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1.Linear motion?
- Motion in a straight line
2. Distance vs displacement
3. Speed vs velocity
4. Acceleration
Definition:
Total length of the path travelled by
an object from one point to the other
Scalar quantity
Distance
SI unit:
metre, m
Symbol: d
Example 2.1
B
A
16 m
12 m
C
Solution :
Distance from A to C 16 m 12 m
28 m
5
Definition:
The shortest path or distance travelled in a specific direction
Vector quantity
SI unit:
metre, m
Displacement
Symbol: s
Example 2.1
16 m
12 m
C
Solution :
Displacement from A to C
162 122
400
20 m
Definition:
Distance travelled per unit time
OR
Rate of change of distance
Scalar quantity
Speed
d
Formula : v
t
SI unit:
m s-1
Symbol: v
Example 2.1
3. A boy walks from A to C through B, find:
a) Speed from A to B
b) Speed from B to C
c) Average speed from A to C
C
12 m
t=4s
A
16 m
t=8s
B
10
Solution :
a) Speed from A to B, vAB = 16 m = 2 m s-1
8s
b) Speed from B to C, vBC = 12 m = 3 m s-1
4s
-1
11
Definition:
The rate of change of displacement
s
Formula : v
t
Vector quantity
Velocity
SI unit:
m s-1
Symbol: v
12
Example 2.1
C
12 m
t=4s
16 m
t=8s
Solution :
Velocity from A to C = 20 m
12 s
= 1.67 m s-1
13
vu
Formula : a
t
Definition:
Rate of change of velocity
Vector quantity
; where
a = acceleration
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time
SI unit :
m s-2
Acceleration
Example 2.1
5. A car increases its velocity steadily from 20 m s-1 to 30 m s-1
in 5 s. What is its acceleration?
Solution:
vu
a
t
(30 20) m / s
5s
2 m / s2
15
Example 2.1
6. A car moving at a constant velocity of 30 m s-1 came to a
vu
a
t
(0 30) m / s
6s
Note:
Negative acceleration
is known as deceleration
5 m / s 2
Deceleration is 5 m s-2
16
Exercise 2.1
1. A car moving with velocity of 30 m s-1 decelerates uniformly to
stop in 5 s. What is the deceleration of the car?
2. A sport car takes 4 s to accelerate from rest to 28 m s -1,
determine the car acceleration.
17
ticker timer.
2. The ticker-tape timer consist of vibrator that vibrates 50 times
18
Distance of 6 ticks
0.02 s
1 tick
19
1. Example of movement
a) Constant velocity :- separation between two dots is constant
Motion direction
b) Constant acceleration :- separation between two dots
increases uniformly
Motion direction
c) Constant deceleration :- separation between two dots
decreases uniformly
Motion direction
20
21
Solution:
4.5 cm
final velocity , v
0.02 s
1.5 cm
initial velocity , u
0.02 s
75 cm s
225 cm s 1
225 75 cm s 1
a
0.1 s
a 1500 cm s 2
22
Example 2.1.1
2. The figure
shows the tape
chart of a
trolley which is
moving down a
sloping
runway. From
the tape chart,
determine the
average
velocity and
acceleration of
the trolley.
23
olution:
Total displacement, s = ( 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14) cm
= 54 cm
Total time taken, t = 1.2 s
Therefore,
s
Average velocity, v
t
54 cm
1 .2 s
45 cm s 1
24
4 cm
u
0.2 s
20 cm s 1
14 cm
v
0.2 s
70 cm s 1
c) Change in velocity, v u
70 20 cm s 1
50 cm s 1
25
1.0 s
50 cm s 2
0.5 m s 2
26
Exercise 2.1.1
1. Diagram below shows a section of the ticker tape which
records the motion of a trolley moving down an inclined
runway. The frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz.
direction of motion
12 cm
The average velocity of the trolley
is
27
1.2 cm
1.8 cm
29
t/s
2. Constant acceleration
s/cm
30
t/s
3. Constant deceleration
s/cm
31
t/s
4. Increase of acceleration
s/cm
t/s32
5. Decrease of deceleration
s/cm
t/s
33
1. v u at
1
2. s (u v)t
2
1 2
3. s ut at
2
2
2
4. v u 2as
Where;
a accelerati on
u initial velocity
v final velocity
t time
34
s displaceme
nt
Example 2.1.2
1. A car is accelerate at 6 m s-2 from an initial velocity of 2 m s-1
for 10 seconds. What is
a) the final velocity
b) the distance moved?
2. A driver travelling at a velocity of 108 km h-1 notices a cow in
the middle of the road 80 m in front of him. On seeing the
cow, the driver instantly applies the brakes and is able to bring
the car stop after 6 seconds.
a) What is the deceleration of the car
b) Calculate the distance travelled by car from the time the
driver applies the brakes until it comes to stop.
c) Is the driver able to avoid knocking the cow.
35
t=6s
a = ??
v = 0 m s-1
u = 108 km h-1
Given:
u = 108 km h-1 = 30 m s-1
v = 0 m s-1
t=6s
Find :
a) Deceleration = a = ??
b) s =??
c) Yes / No
36
Exercise 2.1.2
1. A car is travelling at 5 m s-1 and is accelerating uniformly. It
travels at distance of 300 m in 20 s. The speed of car in the
end of 20 s is
2. A car start from rest and accelerates uniformly along the
straight road for 10 s and reaches the speed of 40 m s -1.
Then, it moves at this speed for a while before arriving at hill
slope. The driver stop the engine and let the car move up the
hill slope freely until it stops. The distance travelled along the
hill slope is 0.5 km. Calculate
a) the acceleration of the car in the first 10 s
b) the distance travelled along the straight road
c) the deceleration of the car along the hill slope
d) the time taken for the car to stop while moving up the hill
37
slope
v1 = 0 m s-1
t1 = ??
0.5
t = 10 s a = ??
u1 = 40 m s
-1
u = 0 m s-1
v = 40 m s-1
km
s = ??
Find:
c) a = ?
d) t1 = ??
Given:
u1 = 40 m s-1
v1 = 0 m s-1
s = 500 m
Given:
u = 0 m s-1
v = 40 m s-1
t = 10 s
Find:
a) a = ??
b) s = ??
38
s
t
39
Displacementtime graph
Gradient of
displacement-time graph
= velocity
40
Example 2.2
Exercise 2.2
1. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20 m s -1.
t/s
42
43
Velocity-time graph
Area
t
Velocity-time
graph
45
Example 2.2
2. The velocity-time graph for a car travelling along a straight
road is shown in figure.
a) What is the acceleration of the car during the part of
journey represented by OA, AB and BC.
b) What is the total distance travelled by the car?
c) Calculate the average velocity of the car for its whole
journey.
d) Sketch the acceleration-time graph for whole journey
covered by the car.
46
47
48
acceleration?
49
Exercise 2.2
2. A car starts from rest at time, t = 0 s and moves along a
50
200 s
51
Acceleration-time graph
Area
Acceleration-time graph
53
2.3: INERTIA
1. All body with mass possess a property as known as inertia
2. Mass of an object is a quantity of matter of an object
3. Inertia of an object is a tendency of an object to maintain a
state of rest or to remain in uniform motion in straight line.
4. Newtons First Law of Motion states that if the net force acting
on a body is zero
a) It will stay rest (stationary) if a body is at rest
b) It will keep moving with constant velocity in straight line if
the body is moving.
54
2.3: INERTIA
5. The following describes various examples of inertia
a) After the cardboard is jerked, the coin hovers over the top
56
Train in
motion
1. The head of hammer can be fitted into its handle by hitting the
end of handle against a hard surface.
2. When a piece of tissue paper is pulled quickly from box, the
box will not move.
57
58
2)
1. The safety belt and airbag prevent the driver from crashing
3)
4)
60
63
65
2.4: MOMENTUM
1. Momentum is defined as mass of an object multiplied by its
velocity
momentum mass velocity
p mv
2. The SI unit for momentum is kg m s-1
3. Momentum is a vector quantity.
4. The direction of momentum of an object is the same as the
direction of the velocity of the object.
66
Example 2.4
1. While ice-skating, a girl of mass 35 kg is moving with velocity
67
Elastic collision
1. The colliding objects separated after collision
Example 2.4.1
1. For an elastic collision as shown in figure, given that m 1 = 1.0
70
Exercise 2.4.1
1. For an elastic collision as shown in figure, given that m 1 = 2.0
71
Inelastic collision
1. The colliding objects will stick and move together after collision
Example 2.4.1
73
Exercise 2.4.1
mass 2 kg. the bullet is embedded in the target and both move
together at common velocity of 2 m s-1. Find the velocity of the
bullet before hitting the target.
74
Explosion
1. The total momentum of objects is zero since they move in
opposite direction.
m1v1 m2 v2 0
m1v1 (m2 v2 )
75
Example 2.4.1
3. A cannonball of mass, m = 5 kg is fired from a cannon of
Exercise 2.4.1
3. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a rifle of mass 2 kg. The
EXERCISE / HOMEWORK
1. a)
b)
c)
What is momentum?
Is momentum a vector quantity?
Which vehicle has the larger momentum? A car of mass
800 kg travelling at 30 m s-1 and a van of mass 1200 kg
travelling at 72 km h-1.
2. d)
e)
3. Two cars have equal mass, m = 800 kg. One car moves at
Similarities
Rocket
STRUCTURE
Segmented
Paraffin, kerosene
FUEL
Liquid hydrogen
From atmosphere
SOURCE OF OXYGEN
Atmosphere
FUNCTIONAL
LOCATION
Air compression by
turbine and combustion
of fuel
OPERATION METHOD
LAUNCHING METHOD
No
AGAINST GRAVITY
Yes
ENGINE
81
82
Balance Force
1. When two or more external force acting on a body produce no
net force, we can say the forces are balanced
Net Force, F 0
2. The following are some of situation where force are balanced
on a body:
a) An aircraft is flying
horizontally at constant
height and constant
velocity
b) The engine provide forward thrust, T and wind and air
downward weight, W
d) When these four forces are balanced, the net force acting on
84
Unbalanced Force
1. When two of more forces acting on a body are not balanced,
there must be net force acting on it
2. This net force as known as unbalanced force or resultant force
3. The effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object are
shown in following examples:
- A footballer kicks a ball move toward him
causes the ball bounce off
- the unbalanced force causes the ball change
its direction
b)
c)
Acceleration, a
1
m
F is constant
aF
m is constant
Force, F
Mass, m
87
1
F
F and a
we get a
m
m
; where k is constant
Points to
Note !!
1. When forces that act on body are balanced, then:
Net force = 0
Force applied = Resistive force
2. A balance force does not change its state of rest or its state of
motion with uniform velocity
3. The unbalanced force = Net force
= Force applied Resistive force
4. The unbalance force or resultant force can cause a body:
- The change its state of rest
- The change its state of motion
5. The acceleration produced depends on the mass and the force
89
that pushes it
Example 2.5.1
1. AAcar of mass 1500 kg travelling at 72 km h-1 is brought to rest
Example 2.5.1
15 N
6N
Figure 2.5(a)
Figure 2.5(b)
Exercise 2.5.1
2 kg
F = 0.8 N
f
2. Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg placed on rough
Example 2.5.1
a) The car and the caravan are moving with a uniform velocity.
caravan?
94
Exercise 2.5.1
Homework
Newton, defined?
97
Impulsive Force
1. Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum
in a collision or explosion
mv mu
F
t
99
Impulse
1. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum
Impulse mv mu
2. From the equation
mv mu
F
t
Ft mv mu
Therefore, Impulse Ft
100
Example 2.6
1. A football of mass 0.6 kg travels at a velocity of 10 m s -1
HOMEWORK
4.0 m s-1 over the net. A player then hit the ball and sends it in
the opposite direction with a speed of 6.0 m s-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse acted on the ball.
(b) If the contact time between the ball and the hand of player
is 0.05 s, what is the impulsive force applied by the
player.
102
103
104
105
106
force of gravity
Gravitational force
earth
Gravitational field
2. The gravitational field of the earth is the region around the
107
Weight
1. The weight of object is defined as the gravitational force
acting on the object in the gravitational field.
2. If the mass of object is m kg, its weight can be calculated as
follows:
Weight, W = mg
where g = gravitational field strength
the SI unit for weight is Newton (N) and it is a vector quantity
109
Example 2.8
the moon. Calculate the time taken for the stone to reach the
surface of the moon.
1
[Moons gravitational acceleration = of the earths
6
gravitational acceleration]
110
Solution
1.
a)
w mg
75 10
750 N
2.
b) w mg
125 75 g
5
g N kg 1
3
1 2
s ut gt
2
1 1
8 m 0 ( 10 m s 2 )t 2
2 6
48
2
t
5 s 2
48
t
s
5
t 3.1 s
111
Exercise 2.8
112
Exercise/Homework
1. What is meant for free fall?
2. List 4 differences between weight and mass
3. A rock has mass of 20 kg and weight of 90 N on the surface of
planet.
(a) What is the gravitational field strength on the surface of the
planet?
(b) What are the mass and the weight of the rock on the
surface of the earth where its gravitational field strength is
10 N kg-1?
113
A rabbit resting
on inclined plane
Normal reaction
friction
weight
114
weight
1. The net force that acts on an object when two or more forces
15 N
(a) Resultant = 10 N + 15 N
= 25 N
12 N
20 N
3. The resultant forces that do not act in the same straight line
F1
F1
F2
F2
F1
+
F
1
=
F2
F2
116
Example 2.9.1
(a)
F2
F1
(b)
F2
F1
117
Exercise 2.9.1
(a)
F2
F1
(b)
F2
F1
118
Example 2.9.1
(a)
F
F2
F2
F1
F1
(d)
(c)
F2
F1
F2
119
F1
Exercise 2.9.1
(a)
F
F2
F2
F1
F1
(d)
(c)
F2
F1
F2
120
F1
Example 2.9.1
4 kg
6 kg
121
Exercise 2.9.1
2 kg
5 kg
122
Example 2.9.1
4. A block with a mass of 4 kg is tied with a string to a 6 kg
4 kg
smooth
6 kg 123
Example 2.9.1
4. A block with a mass of 3 kg is tied with a string to a 4 kg
3 kg
smooth
4 kg
124
components.
2. Figure shows a force F is resolved into two perpendicular
Fy
; With that,
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
Fx
125
Fx 2 Fy 2
tan
Fy
Fx
126
Example 2.9.2
1. Two boats, P and Q are used to pull a raft carrying elephants.
resultant force.
b) Determine the direction in
which the raft in moving.
P
20o
30o
127
Exercise 2.9.2
1. A boat is being pulled by two forces with the magnitude 300 N
300 N
25o
35o
400 N
128
to zero.
129
Example 2.9.3
R
30o
W = 500 N
130
Exercise 2.9.3
1. A 20 kg mass suspended from a hook in the ceiling is pulled
Answer:
(a) 230.94 N
(b) 115.47 N
131
Answer: 5 N
132
Homework
1. The figure shows a box is being pulled by a man. What is the
Answer: 19.64 N
133
F1
1 kg
30o
nswer:
1 = 20 N
2 = 17.32 N
F2
10 N
134
135
s
The component of the force, Fcos , in direction of
displacement is used in calculating
W = Fs cos
136
Example 2.10.1
1. Figure shows a fishmonger pulling a crate of fish along the
137
Exercise 2.10.1
1. Figure shows a boy pulling a wooden crate along the floor
138
6. Force-distance graph
Force, F
a
F
h
weight
Displacement, s
b
W = mgh
Where, W = work
m= mass
Example 2.10.1
2. Figure shows a girl lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a
140
Exercise 2.10.1
2. A student of mass 50 kg walks up a flight of stairs 1.5 m
1.5 m
141
2.10.2: Energy
1. Energy is defined as potential or ability to do work
2. SI unit is joule (J)
3. Energy is a scalar quantity
Kinetic Energy,
Ek
1. Energy possessed by a moving object
2. It is a scalar quantity and measured in joule (J)
1 2
Kinetic Energy, E K mv
2
142
Example 2.10.2
1. What is the kinetic energy of a man of mass 50 kg jogging at
a velocity of 3 m s1?
Exercise 2.10.2
1. The kinetic energy of a motorcycle travelling at 10 m s1 is 1.5
Potential Energy
1. Energy possessed by an object due to its shape or position
2. Gravitational potential energy
= energy carried by an object do to its different height above
earth surface
weight
144
Example 2.10.2
2. In diving competition, a boy of mass 40 kg stands on a 3 m
Exercise 2.10.2
2. An aeroplane of mass 4 x 105 kg is flying at height 8 km at
+
Sound energy
energy
3. At the highest point, the stone has only potential energy
4. As it falls, potential energy changes to kinetic energy
147
5. Just before it strikes the table, it has only kinetic energy
Example 2.10.2
3. A 2 kg durian fall from height of 12 m to the ground.
a) What is the loss of potential energy when durian is 3 m
148
Exercise 2.10.2
Assume g = 10 m s-2 for all questions
3. In a softball game, a ball was miss hit and flew vertically
149
2.10.3: Power
transformed.
Work done, W
Power, P
time taken, t
Energy tra nsformed, E
time taken, t
2. SI unit is J s-1 or watt (W)
3. It is scalar quantity
150
Example 2.10.3
1. A crane with an output power 12 kW is used to lift a steel bar
Exercise 2.10.3
1. In
W
P
t
Fs
P
t
s
P F
t
P Fv
152
Example 2.10.3
2. A car moves at a constant velocity of 72 km h-1. Find the
Exercise 2.10.3
2. A trolley with mass of 29 kg is moving with a constant velocity
2.10.4: Efficiency
1. Efficiency is the percentage of the input energy that is
transformed to a useful form of output energy
Useful
energy
output
Energy
input
154
155
Example 2.10.4
1. An incline plane of length 10 m is used to raise a load of 500
m
10
1m
156
Exercise 2.10.4
1. An electric motor of a crane can lift a 120 kg weight to a
157
Homework
1. Figure shows a boy pulling a wooden crate along a floor.
Answer: 75 J
What is the work done by the boy when he moved the crate
through a distance of 5 m?
158
Answer: 5 J
159
Answer: 1300 J
160
the trainee.
b) What is the kinetic energy when he reaches the ground?
c) Explain the difference in your answer in (a)
161and (b).
162
Condition
Arrangement
of atom
Equilibrium
Compressed
Pulled /
stretch
Repulsive force
Attractive force
- Repulsive force
- Repulsive force pushes the
atoms return to their equilibrium
position when compressive force
is removed
- Attractive force
- Attractive force pulls the atoms
return to their equilibrium position
when stretching force is removed
163
Hookes Law
1. Hookes law states that the force, F, applied to a spring is
directly proportional to the springs extension or compression,
x, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
2. Elastic limit of a spring is the maximum force can be applied to
a spring before it loses its elasticity.
3. If a force stretches a spring beyond it elastic limit, the spring
will be unable to return to its original length.
4. The spring is said to have a permanent extension.
164
F x,
Therefore
F = kx
where
k = force constant of the spring. Unit of k is N m -1 or N cm-1
F (N)
b
a
x (m)
165
F (N)
Elastic limit
x (m)
x (m)
166
Example 2.12
1. The length of a spring is increased from 23 cm to 28 cm when
167
Exercise 2.12
1. The diagram below shows before and after stretching of a
168
Differences
Parallel
Arrangement of
springs
169
Continue
Series
x
Less stiff
Load is applied to
each of the spring
1
ks k
2
Characteristics
Parallel
Extension of each
x
2
spring
Stiffness
Stiffer
Load sharing
Load is shared
equally among two
springs
Spring constant
ks : for series
kp : for parallel
k p 2k
170
Example 2.12.1
1. Figure shows three identical springs supporting a 100 N load.
171
Exercise 2.12.1
1. Figure shows identical springs.
172
Extension, x / m
173
Since, F = kx
Ep
1
kx x
2
1 2
E p kx
2
174
Example 2.12.1
1. A 2 kg load is hung from the end of a spring with a force
175
Exercise 2.12.1
1. Figure shows a spring before and after being compressed by
a load.
Homework
1. A force of 6 N on a spring compress the spring from 10 cm to
Answer: 1) 3 N cm-1
2) a) 10 N cm-1
b) 0.2 J
177
Answer: (a) 72 N
(b) 24 N and 1 cm
36 N and 1.5 cm
(c) 2.5 cm
178
(b) 0.15 N cm
-1
(c) 0.108 J