FHMM1014 Chapter 1 Number and Set

Centre For Foundation Studies
Department of Sciences and Engineering
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Chapter 1
Number and Set
Content
1.1 Real Numbers System
1.2 Indices and Logarithm
1.3 Complex Numbers
1.4 Set
1.1 Real Numbers
Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?
The real number system.
A real number is any number that has a decimal

representation.
Set of Real Numbers

(i) Natural Numbers, N
Counting numbers (also called positive integers)
N = { 1, 2, 3, }
Whole Numbers:
W {0} N {0,1, 2,3,L }
(ii) Integers, Z
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.
Z = {, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }
Set of Real Numbers

(iii) Rational Numbers, Q
Numbers that can be represented as a b ,
where a and b are integers and b 0.
All rational number can be represented by:
(a) terminating decimal numbers
such as 5 2 2.5, 1 2 0.5, 3 4 0.75
(b) nonterminating repeating decimal numbers
such as 2 3 0.666..., 2 15 0.1333...
Set of Real Numbers

(iv) Irrational Numbers, I
Numbers which cannot be expressed as a ratio of two
integers. They are non-terminating & non-repeating
decimal numbers.
2,
3,
5, e , , K K
Note: The square roots of all natural numbers which are not
perfect squares are irrational.
(v) Real Numbers, R

All rational and irrational numbers.
Set of Real Numbers

R
Q
Z
N
Real Number Line

Origin
21
4
53
Example 1 (a)
Identify each number below as an integer, or
natural number, or rational number or irrational
number.
8,
21,
2.005,
0,
23
,
9
0.3333,
0.5381,
0.1234,
7, 1.5,
10
Operations on Real Numbers

(i) Commutative Law
* Addition : a b b a
* Multiplication : a b b a
11

(ii) Associative Law
* Addition : a (b c) (a b) c
* Multiplication : a (bc ) ( ab)c
12

(iii) Distributive Law
(1) a (b c) ab ac
(2) a (b c) ab ac
13

(iv) Identity Law
* Addition : a 0 0 a a
* Multiplication : a 1 1 a a
14

(v) Inverse Law
*Addition : a ( a ) ( a ) a 0
*Multiplication :
a a 1
1
a
1
a
15

(vi) Zero Property Law
* Multiplication :
a b 0 a 0 or b 0
16
Example
Example11(b)
(b)
Identify the law that justifies each of the following statements:
(a) x ( x y ) x x x y
(b) (2 x 3) 5 2 x (3 5)
2
(c) 2 x (5 3 x) (2 x 5) 3 x
(d) If a b 0, then a b
(e) If ( x 5)( x 4) 0
x 5 0 or x 4 0
17
Example 1(b)
Solution
18
Interval Notations for Real Numbers

For any two different real numbers, a and b, with a < b:
The open interval is defined as the set
(a, b) {x : a x b}
The closed interval is defined as the set
[a, b] {x : a x b}
The half-closed (or half-open) interval is defined as
(a, b] {x : a x b} or [a, b) {x : a x b}
19
Example 2
(i) Express each interval in terms of inequalities,
and then graph the interval.
(a) [1, 8)
(b) [2.5, 8]
(c) (3, )
(ii) Graph each set.
(a) (1,3) [2,8]
(b) (1,3) [2,8]

20
Example 2
Solution
21
Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .
x if
x
x if
x0
x0
22
Absolute Values
x a a x a
x a x a , x a
23
Example 3
Find the values of x if
(i)
3x 1 5
(ii)
2x 6 x ,
2
x0
24
Example 3
Solution
25
1.2
Indices and
Logarithms
26
1.2 Exponents
If a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then
the nth power of a is:
a aa a
n
(multiply a n times).
The number a is called the base and

n is called the exponent.
27
Properties of Exponents
For m,n Integers and a, b Real numbers ,
1
n
m
n
mn
(v)
a
n
(i) a a a
a
n
n n
m
n
mn
(vi) (ab) a b
(ii) a a a
(iii) ( a ) a
m n
(iv) a 1
0
mn
a
a
(vii) n
b
b
a
(viii)
b
b

a
28
Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent is
called an exponential equation.
Property :
x
y
** If a 0 , a 1, and a a , then x y.
x
y
If
a
0
,
a
1
,
and
x
y
,
then
a
a
.
**
Note : Both bases must be the same!!

29
Example 4
Solve (a)
(b)
2 16
16 64
x
2 x 1
x 3
30
Example 4
Solution
31
Example 5
Solve the equation
2 x 3
3(2 ) 16 0 .
32
Example 5
Solution
33
Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a is defined
for all real numbers x by:
f ( x) a
where a > 0 and a 1.
34
Example 6
2
If f ( x) 2 , find f (1), f
5
x
and f (3)
35
Example 6
Solution
36
Natural Exponential Base

Definition of e :
1 1 1 1 1
e ... 2.71828...
0 1! 2! 3!
n 0 n !
e can be defined in many other ways, one which arises
from the study of compound interest defines e as
n
1
e lim 1
n
n
x x
x
x
e 1 ...
1! 2! 3!
n 0 n !
x
37
Natural Exponential Base

y 3x
y ex
y 2x
x
x
2
and
3
, because e is between 2 and 3.
** e is between
** Note: Same y-intercept (0, 1).
x
x
x
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
x
x
x
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
38
Graphs of Exponential Function
39
Natural Exponential Functions

Find the values of
FHMM1014 Mathematics
I
e , 3e
0.32
and e
3.8
40
Logarithm
Definition of logarithm :
For a 0, a 1, and x 0,
xa
means log a x n
0
1
a
**
log a 1 0
** a a
log a a 1
41
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
42
Properties of Logarithms
(i) log a xy log a x log a y

(ii) log a
x
y
log a x log a y
(iii) log a x p log a x

p
I
43
Properties of Logarithms
log b c
(iv) log a c
log b a
1
(v) log a b
log b a
I
44
Example 7
Solve the equations
(i)
(ii)
log 3 x 2 log 3 x log 9 27

2 log x 3 log 9
I
9
x
4
45
Example 7
I
Solution
46
Example 7
(ii) 2 log x 3 log 9
Solution
9
x
4
1
2
2 log 3 3 log 3 x
9
log 3 x
log 3 9
4
log 3 x
2
9
log 3 x
4
4
log3 x 9 log3 x 8 0
log3 x 8 log3 x 1 0
2
log 3 x 8 or log 3 x 1
x 38
I
or
x 31
47
Natural Base Logarithms

Common Logarithm
log b x n where the base b 10.

Natural Logarithm is when the base,
be.
Note : log10 x lg x
log e x ln x
lg10 1, ln e 1
I
48
Example 8
Solve the equation below:
e 2 x 4e x 12 0
49
Example 8
Solution
50
1.3 Complex Numbers
51
1.3 Complex Numbers

For example, the equation x 9 0 has no real
solution. If we try to solve this equation, we will get
2
x 9
But this is impossible, since square of any real
number is positive. Hence Mathematicians
invented the complex number system to solve all
quadratic equations.
52
Complex Numbers
A complex number in Cartesian form :
z a ib
(real part)
(imaginary part)
where a, b are real numbers and
i 1 or i 1.
2
53
Conjugates
For the complex number z a ib
we define its complex conjugate to be:
z a ib
54
Operations of Complex Numbers

Addition:
(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i (b d )
Subtraction:
(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i(b d )
55
Operations of Complex Numbers

Multiplication:
(a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (ad bc)

Division:
(a ib) (a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (bc ad )
(c id ) (c id )(c id )
c2 d 2
56
Example 9
Express the following in the form of a single complex
number a + ib :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(3 6i ) (6 2i)
(3 6i) (6 2i)
(3 6i)(6 2i)
3 6i
1 2i
57
Example 9
Solution
58
Square Root of Negative Numbers

When i 2 1
i 2 i, where i 1
Therefore, for
x 2 9 32 (1) 32 i 2
x 32 i 2 3i
i.e the square root of a negative number will have 2
roots, same as square root of a positive number.
59
Square Root of Negative Numbers

For example,
(i)
3 i 3
(ii)
3 4 3 i 4 3 2i
60
Example 10
Solve the equation
x 2 3x 6 0
61
Example 10
Solution
62
Argand Diagram
To graph the complex number a + bi (or x + yi)
we plot the ordered pair of numbers (a, b) or
(x, y) in the Cartesian plane.
y
Imaginary axis
| z | a b r
2
P( x , y )
a + bi
bi
r
r =length
a
Real axis
x
63
Example 11
Graph the complex numbers:
(a) z1 3 4i
(b) z2 6 8i
(c) ( z1 z2 )
64
Example 11
Solution
65
Modulus
The modulus (or absolute value) of the complex number
z x iy
is:
| z | x y
2
66
Argument
y
P( x , y )
The argument of z, denoted

by arg(z), is the angle
between OX and OP.
The principal arguments is
The angle is positive if

x counterclockwise and
negative if clockwise.
67
Example (a): Argument

(1) What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?
From the diagram,
| y |
tan
|
x
|
1
1
tan
4
1
1
I
68
Example (b): Argument

(2) What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?
From the diagram,
| y |
tan
|
x
|
1
1
tan
1
3
4
1
I
69
Example (c): Argument

(3) What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,
| y |
tan
|
x
|
1
1
tan
1
4
1
I
70
Example (d): Argument

(4) What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,
| y |
tan
| x |
1
tan
1
3

4
4
1
I
71
Example 12
Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:
(a)
(b)
3 4i
6 7i
I
72
Example 12
Solution
73
Square Roots of a Complex Number

x iy?
How to find
Let the answer be a ib
. Hence
x iy a ib
x iy (a b ) i (2ab)
2
x a 2 b2
y 2ab
Equating the real & imaginary parts will produce 2 new

equations. x and y can be obtained by solving these 2
equations.
74
Example 13
Evaluate: (i)
(ii)
3 4i
6i
75
Example 12
Solution
76
Polar or Trigonometric Form

If is the argument of a complex number,
x = r cos and y = r sin ,
y
where
r z x2 y2
1 y
arg( z ) tan
x
P( x , y )
r

for
So,
z = r cos + ir sin
0
z = r(cos + i sin )
This is the polar form of a complex number.
77
Example 14
Write these complex numbers, which are in Cartesian
forms, in Polar (trigonometric) form.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
z 3
z 6i
z 3 4i
(iv)
z 2 3 2i
78
Example 14
Solution
79
Example 14
(iii)
Solution
z 3 4i
r 32 42 5
4
arg( z ) tan 0.2952 for
3
z 5 cos(0.2952) i sin(0.2952)
1
(iv)
z 2 3 2i
r (2 3) 2 (2) 2 4
2
5
arg( z ) tan
6
2 3
5
5
z 4 cos i sin
6
6
1
80
Example 15
1 1
(a) Given z i, find
4 2
i the modulus of z;
(ii) , the argument of z, where .
(b) Given z1 2 3i and z2 6 8i.
1
3
Express
in the Cartesian form of x yi.
z1 2 z1 z2
81
Example 15
Solution
82
1.4 Sets
83
Set
SET = Any collection of objects specified in
such a way that we can tell whether any
given
object is or is not in the
collection.
Each object in a set is called a member, or element, of
the set. Capital letters are often used to designate
particular sets.
a A means a is an element of set A
a A means a is not an element of set A

84
Set
Let set A : { x x is an even positive integer which is
less than 13 }.
Set A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

4 A , 10 A
9 A , 13 A
85
Subset
If each element of a set A is also an element of set B,
then A is a subset of B.
If set A and set B have exactly the same elements,
then the two sets are said to be equal.
Notation :
A B
means
A is a subset of B
A B
means
A is not a subset of B
86
Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements of the set in a
specific discussion is called the universal set. It is
represented by the notation .
87
Empty Set
A set without any elements is called the empty, or null,
set. It is represented by the notation .
Note :
is a subset of every set.
88
Example 16
If A = { 3, 2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, 3, 2, 2 } , and
C = { 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are TRUE
(T) or FALSE (F):-
AB
AC
C
A B
BC
B
BC
AC
BC
CA
A
B A
89
Example 17
(a)
Which of the following is False?
(i) { 0}
(b)
(ii) { 0}
List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.
90
Operations of Sets
Union
Intersection
Difference
Complement
91
Union
The union of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of all elements formed by combining all the
elements of A and all the elements of B into one set.
A B { x x A or x B }
x may be an element of set A or set B or both.
92
Intersection
The intersection of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of elements in set A that are also in set B .
A B { x x A and x B }
x is an element of both set A and set B .
If A B , the sets A and B are said to be
disjoint or mutually exclusive.
93
Difference between 2 Sets

The difference between set A and set B,
is the set of elements in set A but not in set B.
A B { x x A but x B }
94
Complement
The complement of A , denoted by A 'or A, is the set
of elements in that are not in A .
A' { x x , x A }
95
Venn Diagram
Union :
A
A B
96
Venn Diagram
Intersection :
A B
97
Venn Diagram
Intersection : (A and B are mutually exclusive)
A
A B
98
Venn Diagram
Complement :
A'
A A'
A A'
99
Venn Diagram
Difference :
A B
A B A B'
100
Example 18
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } , B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ,
C = { 3, 8, 9 } , and = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
Find :-
A B
(iii) B C
(i)
(v)
A'
(ii)
A B
(iv) B C
(vi) C '
101
Example 18
Solution
102
Example 19
Given that
{x : 20 x 30, x },
A {x : x is multiple of 2},
B {x : x is a divisible by 3},
C {x : difference of the digits of x is more than 2}.

Find:
(i)
(ii)
(A B) '
B' C
(iii) A ' B '

(iv) A C
(v) (A C ) ' B
103
Example 19
Solution
104
Example 20
Given {x 5 x 10, x R}
A {x 1 x 8, x R}
B {x 3 x 5, x R}
C {x 2 x 7, x R}
Find, in interval notation, each of the following sets:
(a) A B C
(b) A B
(c ) ( A B ) C
( e) ( A C ) B
(d ) ( B C ) A
105
Example 20
Solution
106
Algebraic Laws on Sets
Commutative law
Associative law
Distributive law
De Morgans law
107
Commutative Law
For any two sets A and B,
A B B A
A B B A
108
Associative Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
109
Distributive Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
110
De Morgans Law
For any two sets A and B,
First law :
( A B)' A' B'
Complement of the union is the intersection of the complements.

Second law :
Complement of the intersection is the union of the complements.
( A B )' A' B'
FHMM1014
Mathematics I
111
Example 21
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B,
(i) A ( A ' B) A B
(ii) [ B ' ( A B ') ']' A B
112
Example 21
Solution
113
Example 22
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B,
(i) B ( B A) A B
(ii) A B A ' A B '
114
Example 22
Solution
115
The End
Of
Chapter 1
116

FHMM1014 Chapter 1 Number and Set

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Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

1.1 Real Numbers

The real number system.

A real number is any number that has a decimal

Set of Real Numbers

W {0} N {0,1, 2,3,L }

Set of Real Numbers

Set of Real Numbers

(v) Real Numbers, R

Set of Real Numbers

Real Number Line

Operations on Real Numbers

Operations on Real Numbers

Operations on Real Numbers

Operations on Real Numbers

Operations on Real Numbers

Operations on Real Numbers

Interval Notations for Real Numbers

The closed interval is defined as the set

The half-closed (or half-open) interval is defined as

(b) (1,3) [2,8]

The number a is called the base and

Note : Both bases must be the same!!

where a > 0 and a 1.

Natural Exponential Base

Natural Exponential Base

Graphs of Exponential Function

Natural Exponential Functions

Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

(i) log a xy log a x log a y

(iii) log a x p log a x

log 3 x 2 log 3 x log 9 27

Natural Base Logarithms

log b x n where the base b 10.

1.3 Complex Numbers

1.3 Complex Numbers

where a, b are real numbers and

Operations of Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

(a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (ad bc)

(a ib) (a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (bc ad )

Square Root of Negative Numbers

Square Root of Negative Numbers

The argument of z, denoted

The angle is positive if

Example (a): Argument

Example (b): Argument

Example (c): Argument

Example (d): Argument

Square Roots of a Complex Number

Equating the real & imaginary parts will produce 2 new

Polar or Trigonometric Form

a A means a is an element of set A

a A means a is not an element of set A

Set A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

is a subset of every set.

Which of the following is False?

List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.

Difference between 2 Sets

C {x : difference of the digits of x is more than 2}.

(iii) A ' B '

Algebraic Laws on Sets