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Chapter 3 Drilling Machines

Drilling Machines:
Purpose and field of application of drilling
machines upright drill processes. Radial drills,
alignment tests of drilling machine.

1. INTRODUCTION

Drilling is done by forcing a rotating drill into a stationary


job as on drilling machine or by forcing stationary drill in a
rotating work piece as on a lathe.

Drilling is a machining operation by which holes are


produced or enlarged in a work piece with the help of a
fluted end cutting tool called drill.

Other than drilling holes can be produced by coring,


punching, etc.But in a drilling machine the holes may be
drilled quickly and at a low cost.

Types of drilling machine


Drilling machines or drill presses are classified
according to their construction :
Portable drilling machine
Radial drilling machine
Gang drilling machine
Multiple spindle drilling machine
Automatic drilling machine
Deep hole drilling machine-vertical, horizontal
Sensitive drilling machine
Upright drilling machine

Portable drilling machine

This type of drilling machine can be operated any where in


workshop and is used for drilling holes in work pieces in
any position.
Driven by motor and some are hand operated.
The mechanism is compact and small in size.
Motor may be driven by both A.C. and D.C.
Maximum size of drill it can accommodate is within 12 to
18 mm.
Machine is operated in high speed.
It is specified by the maximum diameter of the drill that it
can hold.

radial drilling machine

It consists of a heavy,round,vertical column mounted on a


large base.
The column supports the radial arm which can be raised
and lowered to accommodate wp of different size.
The drill head containing drill is mounted on a radial arm
and can be moved horizontally on the guide ways and
clamped at any desired position.
When several holes are drilled on a large work piece, the
position of arm and drill holes are altered so that the drill
spindle may be moved to the desired position with out
altering the setting of work .
The work mounted on table or floor.
Radial drilling machines are convenient for heavy works.

radial drilling machine

radial drilling machine


Radial drilling machines may be classified as :
Plain radial drilling machine
Semi universal radial drilling machine
Universal drilling machine
Plain radial drilling machine :
Movement are made for vertical adjustment of arm, horizontal
movement of drill head along the arm, circular movement of
arm about vertical column.
Semi universal drilling machine:
Radial arm or radial slide can be swiveled to drill holes inclined
at an angle to the vertical in the plane of swivel.
Universal radial drilling machine :
The arm holding the drill head may be rotated on a horizontal
axis.

Gang drilling machine

When a number of single spindle drilling machine columns


are placed side by side on a common base and have a
common work table, then the machine is known as gang
drilling machine.
Four to six spindles are mounted side by side.
The columns are either permanent or adjustable.
Speeds, feeds of spindle are controlled independently.
Adopted for production work.
A series of operations performed by shifting the work from
one position to other on table.
Each spindle having different tools for different operations

Gang drilling machine

Multiple spindle drilling machine

The function is to drill a number of holes in a piece of work


simultaneously and to produce the same pattern of holes in
a number of work pieces.
Spindles driven by a single motor.
The spindles are so connected that their centre distance
may be adjusted in any position as required by jobs.
Drill spindles are connected to the main spindle by
universal joint.
Feeding motion is obtained by raising the table or by
lowering the drill head.
This machine is used for mass production.

Multiple spindle drilling machine

Automatic drilling machine

It can perform a series of machining operations and


transfer the work from one unit to another automatically.

Once the work is loaded in the first machine, it will move


from one machine to other for different operations and the
finished work comes out from the last unit without any
manual handling.

Used for milling,honing,drilling tapping etc.


It is used production purpose.

Deep hole drilling machine

Required for drilling deep holes in rifle barrels, crank shafts,


long shafts.
Operated at high speed and low feed.
The work is usually rotated while drill is fed into the work.
this helps the work to drill in a straight path.
TYPES:
Horizontal
Vertical
The drill automatically withdrawn when it penetrates into
the work equal to its diameter. This process permits the
chip to clear out from work.

Sensitive drilling machine


Drill small holes at high speed in light jobs.
Consists of
1. a vertical column
2. a horizontal table
3. a head supporting the motor
4. A vertical spindle for driving and rotating the drill
. Feed is purely hand controlled
. High speed and hand feed are necessary for drill small
holes.
. High speed are necessary to attain required cutting speed
and hand speed permits the operator to feel the progress
of drill into work.

Sensitive drilling machine

Upright drilling machine

Designed for handling medium sized work piece.

Larger and heavier than sensitive drilling machine.

Large numbers of spindle speed and feed available for


different types of work. Table of the machine also have
different types of arrangement.

Two types of upright drilling machine:

1. Round column section or pillar drilling machine


2. Box column section

pillar drilling machine


It consists of :
round column rises from base which rests on floor
an arm
a round table
a drill head
The arm and table have three adjustments for locating the work
piece under the spindle :
1. The arm and table may move up and down to accommodate
the work piece of different size.
2. The table and arm moved in an arc upto 180 0 around the
column to set work below the spindle.
3. The table may be rotated 3600 about own centre for locating
work piece under the spindle.
The maximum size it can drill is not more than 50 mm.

Upright pillar drilling machine

Box column section upright


drilling machine

It has a square table fitted on the slides on the front .

Heavy box column gives the machine strength and rigidity.

The table is raised or lowered by an elevating screw that


gives additional support to the table

Heavy work pieces and holes more than 50 mm in diameter


can be drilled by it.

Specification of drilling machine


A portable drilling machine is specified by the maximum
diameter of the drill it can hold.
A sensitive and upright drilling machines are specified by the
diameter of the largest piece that can be centered under the
spindle.
Radial drilling machine-diameter of the column and length of
the arm.
To specify fully required particulars are :
Maximum size of drill
Table diameter
Maximum spindle travel
Numbers of spindle speeds and feeds available
power input
Floor space required

Radial drilling machine parts


Base
Column
Radial arm
Drill head
Spindle speed and feed mechanism
Base : Large rectangular casting that is finished on the top to
support the column on one end and support worktable at
the other end.
T-slots are provided to clamp the work on base.
Two or more bases are provided in some cases for
continuous production

Column :Cylindrical casting that is mounted at one end of base.


It supports radial arm
An electric motor is mounted on the top of the column for
vertical adjustment of the arm.

Radial arm :Mounted on the column extends horizontally over the base.
It is a massive casting with its front vertical face accurately
machined to provide guide ways on which drill head slide.
Arm swung round the column.

Drill head :It is mounted on radial arm and drives drill spindle.

It encloses all mechanism for different speed and feed of


drill.

It slides on the arm for adjusting position of spindle wrt


work .

After the spindle adjusted in position the drill head clamped


on the radial arm.

Spindle drive and feed mechanism :-

There are two methods of driving the spindle.

1. A constant speed motor is mounted at the extreme end of


radial arm which balances the weight of overhanging arm.
It moves the horizontal spindle along the arm and motion
is transmitted to the drill head through bevel gear.
2.

By train of gearing within the drill head ,the speed of


spindle may varied.

Upright drilling machine parts


Base
Column
Table
Head
Spindle quill and drill head assembly
Spindle drive and feed mechanism
Base :Vertical column is mounted on it.
In belt drive machine counter shaft having fast, loose and
cone pulley are fitted on base.
T-slots on the base are to hold large work pieces and work.

Upright drilling machine parts


Column : Supports the table and head.
Should be sufficiently rigid to take up the entire pressure of
the drill.
Made of box section or of round section. Box section column is
more rigid. Vertical movement is affected by rotating the
table.
Table : Mounted on column and provided with T-slots for clamping
work.
Round or rectangular in shape.
In case of pillar drilling machine there are three adjustments
of table :vertical, radial about column, circular about own axis.
After adjustment the table and arm are clamped

Upright drilling machine parts

Upright drilling machine parts


Head: It is mounted on the top of the column
It houses the driving and feeding mechanism.
It is adjusted up and down for accommodating different heights of work
piece.

Spindle and drill head assembly :-

Spindle is vertical shaft which holds the drill.

It acts as a linking pin in transfer of energy form top shaft to the tool
through the usage of bevel gears.
A sliding key is engaged in connection of bevel gears and the spindle.
The spindle is surrounded by a non rotating sleeve which is called as
a quill.
The vertical movement of the spindle is obtained by engaging a rack
teeth which are cut on the outer surface of the quill.

A morse taper hole is provided at the lower portion of the drill for the
usage of taper shank drill. This is very useful for holding small sized
tools.
Spindle drive mechanism : Spindle drive mechanism is the sole reason for obtaining multiple
speeds of spindle. These multiple speeds of the spindle are obtained by
three types
1) Step cone pulley drive
2) Step cone pulley drive with one or more back gears
3) Gearing
) In a step cone pulley drive the multiple speeds are obtained by the
step cone which consists of various pulley sizes. This type of
mechanism is used in belt driven type of the upright drilling machines.

When the belt is kept over the larger diameter pulley of the
step cone pulley then the speed is low. With varying in the
size the speed also gets increased form lower to higher.

In the second case a step cone pulley drive along with back
gears are engaged so as to facilitate very low speeds which
are generally used in precision work

Gears are used in most of the machines as the power


transmission is accurate and the size occupied is low.

Feed mechanism
In general the feed mechanism is by hand feed or in some
cases automatic feed is also given. The automatic feed is
given by two different ways
1) Quick traverse hand feed
2) Sensitive hand feed
) The quick traverse hand feed is used to bring the cutting
tool rapidly to the hole location or for withdrawing the drill
when the operation is completed.
) The sensitive hand feed is applied for trial cut and for
small cuts.

Drilling machine tools


Drill : A drill is a fluted cutting tool used to originate or enlarge a hole in a
solid material.
Drill Materials

The two most common types are


1. HSS drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
- high production and in CNC machines
Other types are
Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills,
parabolic drills, split point drill.

Tool nomencluture

Drill fixed to spindle

Types of drill
Flat or spade drill
Straight fluted drill
Two-lip twist drill
1. Parallel shank(short series)
2. Parallel shank(stub series)
3. Parallel shank(long series)
4. Taper shank twist drill
) Taper shank core drill(three or four fluted)
) Oil tube drill
) Centre drill

Flat or spade drill


Used when same sized
twist is not available.
Disadvantage is that each
time the drill ground the
diameter is reduced .
Cutting angle varies 100 to
120 degree.
It can not relied upon to
drill a true straight hole as
point of drill has a
tendency to run out of
center.
Chips do not come out
automatically

Straight fluted drill

It has grooves or flutes


running parallel to drill axis
Mainly used in drilling
brass, copper and other
soft materials because
they have less of a
tendency to "dig in" or
grab the material
It is not widely used as
chips do not come out
from the hole
automatically.

Twist drill

Most common type of drill


used today.
It is manufactured by
twisting a flat piece of tool
steel longitudinally for
several revolutions, then
grinding the diameter and
the point.
Twist drill is an end cutting
tool.
These are classified
according to the type of
shank, length of flute and
overall length of drill.

Drills can be divided into the


following categories.
Parallel Shank Twist Drills
Jobber Series
Parallel Shank Twist Drills Stub
Series
Parallel Shank Twist Drills Long
Series
Parallel Shank Twist Drills Extra
Long Series
Taper Shank Twist Drills
Taper Shank Twist Drills Long
Series
Taper Shank Twist Drills Extra
Long Series
Taper Shank Core Drills
Centre Drills, etc

Parallel shank short series

The drill has two helical


flutes with a parallel shank
of same diameter as
cutting end.

The diameter of the drill


ranges from 0.2 to 16 mm.

L overall length
l flute length
D-diameter

Parallel shank stub series

Shortened form of parallel


shank twist drill.
Shortening on flute length.

The diameter of the drill


ranges from 0.5 to 40 mm,
increasing by 0.3 mm in
lower series to 0.25 to 0.5
mm in higher series.

Parallel shank long series

The drill has two helical


flutes with parallel shank
of appr. Same diameter as
cutting end.
Overall length of this drill
is the same as that of a
taper shank twist drill of
corresponding diameter.
The diameter varies from
1.5 mm to 26 mm
increasing by 0.3 mm in
lower series to 0.25 mm in
higher series.

Taper shank twist drill

The drill has two helical


flutes with a taper shank
for holding and driving the
drill.

The shank for these drills


conform to Morse taper.

The diameter ranges from


3 to 100 mm.

Taper shank core drill

These drills are intended


for enlarging cored,
punched or drilled holes.
These drills can not
originate holes in solid
material because the
cutting edges do not
extend to the centre of the
drill.
These are three or four
fluted.
Produce better finish than
ordinary two fluted drills.

Oil tube drill

These are used for drilling


deep holes.
Oil tubes lengthwise
spirally through the body
to carry oil directly to the
cutting edges.
Cutting fluid or
compressed air is forced
through the holes to the
cutting point of the drill to
remove the chips, cool the
cutting edge and lubricate
the machine surface.

Centre drills

Centre drills are straight


shank.

Two fluted twist drills used


when centre holes are
drilled on the ends of a
shaft.

Made of finer sizes.

Twist drill nomenclature


Axis: The imaginary straight line which forms the
longitudinal center line
Body: The portion of the drill extending from the shank or
neck to the outer corners of the cutting lips of the drill.
Body Diameter Clearance: That portion of the land that has
been cut away so it will not rub against the walls of the hole.
Chisel Edge: The edge at the end of the web that connects
the cutting lips. It is also called dead centre. more amount
of axial thrust is required to cut a hole by chisel edge.
Face: the portion of the flute surface adjacent to the lip on
which chip impinges as it is cut from the work.
Flank: the surface on a drill point which extends behind lip
to following flute.

Twist drill nomenclature

Twist drill nomenclature


Flutes: the groove in the body of the drill which provides lip
The functions of flutes are
1. To form the cutting edges on the point.
2. To allow the chips to escape
3. To cause the chips to curl
4. To permit the cutting fluid to reach the cutting edges.
. Heel: the edge formed by intersection of the flute surface
and the body clearance.
. Land: The peripheral portion of the body between adjacent
flutes. land keeps the drill aligned.
. Lip : the edge formed by the intersection of flank and face.
requirements of the drill lips are

Twist drill nomenclature


Lip : the edge formed by the intersection of flank and face.
requirements of the drill lips are
Both lips should be at the same angle of inclination with
drill axis
Both lips should be of equal length
Both provided with the correct clearance.
Neck: The section of reduced diameter between the body
and the shank of a drill.
Point: The cutting end of a drill, made up of the ends of
the lands and the web; in form it resembles a cone.
Shank: The part of the drill by which it is held and driven.
Most common types of shank are taper shank and straight
shank

Twist drill nomenclature

Twist drill nomenclature


Tang: The flattened end of a taper shank, intended to fit into
a driving slot in a socket
Web: The central portion of the body that joins the lands; the
extreme end of the web forms the chisel edge on a two-flute
drill.
Linear dimensions:
Back Taper: A slight decrease in diameter from front to back
in the body of the drill, towards the shank.
Diameter: the measurement across the cylindrical lands at
the outer corners of the drill.
Flute length: axial length from the extreme end of heel point
to the termination of flute at the shank end.
Lip length: the minimum distance between outer corner and
chisel edge corner of lip.

Twist drill nomenclature

Overall Length: The length from the extreme end of the


shank to the outer corners of the cutting lips; it does not
include the conical shank end often used on straight shank
drills, nor does it include the conical cutting point used on
both straight and taper shank drills
Web taper: the increase in the web thickness from the
point of the drill to the shank end of flute. This additional
thickness gives rigidity to the drill and reduce cutting
pressure.
Web Thickness: The thickness of the web at the point,
unless another specific location is indicated

Twist drill nomenclature


Drill angles: Chisel edge angle: The angle included between the chisel edge
and the cutting lip, as viewed from the end of the drill.The
usual value varies from 1200 to 1350.
Helix Angle or rake angle: The angle made by the leading edge
of the land with a plane containing the axis of the drill. The
usual value varies upto 450 for different materials. smaller the
rake angle ,greater will be the torque required to drive the drill.
Point Angle: The angle included between the cutting lips
projected upon a plane parallel to the drill axis and parallel to
the two cutting lips .usual value is 1180.
Lip Relief Angle: The axial relief angle at the outer corner of the
lip; it is measured by projection into a plane tangent to the
periphery at the outer corner of the lip.120 in most cases.

Types of drill

Tool holding devices

Methods used for holding tools in a drill spindle are :

1. By directly fitting in the spindle


2. By a sleeve
3. By a socket
4. By chucks
5. By special attachments: tapping attachment, floating
holder .

Tool holding devices


Directly holding the tool :
All general purpose drilling machines have spindle bored
out to standard taper to receive a taper shank of tool.

Taper used in drill spindle(Morse standard) 1:20

The shank is forced into the tapered hole and the tool fits
into the slot at the end of taper hole.

Tool removed by pressing the taper wedge known as drift


into the slotted hole of the spindle.

Drill Spindle

Drill Sleeve

Drill Socket

sleeve
Sleeve :
The taper sleeve is used when the taper shank of the tool is
smaller than spindle hole
The outside taper of the sleeve conforms to the drill spindle
taper and the inside taper holds the smaller tools or sleeves
The sleeve has a flattened end or tang which fits into the
slots of spindle.
The tang of the tool fits into the slots in the taper hole of
sleeve.
The sleeve with the tool may be removed by forcing the drift
into the slots of spindle and tool may be separated by
similar process.
The inner surface taper of sleeve varies with different shank.

socket

When the tapered tool shank is larger than the spindle


taper drill sockets are used to hold the tool.
Much longer than drill sleeve.
The body of socket has a tapered hole larger than drill
spindle taper.

Drill chucks

Especially used for holding smaller size drills.

It is used to hold different sizes of tool shanks within a


limit.

Drill chucks have tapered shanks which are fitted into


drilling machine spindle.

Common types of chucks are :

1. Quick change chuck


2. Three jaw self-centering chuck

Quick change chuck

QUICK CHANGE CHUCK:


It is also known as magic
chuck.
The chuck is used for
locating a series of tools
one after another for
machining a hole without
stopping the spindle.
Reduces machining time.
1-Chuck Body
2-Sleeve
3-Balls
4-Sliding Collar

Three-jaw self-centering chuck


Particularly adopted for holding tools having straight
shanks.
Three slots are cut 1200 apart in the chuck body which
houses three jaws having threads cut at the back that
meshes with a ring nut and it is attached to sleeve
Sleeve rotates by a key and sleeve causes ring nut to
rotate in a fixed position and all three jaws close or
open.

Work holding devices


The devices commonly used for holding the work in the
drilling machine are :
1. T-bolt and clamps

2. Drill press vise


3. V-block
4. Angle plate
5. Drill jigs

T-slots and clamps

Drilling machine tables are


provided with T-slots into
which T-bolts are fitted.
The diameter of T-bolts
ranges from 15 to 20 mm
The clamps or straps are
made of mild steel 12 to20
mm thick and 45 to 70 mm
wide.
A slot is cut at centre of
strap to allow the t- bolt to
pass.
Clamp on work and clamping
block and nut is tightened it.

Types of clamps
Finger clamp It has a round or flat
extension which fitted in a
work piece for clamping.
U-clamp
Finger clamp
These are useful for quick
adjustment of work.It can
be removed without
removing nut.
Adjustable clamp-It has a
screw at its one end which
is used to level the clamp
when its other end rests
against the work.

V-blocks

V-blocks are precision


made blocks with special
slots made to anchor
clamps that hold round
work pieces.
The work may be
supported on 2 or3 blocks
and clamped against them
by straps and bolts.

Angle plate:Made of cast iron having 2


faces at right angles to
each other
The faces are accurately
finished and are provided
with holes and slots for
clamping the work on one
of its face and other face
rests on the table and
bolted to it
It is used to drill parallel
holes.

Step block:These holding devices are


built like stairs to allow for
height adjustments in
mounting drilling jobs
These are used with strap
clamps and long T-slot
bolts for holding the work
directly on table.
Made of mild steel.

Drill jigs :
Jigs are designed for work
where quantity production
is desired.
A jig can hold the work
securely, locate the work,
and guide the tool.
Holes may be drilled at
same relative positions on
each work piece without
marking .

Drill press vise:Most common method of


holding small and regular
shaped work pieces.
The work is clamped
between a fixed jaw and a
movable jaw. Extra slip
jaws are used for holding
cylindrical or hexagonal
bars.

Drilling operations
Drilling operations performed on drilling machine are:
1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counterboring
5. Countersinking
6. Spot facing
7. Tapping
8. Grinding
9. Trepanning
10. Lapping

drilling

It is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole by


removing metal by the rotating edge of a cutting tool called
drill.
Before drilling the centre of hole is located on work piece
by two lines perpendicular to each other then a centre
punch is used to produce a indentation at the centre.
Drill point is pressed at the point and produce the hole.
Demerits :Does not produce accurate hole
Hole is rough
Hole is slightly oversized.

Drilling

reamin
g

boring

reaming

It is an accurate way of sizing and finishing a hole

Hole is drilling slightly undersize so that it brings it to


accurate size by finishing.

Speed of spindle is half of drilling


The tool used for reaming is reamer having multiple cutting
edge.
It can not originate a hole.
The reamer can not correct a hole location.
Material removed in this process is 0.375 mm

boring
It performs on drilling machine:
To enlarge a hole by means of a single cutting edge tool.It is
necessary where suitable drill is not available.
To finish a hole.
To machine the internal surface of a hole.
To correct out of roundness of hole.
To correct the location of hole.
The cutter is held in boring bar has a taper shank to fit into
the spindle socket.
For perfect finish the job is slightly undersize.
It is a slow process than reaming
It requires several passes of the tool

counterboring
It is the operation of enlarging
the end of a hole cylindrically.
The enlarged hole forms a
square shoulder with the original
hole to accommodate the heads
of bolts, studs and pins.
The tool used is counterbore.
The cutting edges have straight
or spiral teeth.
Tool is guided by pilot which
extends beyond the cutting
edge.
The cutting speed for
counterboring is 25% less than
drilling operation.

countersinking
It is the operation of making
a cone shaped enlargement
of the end of hole to provide
a recess to flat head screw
or countersunk rivet fitted
into hole.
The tool used is called a
countersink.
Included angle of
countersinks are 600,820,900.
The speed of countersink is
25% less than that of drilling
operation.

Spot facing:It is the operation of smoothing


and squaring the surface around a
hole for the seat of a nut or screw.
A counterbore or special spot
facing tool is used for this purpose.
Tapping :It is the operation of cutting
internal threads.
The cutting tool used is tap.
When the tap is screwed into the
hole it removes metal and cuts
internal threads which fit into
external thread of same size.

Tappi
ng

trepanning
It is the operation of
producing a hole by
removing metal along the
circumference of a hollow
cutting tool.
It is used for producing
large holes.
Fewer material removed in
the operation.
The tool resembles a
hollow tube having cutting
edge at one end and a solid
shank at the other end to
fit into the drill spindle.

Lapping and grinding

Lapping:It is the operation of sizing and finishing a hole already


hardened by removing small amount of material by using
lap.
Lap fits in the hole and is moved up and down while it
revolves.
Copper head laps are commonly used.
Grinding:It is used to finish a hardened hole.
The grinding wheel is made to revolve with the spindle and
is fed up and down.
Grinding can also be done to correct out of roundness of
the hole.

Alignment testing on
drilling machine
1. Flatness of clamping surface of base
The test is performed by placing a straight edge on two
gauge blocks on the base plate in various positions and the
error is noted down by inserting the feeler gauges.
2. Flatness of clamping surface of table: in the above way.
3. Perpendicularity of drill head guide to the base plate
The squareness (perpendicularity) of drill head guide to the
base plate is tested :
(a) in a vertical plane passing through the axes of both spindle
and column, and
(b) in a plane at 90 to the plane at (a).
The test is performed by placing the frame level on guide
column and base plate and the error is noted by noting the
difference between the readings of the two levels gives the
error.

Checking flatness
of clamping
surface of base

Test of
perpendicularity of
drill head with table

4. Perpendicularity of drill head guide to the base plate :


It is performed in the same way ,the difference is the block
square is placed on the base instead of the table.
5. Perpendicularity of spindle sleeve with base plate.
The frame levels are to be placed on spindle sleeve and base
plate. The difference between the readings of the two levels
gives the error.
6. True running of spindle taper.
For this test, the test mandrel is placed in the tapered hole of
spindle and a dial indicator is fixed on the table and its feeler
made to scan the mandrel. The spindle is rotated slowly and
readings of indicator noted down.

Test true running


of
Spindle taper

Testing parallelism of
spindle axis with
vertical movement

7. Parallelism of the spindle axis with its vertical movement.


The test mandrel is fitted in the tapered hole of the spindle
and the dial indicator is fixed on the table with its feeler
touching the mandrel. The spindle is adjusted in the middle
position of its travel. The readings of the dial indicator are
noted when the
spindle is moved in upper and lower directions of the
middle position with slow vertical feed mechanism.
8. Squareness of clamping surface of table to its axis.
For performing this test, the dial indicator is mounted in the
tapered hole of the spindle and its feeler is made to touch
the surface of table

Slowly rotate the table and note the gauge reading.

Squreness of
clamping
surface to axis

Squreness of
spindle axis with
table

Total deflection

9. Squreness of spindle axis with table:


.
.
.
.

Bring the table in the middle position


Mount the dial gauge in the taper hole of the spindle with its
plunger touching the straight edge and take reading.
Rotate the gauge by 1800 and against take the reading.
The difference between these reading is the error.

10. Total deflection.


. For this test, the drill head and table are arranged in their
middle position. Dial indicator is mounted on table with its
feeler touching the lower machined surface part and spindle.
Drill spindle is loaded with the dynamometer (load gauge)
placed on table and the deflection of dial indicator noted
down.

reamer
A reamer is a tool used for enlarging or finishing a hole
previously drilled,bored ,cored to give good finish and accurate
dimension.It is a multi tooth cutter.
Depending upon operation,purpose,shape they are classified
as :
Chucking reamer with parallel or taper shank (a)fluted(b)rose
reamer
Machine bridge reamer
Machine jig reamer
Parallel hand reamer with parallel shank
Parallel or taper shank socket head reamer
Shell reamer
Taper pin hand or machine reamer
Expansion reamer

FLUTED REAMER

It is also known as
machine reamer.
It consists of parallel
cutting edge, parallel
straight or taper shank,
long body recess.
The flutes are spaced
irregularly to reduce
chatter.
It is used for more
accurate work.
Diameter st-1.5 to 32mm
taper-5 to32 mm.

CHUCKING REAMER(ROSE)

Here the cutting is done by


the beveled edges at the
end.
The chamfered cutting
edges make an angle of
450 .
The body is slightly
tapered ,smaller towards
the shank to prevent
binding in the hole.

Machine bridge reamer

It is used in portable
electric or pneumatic tool
for reaming in shipbuilding, structural and
plate work.

It contains-parallel cutting
edges, taper shank,
straight or helical flutes.

Diameter varies from 6.4


to 37 mm.

Machine jig reamer

It consists of sort,parallel
cutting edges and guide
between shank and cutting
edge.

Flutes are helical

The plain part of the body


fits into a bushing in the
jig and accurately locates
the reamer.

Parallel hand reamer


with parallel shank

It has parallel cutting


edges and a shank with
square on the end.

Flutes are straight or


helical

It removes minimum
amount of metal of 0.05 to
0.125mm.

Socket reamer for


morse taper

These are straight or taper


shank type and may be
hand or machine drive.
Cutting edge suit to Morse
taper.
Flutes may be straight or
helical.
These are available in
roughing,pre-finishing and
finishing type.

Shell reamer

It has axial hole for use on


arbor
It has parallel cutting
edges with sharpened
bevel head.
Finish large holes .
These are designed for
reaming bearing and other
similar items.

Taper pin reamer

May be hand or machine


driven

This has taper cutting


edges for holes to suit pins
with a taper of 1 in 50.

Having parallel or taper


shank.

Flutes may be straight or


helical.

Expansion reamer

It is so made that it may


be adjusted by very small
amount to compensate for
wear or to accommodate
some variation in hole size.

To effect expansion the


clamping nut is loosen and
the plug is pushed inward
which causes expansion of
blade.

Reamer nomenclature
Axis: The axis is the imaginary straight line that is by rotating the reamer between
centers.
Back taper: The back taper is a slight decrease in diameter, from front to back in the flute
length of reamers.
The angular cutting portion at the entering end to facilitate the entry of reamer to hole.
Body : it is the portion of reamer extending from the entering end to commencement of
shank.
Chamfer: The chamfer is the angular cutting portion at the entering end of a reamer.
Chamfer length: The chamfer length is the length of the chamfer measured parallel to the
axis at the cutting edge.
Clearance: the portion of land removed to provide clearance immediately behind cutting
edge.

REAMER NOMENCLATURE

Face: the portion of the flute surface adjacent to the cutting


edge on which the chip impinges.
Flutes: grooves in body to provide cutting edge.
Heel: edge formed by intersection of clearance surface and
flute.
Land: the surface included between the cutting edge and
heel.
Pilot: cylindrical portion of body at the entering end of
reamer.
Recess: reduced diameter below cutting edge.
Shank: portion of reamer by which it is held and driven.
Diameter maximum diameter of reamer at entering end.
Reamer angles: Bevel lead angle: angle formed by cutting edges of bevel
lead and reamer axis.
Clearance angle: angle formed by clearance and tangent to
periphery of reamer cutting edge.

Helix angle: angle between cutting edge and reamer axis.


Rake angle: angle formed in a diametral plane, formed by
face and radial line from cutting edge.
If face and radial line coincide ,angle is zero, face is called
radial.
If angle formed falls behind the radial line, angle is
positive, face is called undercut.
If angle formed falls in front of radial line, angle is
negative, face is called over cut.
Taper lead angle: angle formed by cutting edge of taper
lead and reamer axis.
Rotation of cutting: Left hand cutting reamer: rotating in clockwise direction
viewed from entering end.
Right hand cutting reamer: rotating in anticlockwise
direction viewed from entering end.

Tap nomenclature
TAP: A tap is a screw like tool which has threads like bolt and three or
four flute cuts across the thread. It is used to cut threads on inside of
hole.
Taps are made of carbon steel or high speed steel
Taps are classified as hand tap and machine tap.
TAP ELEMENTS:
Axis: the longitudinal centre line of tap.
Body: the threaded portion extending from entering end of tap to the
shank.
Chamfer: Chamfer is the tapering of the threads at the front end of
each land of a chaser, tap, or die by cutting away and relieving the crest
of the first few teeth to distribute the cutting action over several teeth.
Chamfer relief: The gradual decrease in land height from cutting edge
to heel.
Cutting edge: edge formed by intersection of flute face and form of
teeth.

TAP NOMENCLUTURE

Flute: Flute is the longitudinal channel formed in a tap to create


cutting edges on the thread profile and to provide chip spaces and
cutting fluid passage.
Face: portion of flute surface adjacent to cutting edge upon which
chips impinges.
Heel: edge formed by intersection of the relieved surface behind
the cutting edge and flute.
Land: Portion of body left standing between the flutes
Shank: portion of tap by which it is held or located and driven.
Web: the central portion of tap situated between the roots of flutes
and extending along the fluted portion of tap.
Web taper: the increase of web thickness fro entering end of tap
the shank end of flutes.
Back taper: the reduction in diameter of the tap body of threaded
portion from entering end towards shank.
Overall length: the axial length over extreme ends of tap.

Major diameter: This is the diameter of the major cylinder


or cone, at a given position on the axis that bounds the
crests of an external thread or the roots of an internal
thread.
Minor diameter: Minor diameter is the diameter of the
minor cylinder or cone, at a given position on the axis that
bounds the roots of an external thread or the crests of an
internal thread.
Pitch diameter: Pitch diameter is the diameter of an
imaginary cylinder or cone, at a given point on the axis of
such a diameter and location of its axis, that its surface
would pass through the threads at such points as to make
the width of threads and width of spaces between the
treads equal at those points,measured at cutting edge.

TAP ANGLES: Chamfer angle: angle formed by the cutting edges of


taper lead and tap axis.
Flank angle: the angle included between flanks of thread,
measured in an axial plane.
Flute helix angle: formed between the leading edge of
land and tap axis.
Radial rake angle: the angle formed in a diametral plane
between the face and radial line from the cutting edge at
the crest of thread form:
Zero rake: face and radial line coincide, face is radial.
Positive rake: angle falls behind the radial line, radial
angle is positive and face is undercut.
Negative rake: angle falls in front of radial line, radial
angle is negative and face is overcut.

ASSIGNMENT-4
1. Explain the turret indexing mechanism used in capstan lathe.
2. Explain spring winding, spinning, drilling and tapping operations
on lathe.
3. What are the difference between Engine and turret lathe.
4. With figure explain the twist drill nomenclature.
5. Explain working of vertical turret lathe.
6. Explain different taper turning methods.
7. Write short notes on different types of chucks used in lathe.
8. Explain different operations performed on lathe.
9. Explain instruments used in alignment test of a lathe.
10. Explain different operations performed with the help of drilling
machine.
11. What is box tool ?
12. Describe the various parts of capstan-turret lathe.

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