Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Drilling Machines:
Purpose and field of application of drilling
machines upright drill processes. Radial drills,
alignment tests of drilling machine.
1. INTRODUCTION
Radial arm :Mounted on the column extends horizontally over the base.
It is a massive casting with its front vertical face accurately
machined to provide guide ways on which drill head slide.
Arm swung round the column.
Drill head :It is mounted on radial arm and drives drill spindle.
It acts as a linking pin in transfer of energy form top shaft to the tool
through the usage of bevel gears.
A sliding key is engaged in connection of bevel gears and the spindle.
The spindle is surrounded by a non rotating sleeve which is called as
a quill.
The vertical movement of the spindle is obtained by engaging a rack
teeth which are cut on the outer surface of the quill.
A morse taper hole is provided at the lower portion of the drill for the
usage of taper shank drill. This is very useful for holding small sized
tools.
Spindle drive mechanism : Spindle drive mechanism is the sole reason for obtaining multiple
speeds of spindle. These multiple speeds of the spindle are obtained by
three types
1) Step cone pulley drive
2) Step cone pulley drive with one or more back gears
3) Gearing
) In a step cone pulley drive the multiple speeds are obtained by the
step cone which consists of various pulley sizes. This type of
mechanism is used in belt driven type of the upright drilling machines.
When the belt is kept over the larger diameter pulley of the
step cone pulley then the speed is low. With varying in the
size the speed also gets increased form lower to higher.
In the second case a step cone pulley drive along with back
gears are engaged so as to facilitate very low speeds which
are generally used in precision work
Feed mechanism
In general the feed mechanism is by hand feed or in some
cases automatic feed is also given. The automatic feed is
given by two different ways
1) Quick traverse hand feed
2) Sensitive hand feed
) The quick traverse hand feed is used to bring the cutting
tool rapidly to the hole location or for withdrawing the drill
when the operation is completed.
) The sensitive hand feed is applied for trial cut and for
small cuts.
Tool nomencluture
Types of drill
Flat or spade drill
Straight fluted drill
Two-lip twist drill
1. Parallel shank(short series)
2. Parallel shank(stub series)
3. Parallel shank(long series)
4. Taper shank twist drill
) Taper shank core drill(three or four fluted)
) Oil tube drill
) Centre drill
Twist drill
L overall length
l flute length
D-diameter
Centre drills
Types of drill
The shank is forced into the tapered hole and the tool fits
into the slot at the end of taper hole.
Drill Spindle
Drill Sleeve
Drill Socket
sleeve
Sleeve :
The taper sleeve is used when the taper shank of the tool is
smaller than spindle hole
The outside taper of the sleeve conforms to the drill spindle
taper and the inside taper holds the smaller tools or sleeves
The sleeve has a flattened end or tang which fits into the
slots of spindle.
The tang of the tool fits into the slots in the taper hole of
sleeve.
The sleeve with the tool may be removed by forcing the drift
into the slots of spindle and tool may be separated by
similar process.
The inner surface taper of sleeve varies with different shank.
socket
Drill chucks
Types of clamps
Finger clamp It has a round or flat
extension which fitted in a
work piece for clamping.
U-clamp
Finger clamp
These are useful for quick
adjustment of work.It can
be removed without
removing nut.
Adjustable clamp-It has a
screw at its one end which
is used to level the clamp
when its other end rests
against the work.
V-blocks
Drill jigs :
Jigs are designed for work
where quantity production
is desired.
A jig can hold the work
securely, locate the work,
and guide the tool.
Holes may be drilled at
same relative positions on
each work piece without
marking .
Drilling operations
Drilling operations performed on drilling machine are:
1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counterboring
5. Countersinking
6. Spot facing
7. Tapping
8. Grinding
9. Trepanning
10. Lapping
drilling
Drilling
reamin
g
boring
reaming
boring
It performs on drilling machine:
To enlarge a hole by means of a single cutting edge tool.It is
necessary where suitable drill is not available.
To finish a hole.
To machine the internal surface of a hole.
To correct out of roundness of hole.
To correct the location of hole.
The cutter is held in boring bar has a taper shank to fit into
the spindle socket.
For perfect finish the job is slightly undersize.
It is a slow process than reaming
It requires several passes of the tool
counterboring
It is the operation of enlarging
the end of a hole cylindrically.
The enlarged hole forms a
square shoulder with the original
hole to accommodate the heads
of bolts, studs and pins.
The tool used is counterbore.
The cutting edges have straight
or spiral teeth.
Tool is guided by pilot which
extends beyond the cutting
edge.
The cutting speed for
counterboring is 25% less than
drilling operation.
countersinking
It is the operation of making
a cone shaped enlargement
of the end of hole to provide
a recess to flat head screw
or countersunk rivet fitted
into hole.
The tool used is called a
countersink.
Included angle of
countersinks are 600,820,900.
The speed of countersink is
25% less than that of drilling
operation.
Tappi
ng
trepanning
It is the operation of
producing a hole by
removing metal along the
circumference of a hollow
cutting tool.
It is used for producing
large holes.
Fewer material removed in
the operation.
The tool resembles a
hollow tube having cutting
edge at one end and a solid
shank at the other end to
fit into the drill spindle.
Alignment testing on
drilling machine
1. Flatness of clamping surface of base
The test is performed by placing a straight edge on two
gauge blocks on the base plate in various positions and the
error is noted down by inserting the feeler gauges.
2. Flatness of clamping surface of table: in the above way.
3. Perpendicularity of drill head guide to the base plate
The squareness (perpendicularity) of drill head guide to the
base plate is tested :
(a) in a vertical plane passing through the axes of both spindle
and column, and
(b) in a plane at 90 to the plane at (a).
The test is performed by placing the frame level on guide
column and base plate and the error is noted by noting the
difference between the readings of the two levels gives the
error.
Checking flatness
of clamping
surface of base
Test of
perpendicularity of
drill head with table
Testing parallelism of
spindle axis with
vertical movement
Squreness of
clamping
surface to axis
Squreness of
spindle axis with
table
Total deflection
reamer
A reamer is a tool used for enlarging or finishing a hole
previously drilled,bored ,cored to give good finish and accurate
dimension.It is a multi tooth cutter.
Depending upon operation,purpose,shape they are classified
as :
Chucking reamer with parallel or taper shank (a)fluted(b)rose
reamer
Machine bridge reamer
Machine jig reamer
Parallel hand reamer with parallel shank
Parallel or taper shank socket head reamer
Shell reamer
Taper pin hand or machine reamer
Expansion reamer
FLUTED REAMER
It is also known as
machine reamer.
It consists of parallel
cutting edge, parallel
straight or taper shank,
long body recess.
The flutes are spaced
irregularly to reduce
chatter.
It is used for more
accurate work.
Diameter st-1.5 to 32mm
taper-5 to32 mm.
CHUCKING REAMER(ROSE)
It is used in portable
electric or pneumatic tool
for reaming in shipbuilding, structural and
plate work.
It contains-parallel cutting
edges, taper shank,
straight or helical flutes.
It consists of sort,parallel
cutting edges and guide
between shank and cutting
edge.
It removes minimum
amount of metal of 0.05 to
0.125mm.
Shell reamer
Expansion reamer
Reamer nomenclature
Axis: The axis is the imaginary straight line that is by rotating the reamer between
centers.
Back taper: The back taper is a slight decrease in diameter, from front to back in the flute
length of reamers.
The angular cutting portion at the entering end to facilitate the entry of reamer to hole.
Body : it is the portion of reamer extending from the entering end to commencement of
shank.
Chamfer: The chamfer is the angular cutting portion at the entering end of a reamer.
Chamfer length: The chamfer length is the length of the chamfer measured parallel to the
axis at the cutting edge.
Clearance: the portion of land removed to provide clearance immediately behind cutting
edge.
REAMER NOMENCLATURE
Tap nomenclature
TAP: A tap is a screw like tool which has threads like bolt and three or
four flute cuts across the thread. It is used to cut threads on inside of
hole.
Taps are made of carbon steel or high speed steel
Taps are classified as hand tap and machine tap.
TAP ELEMENTS:
Axis: the longitudinal centre line of tap.
Body: the threaded portion extending from entering end of tap to the
shank.
Chamfer: Chamfer is the tapering of the threads at the front end of
each land of a chaser, tap, or die by cutting away and relieving the crest
of the first few teeth to distribute the cutting action over several teeth.
Chamfer relief: The gradual decrease in land height from cutting edge
to heel.
Cutting edge: edge formed by intersection of flute face and form of
teeth.
TAP NOMENCLUTURE
ASSIGNMENT-4
1. Explain the turret indexing mechanism used in capstan lathe.
2. Explain spring winding, spinning, drilling and tapping operations
on lathe.
3. What are the difference between Engine and turret lathe.
4. With figure explain the twist drill nomenclature.
5. Explain working of vertical turret lathe.
6. Explain different taper turning methods.
7. Write short notes on different types of chucks used in lathe.
8. Explain different operations performed on lathe.
9. Explain instruments used in alignment test of a lathe.
10. Explain different operations performed with the help of drilling
machine.
11. What is box tool ?
12. Describe the various parts of capstan-turret lathe.