Energy Consumption

& Power Requirements of A Vehicle

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Know the Requirements Before You develop an

Engine..

Resistance Force : Ra
The major components of the resisting forces to motion are
comprised of :
Aerodynamic loads (Faero)
Acceleration forces (Faccel = ma & I forces)
Gradeability requirements (Fgrade)
Chassis losses (Froll resist ).

F ma Faero Frr Fg

Aerodynamic Force : Flow Past A Bluff Body

Composed of:
1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air
vents (3%)

Aerodynamic Resistance on Vehicle

Dynamic Pressure:

Drag Force:

Fd

Fd

Pd

1
V2
2

1
V 2 A f (Re)
2

1
V 2 Cd A
2
Fd ,design

1
(1.2) Cd A (V V0 ) 2
2
P = Fd ,designV

Aero Power

projected

frontal

area

(m2)

f(Re)
=

Reynolds

number

vehicle
P
V0= power (kw)

velocity

P
aero = (12.86 10 ) C d A V (V V0 )
head wind velocity
A = area (m2)
V
= velocity (KpH)
V0 = headwind velocity

-6

(m/sec)

Purpose, Shape & Drag

Shape & Components of Drag

Some examples of Cd:

The typical modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and
0.35.
SUVs, with their flatter shapes, typically achieve a C d of 0.350.45.
Notably, certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25-0.30, although sometimes
designers deliberately increase drag in order to reduce lift.
0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula 1 car (downforce settings change for
each circuit)
0.7 - Caterham Seven
at least 0.6 - a typical truck
0.57 - Hummer H2, 2003
0.51 - Citron 2CV
over 0.5 - Dodge Viper
0.44 - Toyota Truck, 1990-1995

0.42 - Lamborghini Countach, 1974

0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
0.42 - Plymouth Duster, 1994
0.39 - Dodge Durango, 2004
0.39 - Triumph Spitfire, 1964-1970
0.38 - Volkswagen Beetle
0.38 - Mazda Miata, 1989
0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
0.372 - Ferrari F50, 1996
0.36 - Eagle Talon, mid-1990s
0.36 - Citron DS, 1955
0.36 - Ferrari Testarossa, 1986
0.36 - Opel GT, 1969
0.36 - Honda Civic, 2001
0.36 - Citron CX, 1974 (the car was named after the term for drag
coefficient)
0.355 - NSU Ro 80, 1967

0.34 - Ford Sierra, 1982

0.34 - Ferrari F40, 1987
0.34 - Chevrolet Caprice, 1994-1996
0.34 - Chevrolet Corvette Z06, 2006
0.338 - Chevrolet Camaro, 1995
0.33 - Dodge Charger, 2006
0.33 - Audi A3, 2006
0.33 - Subaru Impreza WRX STi, 2004
0.33 - Mazda RX-7 FC3C, 1987-91
0.33 - Citroen SM, 1970
0.32064 - Volkswagen GTI Mk V, 2006 (0.3216 with ground effects)
0.32 - Toyota Celica,1995-2005
0.31 - Citron AX, 1986
0.31 - Citron GS, 1970
0.31 - Eagle Vision
0.31 - Ford Falcon, 1995-1998
0.31 - Mazda RX-7 FC3S, 1986-91
0.31 - Renault 25, 1984
0.31 - Saab Sonett III, 1970
0.30 - Audi 100, 1983
0.30 - BMW E90, 2006
0.30 - Porsche 996, 1997
0.30 - Saab 92, 1947

0.195 - General Motors EV1, 1996

0.19 - Alfa Romeo BAT Concept, 1953
0.19 - Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept , 1995
0.19 - Mercedes-Benz "Bionic Car" Concept, 2005 ([2]
mercedes_bionic.htm) (based on the boxfish)
0.16 - Daihatsu UFEIII Concept, 2005
0.16 - General Motors Precept Concept, 2000
0.14 - Fiat Turbina Concept, 1954
0.137 - Ford Probe V prototype, 1985

Rolling Resistance
Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
5. Simplifying approximation:

Frr CrrW

ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance of a body is proportional to the weight of
the body normal to surface of travel.

Frr Mg
9.81
C rr M V
P rr =
3600power

-3
=
(2.72

10 ) C rr M V
P rr

Crr 0.01 1

147

Contact Type

Crr

Steel wheel on rail

0.0002...0.0010

Car tire on road

0.010...0.035

Car tire energy safe

0.006...0.009

Tube 22mm, 8 bar

0.002

Race tyre 23 mm, 7 bar

0.003

Touring 32 mm, 5 bar

0.005

Tyre with leak protection 37

mm, 5 bar / 3 bar

0.007 / 0.01

Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity

Grade Resistance

Composed of
Gravitational force acting on the vehicle

Fg W sin g
For small angles,

sin g tan g

Fg W tan g

Fg

tan g G

Fg WG

Inertial or Transient Forces

Transient forces are primarily comprised of acceleration
related forces where a change in velocity is required.
These include:
The rotational inertia requirements (FI ) and
the translational mass (Fma).
If rotational mass is added it adds not only rotational
inertia but also translational inertia.

Transient Force due to Rotational Mass

d
2
=
I
=
I
=
m
wheel
k wheel
Ti
dt

avehicle
wheel =
r tire

T
i
2

=
=
m
k 2 =
Fi
r tire
r tire

m k2 2
r

tire

= angular acceleration

k = radius of gyration

m = mass

= ratio between rotating component and the tire

t = time

T = Torque

Therefore if the mass rotates on a vehicle which has translation,

F ir&t =

tire

mr + mt a

2 2

=
A
+
g

+
%
Slope

+
a
C
V
mt C rr
F tire
mr 2
d
2

r tire

Resistance power, Presistance

+ mt

Presis tan ce F tire V

Presistance

Power Demand Curve

Vehicle Speed

Ideal Engine Powering Torque

The Powering Engine Torque is:

F
tire r tire
T PE =
G

The speed of the vehicle in km/h is:

km / h = RPM PE r tire ( 0.377 )

G

rtire = Tire Rolling Radius (meters)

G = Numerical Ratio between P.E. and Tire
Ideal capacity of Powering Engine:

2N
PPE TPE
kW
60000

Drive System Efficiency

Drive train inefficiencies further reduce the power available to
produce the tractive forces.
These losses are typically a function of the system design and
the torque being delivered through the system.

Mechanical Efficiency mech drive

PPE

Pactual

mech drive red1 red 2 ...... red n

Actual Capacity of A Powering engine

Pactual

PPE
TPE 2N

kW
mech mech 60000

Correction for Auxiliary power requirements:

2N tyre
kW Paux
PPE Ftyre rtyre
60000

MATLAB for Vehicle Torque Requirement

MATLAB Model for Transmission System

MATLAB Model for Engine Performance

Engine Characteristic Surface

Requirements of Vehicle on Road & Engine Power

Urban Driving Cycle

Engine RPM during Urban Driving Cycle

Engine Fuel Consumption During Urban Driving

Cycle

Inverse of Carnots Question

How much fuel is required to generate required power?
Is it specific to the fuel?
A Thermodynamic model is required to predict the fuel
requirements.
Carnot Model
Otto Model
Diesel Model
A Geometric Model is required to implement the
thermodynamic model.