Multiplexing

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 6 장 다중화 (Multiplexing)

 Dividing a link into channels

• Word link refers to the physical path

• Channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission
between a given pair of lines.
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 다중화 (Multiplexing)
 다중화 (Multiplexing)
 is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.

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 6.1 FDM
 다중화기 (Multiplexer)
 transmission streams combine into a single
stream(many to one)

 역다중화기 (Demultiplexer)
 stream separates into its component transmission(one
to many) and directs them to their intended receiving
devices

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 8.2 Many to One/One to Many
 Categories of Multiplexing

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 FDM
 FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
 is an analog technique that can be applied when the
bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted

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 FDM (cont’d)
 FDM process
 each telephone generates a signal of a similar frequency
range
 these signals are modulated onto different carrier
frequencies(f1, f2, f3)

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 FDM (cont’d)
 FDM multiplexing process, time-domain

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 FDM(cont’d)
 FDM multiplexing process, frequency-domain

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 FDM(cont’d)
 Demultiplexing
 separates the individual signals from their carries and
passes them to the waiting receivers.

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 FDM(cont’d)
 FDM demultiplexing process, time-domain

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 FDM(cont’d)
 FDM demultiplexing, frequency-domain

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 Example 1

Example 1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a
link with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz.
Show the configuration using the frequency domain
without the use of guard bands.

Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6.
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 Example 1 (cont’d)

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 Example 2
Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.
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 Example 2 (cont’d)

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 Example 3
Example 3
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps,
use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate
configuration using FDM

Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-
QAM modulation. Figure 6.8 shows one possible
configuration.
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 Example 3 (cont’d)

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 FDM(cont’d)
 Example : Cable Television
coaxial cable has a bandwidth of approximately 500Mhz
individual television channel require about 6Mhz of
bandwidth for transmission
can carry 83 channels theoretically

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 Analog Hierarchy

To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure, telephone companies have traditionally

multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher bandwidth lines.
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 Applications of FDM
Example 4
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for
sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3-
KHz voice is modulated using FM, creating 30 KHz of
modulated signal. How many people can use their cellular
phones simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz,
we get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
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 6.2 Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
 WDM is conceptually same as FDM
 except that the multiplexing and demultiplexing involve
light signals transmitted through fiber-optic channels

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 WDM (cont’d)
 WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to
combine optical signals.

Very narrow bands of light from different sources are combined to make a wider
band of light

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 WDM (cont’d)
 Combining and splitting of light sources are easily
handled by a prism
 Prism bends a beam of light based on the angle of
incidence and the frequency.
 One application is the SONET.

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 6.3 TDM
 TDM(Time-Division Multiplexing)
 is a digital process that can be applied when the data
rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than
the data rate required by the sending and receiving
device
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique to combine data.

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 TDM(cont’d)

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 TDM (cont’d)

In a TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration is n times shorter.

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 TDM (cont’d)

Example 5
Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit
is 1 bit. Find (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing,
(2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a
time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame?
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:

1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms).

2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps.
3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 µ s.
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The duration of a frame 1 ms. 28
 TDM(cont’d)
 TDM can be implemented in two ways

Synchronous TDM

Asynchronous TDM

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Synchronous TDM
the multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to
each device at all times, whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Frame
Time slots are grouped into frames
A frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots,
including one or more slots dedicated to each sending
device, plus framing bits.

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Synchronous TDM

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Interleaving
synchronous TDM can be compared to a very fast
rotating switch
switch moves from device to device at a constant rate
and in a fixed order

6 empty slots out of 24 are being wasted

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Demultiplexer decomposes each frame by discarding
the framing bits and extracting each character in turn

 Synchronous TDM, demultiplexing process

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 TDM(cont’d)

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 TDM(cont’d)
Example 6
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each
channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the
bit rate for the link.
Solution

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 TDM(cont’d)

Example 7
A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a
time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?

Solution
Figure 6.16 shows the output for four arbitrary inputs.
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 TDM(cont’d)

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Framing bits

~ allows the demultiplexer to synchronize with the

incoming stream so that it can separate the time
slots accurately

(ex: 01010101 ….)

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Synchronous TDM Example
4 characters + 1 framing bit

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Asynchronous TDM : statistical time-division multiplexing

Synchronous or Asynchronous : Not flexible or Flexible

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Examples of asynchronous TDM frames

a. Case 1: Only three lines sending data

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 TDM(cont’d)
b. Case 2: Only four lines sending data

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 TDM(cont’d)
c. Case 3: All five lines sending data

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 Multiplexing application(cont’d)
 Analog Hierarchy
To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure,
telephone companies have traditionally multiplexed
signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher
bandwidth lines.

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 Multiplexing application(cont’d)
 Digital Services
advantage

- less sensitive than analog service to noise

- lower cost

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 Multiplexing application(cont’d)
 DS(Digital Signal) Service

~ is a hierarchy of digital signal

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 Multiplexing application(cont’d)
 DS Service

DS-0 : single digital channel of 64Kbps

DS-1 : 1,544Mbps, 24 개의 64Kbps + 8Kbps 의 overhead

DS-2 : 6,312Mbps, 96 개의 64Kbps+168Kbps 의 overhead

DS-3 : 44,376Mbps, 672 개의 64Kbps+1.368Mbps 의

overhead
DS-4 : 274,176Mbps,4032 개의 64Kbps+16.128Mbps 의

overhead

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 Multiplexing application(cont’d)
 T Lines

Service Line Rate(Mbps) Voice Channels

DS-1 T-1 1,544 24

DS-2 T-2 6,312 96
DS-3 T-3 44,736 672
DS-4 T-4 274,176 4032

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 T Lines for Analog Transmission
 T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines

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 T-1 Frame

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 E Lines
 E line rates

E Line Rate Voice

(Mbps) Channels

E-1 2.048 30

E-2 8.448 120

E-3 34.368 480

E-4 139.264 1920

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Inverse Multiplexing
takes the data stream from one high-speed line and
breaks it into portion that can be sent across several
lower speed lines simultaneously, with no loss in the
collective data rate

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Multiplexing and inverse multiplexing

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 TDM(cont’d)
 Why do we need inverse multiplexing ?
wants to send data, voice, and video each of which
requires a different data rate.

[example]
voice - 64 Kbps link
data - 128 Kbps link
video - 1,544 Mbps link

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