonal (integration of product equal to zero: in cell M3)
Since the carriers are orthogonal we can transmit information simultaneously in
the different carriers by changing their phase and/or the amplitude, and we will
be able to recover the information in the reception
The phase and amplitude are defined by the selected modulation scheme and
transmitted information bits. UMB supports up to 64QAM, which can transmit 6
bits per OFDM symbol time, so it can pump data 6 times faster than BPSK
!
BPSK
6 | Presentation Title | Month 2006
QPSK
8PSK
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
16QAM
64QAM
ISI
Even though the individual sub-carriers transmit at relatively low symbol
rates, there is still some amount of ISI, as illustrated below
Multi-path delay.
Example: 6
microseconds
Inter symbol
interference. Here,
the delayed multipath causes
interference in the
adjacent symbol time
Note that, even though we can eliminate ISI with the cyclic prefix, we still have multi-path copy of the OFDM symbol within the OFDM symbol
time
Depending on its phase, a multi-path copy can interfere constructively or destructively
The net effect is that for a large number of sub-carriers (e.g. 512), a number of them will be impacted destructively by multi-path
propagation effects, however we are left with enough good carriers, and by making use of coding, interleaving and frequency hopping
schemes we can live with the fact that some sub-carriers are severely attenuated by multi-path propagation
Exercise
The 10 MHz LTE channel is implemented with a 1024 sample FFT. What would be the sampling rate if no cyclic prefix
was used?
The cyclic prefix in our current implementation is 80 samples in the first OFDM symbol and 72 samples in the
remaining 6 symbols of a slot. How much bandwidth penalty this represents?
A reflected signal reaches the UE antenna as shown in the picture below. Is the cyclic prefix in the first OFDM symbol
capable of canceling the ISI? How about the cyclic prefix in the remaining 6 symbols of a slot?
What could be the reason why the first OFDM symbol is protected with a larger cyclic prefix than the remaining 6
symbols of a slot?
How many OFDM sub-carriers are there in our 10 MHz implementation? For a FFT of 1024, how many zeros are padded
in the FFT?
5 km
3.5 km
UE
11 | Presentation Title | Month 2006
DL Scheduler Overview
DL Scheduler Functions
DL Scheduler Functions
UE1 packets
UE2 packets
DL Link Adaptation
Rank Adaptation
DL MAC Processing
CQI processing
Fairness
UEn buffer status
DL TBs
UE1
CQIs
DL TBs
Default Frequency
Selective Scheduler
DL RB assignment
UEn packets
CQIs
UE2
CQIs
DL TBs
DL grant formatting
DL HARQ processing
OCNS
UEn
SFs 0 and 5
PDSCH/SCH sharing
SF 5 every 80 ms
reserved for
D-BCH
18.75%
PDSCH/RACH
Msg 2 sharing
10%
1.25%
CFI2
Rank Adaptation
Original Rank Adaptation (RA) tunable parameters
thresholdSinrMimoNotMimo: Signal to noise ratio threshold for switching mode [7 dB]
rankAveragingCoefficient: Forgetting factor for rank switching. No MIMO if output of IIR
filter = rank 1 [13 -> 0.95]
mimoSinrSwitchAveragingCoefficient: Forgetting factor for SINR. No MIMO if output of IIR
filter is lower than thresholdSinrMimoNotMimo [13 -> 0.95]
New RA tunable parameters (added as part of MIMO optimization effort)
txdiv_sinrOffset: SINR offset applied to rank2 CQI when eNB grants rank1 while UE reports
rank2 [6 dB]
mimo_sinrOffset: SINR offset applied to rank1 CQI when eNB grants rank2 while UE
reports rank1 [-10 dB]
mimoblerth: rank 2 BLER threshold above which RA switches to rank 1 [100%]
CW0 and CW1 MCS selection is based on both, WB and NB CQI values
Sub-Band to RB Mapping
In 10 MHz bandwidth, 8 sub-bands are reported, each sub-band representing
the CQI for 6 RBs (except the last one which measures the CQI over 8 RBs).
Two users
10101010101010101 = user1 (26 RBs)
01010101010101010 = user2 (24 RBs)
Three users
10010010010010010 = user1 (18 RBs)
01001001001001001 = user2 (17 RBs)
00100100100100100 = user3 (15 RBs)
Alpha-Fairness Scheduler
The Alpha-Fairness scheduler is an extension of the Proportional Fair scheduler:
Users
i1
w i t
ri t ,
Ri
Preliminary Four User Scheduler Test Proportional-Fair (CE2, MC1, MC4, NC2)
Preliminary Four User Scheduler Test Proportional-Fair (CE1, MC3, MC3, NC1)
Comparative Single User Test Case:
Objective
Purpose of the presentation is to
Explain UE approach to measuring SINR
Understand potential limitations for loaded and unloaded test cases
Propose methodology to ensure SINR measure and CQI reports properly
reflect PDSCH loading for all test cases
Serving Cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 1
Serving Cell
RS of neighbor
cells with one
and two
frequency
shifts away do
not interfere
with RS of
serving cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 2
Serving Cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 3
Serving Cell
RS of neighbor
cells with three
and six
frequency
shifts away
causes full
interference on
RS of serving
cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 6
Serving Cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 1
Serving Cell
RBs carrying a
PCFICH RE
group in a
neighbor cell
interferes with
two RS of the
serving cell
Neighbor Cell
OFDM
Symbol 0
OFDM
Symbol 0
RS Freq.
Shift 0
RS Freq.
Shift 2
LGE SINR Reporting for Interference Generated by Time Aligned Cell with One or
Two RS Frequency Shifts Away
Assume no PDCCH loading on the neighbor cell
8 out of 200 RS in the first OFDM of the serving cell receive interference
from the PCFICH of the neighbor cell
With per RE interference level equal to signal level, and assuming PCFICH
power boosted by 3 dB in relation to RS power
LGE SINR = 10*Log(200/8) - 3 dB = 11 dB
This SNR measurement is equivalent to PDSCH SINR in unloaded system
when per RE interference level is equal to signal level see next slide
Conclusions
LGE SINR measurement only takes into account 1st OFDM symbol
need to ensure SNR measure (and associated CQI reports) properly reflect
PDSCH load
By using same RS frequency offset and 100% OCNS loading in neighbor cells LGE
UE reports for SINR/CQI will reflect actual100% loaded case
By using different RS frequency offsets and 0% OCNS loading in neighbor cells of
same NodeB, LGE UE reports for SINR/CQI will reflect unloaded case
By using different RS frequency offsets and 50% OCNS loading in neighbor cells,
LGE UE reports for SINR/CQI will reflect actual 50% loaded case