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Course Description:
Laboratory Activities:
References:
Engineering Properties of Soil, Joseph Bowles
Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics, Donald Taylor
Soil Mechanics with Foundation Engineering, Mc Carthy
Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Das
Methodology
Lecture/ Discussion
Recitation/ Seatwork/ Board Work
Laboratory Experiment
Site Visit (On going project/ construction)
Student
Performance Evaluation:
Quiz/ Exam
Assignment/ Seatwork/ Board Work
Laboratory Experiment
Recitation/ Attendance
Grading
System:
Laboratory Experiment:
Individual results/ data shall be submitted after the laboratory
experiment
Group/ final data of the experiment shall be submitted by the
assigned group leader
Compilation of experiment
SOIL MECHANICS
IS THE APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICS TO THE SOIL PROBLEMS
DEALING WITH SOILS AS A FOUNDATION
AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
ENGG MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS IS USED TO UNDERSTAND AND
INTERPRET THE PROPERTIES, BEHAVIOR
AND PERFORMANCE OF SOIL
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IS
THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THAT
PART OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT
INVOLVES NATURAL MATERIALS
FOUND CLOSE TO THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH.
Course Goals
Understand
Driven
micropile
Compaction grout
micropile
Casagrande Apparatus
Use for determining
the liquid limit of
the soil.
Moisture
content,
%
25
No. of blows
Range of Application
Range of Application
Philippines
Piling Works for Metro Line in Manila
Mozambique
Piles for Jetty / Aluminium Plant in Maputo
Chile
Drilling of piles =2,5 m
Casing
Conglomerate
Claystone
Particulate materials
- Sedimentary origins (usually)
- Residual
Transported
Soil
Transporting agent
Alluvial or fluvial soil deposited by
running water
Glacial deposited by glacier action
Aeolian deposited by wind action
Classification
SAND
SILTS
CLAY
Massachusetts
Institute of
Technology (MIT)
2 to 0.06
0.06 0.002
< 0.002
United States
Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
2 0.05
0.05 0.002
< 0.002
American Association
of State Highway and
Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
76.2 -2.0
2.0 0.075
0.075-0.002
< 0.002
Unified Soil
Classification System
(ASTM)
76.2-4.75
4.75-0.075
Fines
(silts and clays)
< 0.075
LOESS SOIL
Sieve Number
4.750
60
0.250
3.350
80
0.180
2.360
100
0.150
10
2.0
140
0.106
16
1.18
170
0.088
20
0.850
200
0.075
30
0.600
270
0.053
40
0.425
300
0.045
50
0.300
350
0.030
Sample Problem
Sieve No.
(1)
Diameter, mm
(2)
10
(9.90/450)
100 =2 2.20
Percent Passing or
percent finer
(5)
100
16
1.18
9.90
2.20
97.80
30
0.60
24.66
5.48
92.32
40
0.425
17.60
3.91
88.41
60
0.250
23.90
5.31
83.10
100
0.150
35.10
7.80
75.30
200
0.075
59.85
13.30
62.00
Pan
278.99
62.00
Grading curves
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
W
0.01
0.1
Well graded
10
100
Grading curves
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Well graded
Uniform
10
100
Grading curves
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Well graded
Uniform
Poorly graded
10
100
Grading curves
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Well graded
Uniform
Poorly graded
10
100
Grading curves
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Well graded
Uniform
Poorly graded
10
100
Simple Classification
Simple Classification
0
1
0
1
0
9
0
2
0
8
0
3
0
7
0
4
0
C
l
a
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6
0
5
0
5
0
6
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a
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C
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S
a
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S
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i
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t
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a
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d
0
10
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
S
i
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S
i
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s
(
%
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L
O
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S
IG
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D
IS
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P
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0
1
0
1
0
9
0
2
0
8
0
3
0
7
0
4
0
C
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a
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6
0
5
0
5
0
6
0
S
a
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C
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a
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S
i
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C
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a
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4
0
7
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3
0
8
0
C
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a
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S
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C
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S
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2
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t
100S1a0nd20304S0iltSi5z0es(%
0
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0
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0
8
0
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0
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)
LO
W
ERM
ISISIPIV
A
LEY
D
IV
SIO
N
,
Simple Classification
0
1
0
1
0
9
0
2
0
8
0
3
0
7
0
4
0
C
l
a
y
6
0
5
0
5
0
6
0
S
a
n
d
y
C
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a
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S
i
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t
y
C
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a
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4
0
7
0
3
0
8
0
C
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a
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S
a
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d
C
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a
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S
i
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t
2
0
9
0
1
0
S
i
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t
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S
a
n
d
S
a
n
d
y
S
i
l
t
100S
a
n
d
0
10
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
S
i
l
t
S
i
z
e
s
(
%
)
L
O
W
E
R
M
I.S.IE
S
IG
PN
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V
A
L
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Y
D
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N
,
U
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R
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P
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.IV
CONSISTENCY OF SOIL
When clay minerals are present in fine grained soil, that soil can be
remolded in the presence of some moisture without crumbling. This
cohesive nature is because of the adsorbed water surrounding the clay
particles
Solid
Semi Solid
Plastic
Liquid
Atterberg Limit
Solid
SemiSolid
Shrinkage Limit
Plastic
Plastic Limit
Liquid
Liquid Limit
Moisture
Content
Increasing
Atterberg Limits
Atterberg Limits
Particle size is not that useful for fine grained soils
Volume
40
30
20
10
0
0
SL
PL
LL
20 Moisture
40
60
Content (%)
Atterberg Limits
Particle size is not that useful for fine grained soils
Volume
40
30
20
10
0
0
SL
PL
LL
20 Moisture
40
60
Content (%)
SL - Shrinkage Limit
PL - Plastic Limit
LL - Liquid limit
PHASE
SOLID
STATE
SEMI-SOLID
STATE
WATER
LIMITS
PLASTIC
STATE
LIQUID
STATE
SUSPENSION
SL
PL
LL
PLASTICITY INDEX
SHRINKAGE
VOLUME
CONSTANT
CONDITION
HARD TO
STIFF
SHEAR
STRENGTH
KN/M2
MOISTURE
CONTENT
VOLUME DECREASING
WORKABLE
STICKY
SLURRY
SHEAR STRENGTH
INCREASING
0
SL
PL
WATER-HELD
SUSPENSION
NEGLIGIBLE TO
NIL
PI
LL
Atterberg Limits
SL - Shrinkage Limit
PL - Plastic Limit
LL - Liquid limit
Atterberg Limits
SL - Shrinkage Limit
PL - Plastic Limit
LL - Liquid limit
Plasticity Index = LL - PL = PI or Ip
Atterberg Limits
SL - Shrinkage Limit
PL - Plastic Limit
LL - Liquid limit
Plasticity Index = LL - PL = PI or Ip
Liquidity Index = (m - PL)/Ip = LI
Needle
Soil Sample
Moisture Content %
20 mm
Penetration
Soil is subjected to different moisture
content
Standard penetration is 20 mm
25
Plastic Limit
PI = LL - PL
Shrinkage Limit
Characteristics of Soil
LI > 1 - Liquid
The process of determining the group or subgroup to which a soil belongs is simplified by
the use of the chart
A system of soil classification was devised by Terzaghi and Hogentogler for the US
Bureau of Public Roads in the late 1920s
The Public Roads system was subsequently modified and adopted by AASHTO
Granular Materials
(35% or less of total sample passing no. 200)
Group classification
A 1
A-1-a
A-2
A-1-b
A-3
A-2-4
A-2-5
A-2-6
A-2-7
50 max
No. 40
30 max
50 max
50 min
No. 200
15 max
25 max
10 max
35 max
35 max
35 max
35 max
40 max
41 min
40 max
41 min
PI
6 max
NP
10 max
10 max
11 min
11 min
Usual types of
significant constituents
materials
Fine
Sand
Silty-Clay Materials
(more than 35% of total sample passing No. 200)
Group Classification
A-4
A-5
A-7
A-7-5*
A-7-6**
A-6
36 min
36 min
36 min
36 min
Characteristics of fraction
Passing No.40
Liquid Limit
40 max
41 min
40 max
41 min
Plasticity Index
10 max
10 max
11 min
11min
Silty soils
Clayey Soils
Fair to poor
Group Index
G.I. gives a means further rating a soil within
its group or subgroup
Use for evaluating the quality of a soil as a
highway subgrade material
Group Index
Classification Systems
Poorly Sorted
Well Sorted
D
6
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C
u
1
2
D
3
C
c()601
D
6
0
C
u
1
2
D
3
C
c()601
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
D
6
0
C
u
1
2
D
3
C
c()601
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
D
6
0
C
u
1
2
D
3
C
c()601
100
% F ine r
80
60
40
20
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
D90 = 3
mm
100
D
6
0
C
u
1
2
D
3
0
C
c
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Plastictyindex
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Soil Classification
1. Purpose
Classifying
Simple
indices
GSD, LL, PI
Classification
system
(Language)
Use the
accumulated
experience
Estimate
engineering
properties
Achieve
engineering
purposes
2. Classification Systems
Two
Unified
American Association
Gravel
Boulders Cobble
s
300 mm
Coarse
Fine
75 mm
19 mm
Silt and
Sand
Coarse
Medium
Clay
Fine
No.4
No.200
4.75 mm
0.075
mm
No.10
No.40
2.0 mm
0.425 mm
Fine-grained soils:
Gravel
Silt
50%
Sand
NO. 4
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Clay
NO.200
0.075
mm
PL, LL
Cu
Plasticity chart
Cc
LL>50
LL <50
3.3 Symbols
Soil symbols:
G: Gravel
S: Sand
M: Silt
C: Clay
O: Organic
Pt: Peat
PI
LL
Fine-grained
material
LL, PI
Highly
(Santamarina et al., 2001)
LL= 33
PI= 12
Highly
The soils liquid limit (LL) after oven drying is less than 75
% of its liquid limit before oven drying. If the above
statement is true, then the first symbol is O.
The second symbol is obtained by locating the values of PI and
LL (not oven dried) in the plasticity chart.
5. Suggested Homework
equipment, or by hand. The consistency is often very much dependent on the amount of water in the soil. This is expressed by the
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6. References
Main References:
Das, B.M. (1998). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 4th edition, PWS
Publishing Company. (Chapter 3)
Holtz, R.D. and Kovacs, W.D. (1981). An Introduction to Geotechnical
Engineering, Prentice Hall. (Chapter 3)
Others:
Santamarina, J.C., Klein, K.A., and Fam, M.A. (2001). Soils and Waves, John
Wiley & Sons, LTD.