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Ghaurid Dynasty(8791215)
The Ghaznavid dynasty in sub-continent
did not endure
By 1040 their rule primarily remained
confined to Ghazni
Shahab ud din Ghauri captured throne of
Ghazni in 1174
In 1186 ,by defeating last Ghaznavid king
Khusru Malik brought an end to
Ghaznavid dynasty
Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)
Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
Founded by Khizar khan who was
nominee of Timor to rule Delhi
Shah Alam was the last ruler of Sayyed
dynasty
Bahlol Lodhi founded Lodhi dynasty,
succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi
Ibrahim Lodhi was last ruler defeated by
Babur in 1526
It proved end of Delhi Sultanate
Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
Akbar defeated Hindu usurper Hemu in 1556
& reestablished dynasty in India
Akbar reestablished & reconsolidated the
Mughal empire
At Akbars death in 1605 ,the empire
extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of
Bengal & southward to Gujarat & the
Northern Deccan
Jahangir was another successful ruler
Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
Shah Jahan had passion for construction
of buildings, his era touched cultural
excellence
Death of Aurangzeb 1707
Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to
Rangoon ,died in 1862
Internal Factors
Wars of successions
Internal intrigues
Moral decadence
Demoralized & insufficient army
Absence of naval power
Rise of independent dynasties
Rise of Marhatas & Sikhs
Internal Factors
Wars of Succession
I. Led to the decline of Mughal Empire
II.Mughals failed to develop law of succession,
hence paved way for wars of succession
III.Resulted into bitterness, loss of money &
prestige of empire
Incompetent successors of Aurangzeb
I. Death of Aurangzeb in 1703
II.Successors were not competent to administer
the vast empire
Internal Factors
Internal intrigues
i. Internal intrigues eroded the administrative
fabric
ii. Mughal court divided on sectarian ,ethnic &
religious considerations( Shia vs. Sunni,
Persians vs. Afghans & Muslims vs. Hindus)
iii.Instead of paying attention to external
threats time & energy primarily consumed
on countering intrigues
Internal Factors
Moral decadence
i. Mughal nobility fond of pleasure seeking,
lacked strength of character
ii. Emerged as ease loving & cowardly
Financial constraints
i. Wars of succession, rebellions & luxurious
living style pushed the empire to financial
bankruptcy
Internal Factors
Demoralized Army
i. One of the prime reason of decline was
demoralized army
ii. Low morale, weak command structure,
training & discipline
iii.Outdated equipments
iv.Contingents maintained by different nobles
v. Military weakness provided opportunity to
British imperialist to exploit
Internal Factors
Absence of Naval power
i. Mughals had no Navy, had small ships
,no match for well equipped ships of
foreign traders
ii. French & British both exploited
Rise of Marhathas & Sikhs
i. Marhathas & Sikhs staged rebellion &
challenged the Mughals
Internal Factors
Rise of Independent Dynasties
i. Aurangzeb extended empire from
Afghanistan to Assam, from Kashmir to
Mysore
ii. Difficult for one ruler to administer
iii. Later Deccan ,Bengal ,Bihar & Orissa
declared independence
iv. It proved loss of revenue & exposed the
weakness of empire
External Factors
Rise of British
i. British landed as traders
ii. Trade activities converted into political
activities
iii.War of Plassey 1757 & defeat of Nawab
Siraj ud Daula laid foundation of British
rule in India
iv.After failed war of independence ,the
British formally became rulers of India
External Factors
Incursion of Nadir Shah
i. In 1738 Persian King Nadir shah invaded
Delhi, defeated Muhammad Shah
ii. Slaughtered local people & looted wealth
Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali
i. 1748-61 five attacks staged by Ahmad
Shah Abdali
WORKS OF MUJADAD
Maktoobat (3 Volumes, Research and Ijtehad, His
complete work and philosophy of life, faith and
religion)
Asbat un Nabooh (Is logic and reason enough, need of
prophet and diving knowledge, at the age of 18)
Risala e Tahleelia (Israr e Tauheed and La ilaha,
against Akbars Bidaat
Sharah Rubaiat (Tafseer of Rubaiat of Baqi Billah)
Mabd au Muaad (Khawaja Baqi Billah and about
Naqshbandi Silsala
Maaraf ud Dunya (Maarafat e Ilahi, Slook o Tareeqat,
Shariah and Tassawuf)
Quotation
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah predicted
Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will
illuminate the whole world
Hamid Algar (Malaysia)
The Maktubat of Sirhindi came to replace
the focus of Ibn e Arabi as a text for study
and meditation
Service to Islam
Origin of Concept of Wahdatul Shahood
against Mohayyudin Ibn-e-Arabis concept
Efforts against Bhakti Movement and
Deen-e-Ilahi
The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious
movement in which the main spiritual
practice is loving devotion among the
Vaishnava saints.
Bhakti Movement
The history of the movement goes back to the time of
great reformer Shankracharya who gave Hinduism a solid
philosophical background. But the movement became
popular in the middle ages. Chaitanya led the movement
in the east( modern Uttar Pradesh), Tuka Ram, Nam Dev
and Tirlochan in the Central India, Sadna, Pipa, Mirabai,
Tulsi Das and above all Kabir were its leaders in the
north. Kabirs teachings had great influence in the
Punjab, but actually the movement in the Punjab was led
by Guru Nanak and his nine successors. The message of
love and devotion to god was spread among the people
of the Punjab for ten generations. This intense and
organized propaganda of the Bhakti cult by the Sikh
Gurus led to the foundation of a community of Bhaktas
known as the Sikhs.
From the One Light, the entire universe welled up. So who is good,
and who is bad?"
Quotation
To consider Ram and Rehman as one is
stupidity because creator cannot be one
with its creation
Reformation Efforts
Transfer of Kingdom to Prince Saleem
(Jehangir)
Connection with Dignitaries specially with
Ameer Nawab Jahan Khan
You can add the abiding by of Shariat in your
services and do the work of prophets which
will exalt the religion. Begars like us cannot
reach anywhere near you even if we try for
yers with our lives
Effect of Teachings
Jehangir instead of Khusro
Differentiation of Kurf and Islam (Ram and
Rahman, Kaaba and Kaashi, Quran and
Paran)
Dominance of Islam
Opposing United Nationnhood
Advise on Shariat
Shariats superirority to Myticism
Quotations
Kashf and revelation get value through the book
of Allah and Sunnah and not through wajd
If Muslims want to live as a nation than they
have to quit the talk of shirk and Bidat and stay
separate from Hindus. If the awareness of
separate national identity is not awakened in
Muslims than it is feared that they would be
swept away with the flood of combined
nationhood. Islam would become observed in
the soil of and would be destroyed like
Buddhism and other religion which have been
absorbed in Hinduism
Early Life
21st February 1703 in Moza Phalat near
Delhi
S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa
Rahimia
Pedigree leads up to Hazrat Umer from
fathers side and to Imam Musa Kazim
from mothers side
Aligarh Movement
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Early Life
17th October, 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi
Joined East India Company in 1836 in the office of
Commissioner of Agra and soon promoted as sub-judge
In 1857 saved 20 British Families and was made Sadrus-Sadoor
In 1869 along with Syed Mehmood went to England and
wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmadia
In 1878 Lord Dalton nominated him Member of Imperial
Council
In 1887 Lord Defren made him Member of Civil Service
Commission
Died in 1898 in Ali Garh
There are three myths about the Aligarh movement: it was simply a movement for
education, Aligarh Muslim University IS the movement, and that the movement is long
dead. Syed Ahmed Khans concerns, visions, and efforts for the Indian Muslims came to
be later known as the Aligarh Movement but it was not simply a movement to make
Muslims learn Western education or even the establishment of a university. It was a
movement to give mission to a community that seemed to have lost its bearing in the fastchanging world, to prepare them for new challenges, and give them new tools to connect
back to their religion and history. Incredibly, Muslims of India still face these issues and the
need for Aligarh movement is still alive.
Rarely history offers such a sharp divide as in 1857 when medieval India came to a close
and a modern India emerged from the ruins. Syed Ahmed understood the new power and
new rules that will shape the future of India. British saw Muslims as a threat and a
challenge to the British rule in India. They held Muslims responsible for the brutal 1857 war
between British and Indian forces. In this situation Muslim centers of learning and culture
in North India were uprooted or abandoned. At that time Syed Ahmad was in the
employment of the British. He wrote Asbab-e-baghawat-e-hind (The Causes of the Indian
Revolt) to show that events of 1857 was a result of British high-handedness in India and
not a conspiracy by the Muslim feudal elites. It was an attempt to tell the rulers of India that
we understand that you are here to stay but we want to be a partner in this new system.
Objectives of Movement
QUOTATIONS
The real greatness of the man (Sir Saiyad) consists in the fact
that he was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh
orientation of Islam and worked for it (Sir Allama Iqbal)
Abtal e Ghulami
Ahkam Taam al-kitab
Ain-E Akbari, 1855, Urdu
Al Khutbat al Ahmadiya (1870), in reply to Muir''s "Life of
Mahomet"
Aldua Wal Istajaba (1892), Urdu
Asbabe Baghavate Hind (1858), Urdu
Izalatul Ghain An Zulqurnain (1889), Urdu
On Hunter's "Our Indian Musalmans", 1872 (Eng)
Tabiyul Kalam Fi Tafsir Al-Taurat-o wal Injeel, 1862, Urdu
Asar al Sanadid
Aligarh Movement
Political Aspect
Muhammadan Educational
Conference
Aligarh Movement
Educational Aspects
Establishment of Schools
Scientific Society
Establishment of M.A.O School
Establishment of M.A.O College
Publication of Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
Aligarh Movement
Social Aspects
Western Rationalism
Preaching the Western Civilization
Superstitions outlook
Ahkam-e-Taam-e-Ahle-Kitab
Muslim Orphan Houses
Quotations
Educate, Educate, Educate
Landmarks of the Pakistan Movement by
S.M.Burke
Hindus and Muslims are two
irreconcilable Nations (While talking to
Altaf Hussain Hali)
The British System of Election;Pure and
Simple is not suitable for india
Quotations
G.F.I. Graham The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
One of his great characteristics is his untiring energy. In addition to
great breadth of views on question of national importance, he
posseses a power of work as regards minute details which is
astonishing. Up at 4 am he writes his newspaper articles, his books
and pamphlets- sees visitors, official and private conducts the
onerous duties of the secretary ship to the College Committees not
only by dat, but not infrequently far into the night. His meals are
served in European style, and he is a rigid abstainer from all liquor
except Adams ale. The topics of conversation range from
discussions on metaphysics, religion, and politics to quotations from
Persian poets and humorous anecdotes. He is of middle height and
of massive build, weighing upwards of nineteen stone. He has a
hearty laugh and enjoys a joke as much as any man
Dar-ul-Alum Deoband
Uttar Pardesh,India
Background
Madrassa e Rahimia
Shah Muhammad Ishaq and Shah Abdul Ghani
Shah Ghulam Ali and Shah Makhshooullah
Pattern of Education
Deoband's curriculum is based on the 17th-century IndoIslamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami. The core
curriculum teaches Islamic law (Shariah), Islamic
jurispridence (Fiqh), traditional Islamic spirituality (known
as Tasawwuf, which is the focus of Sufism), as well as
several other fields of Islamic study.[4][5]
The current syllabus consists of four stages. The first
three stages can be completed in a total of eight years.
The final stage is a post-graduate stage where students
specialize in a number of advanced topics, such as the
sciences of Hadeeth, Fiqh and so on.
Characteristics of Education in
Ali Garh
MAO College was equipped with the above
philosophy. Tarbiyat of the students living in
Hostels were part of the duties of Principal and
Manager of Hostels. For Islamic and moral
education, Sir Saiyad created a position of Nazime-Diniyaat for MAO College who was responsible
for Islamic and moral education of the students.
Dars-e-Quran was part of curriculum of the college
and every morning before the start of the class,
Allama Shibli Nomani used to give Dars-e-Quran
for about half hour from 1887 to 1895 and later on
the responsibility was handed over to Maulana
Abdullah Ansari, the founder Nazim-e-Diniyaat.
Main Events
Maulana Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi
tookover in 15th April, 1880
Legitimacy regarding relations with non
Muslims
Thus western Education also nourished
Notable Ulema
Mehmood-ul-Hasan
Anwar Shah Kashmiri
Mufti Mohammad Naeem Ludihanavi
Raees-ul-Ahrar Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludihanavi
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
Ubaidullah Sindhi
Husain Ahmed Madani
Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Muhammad Shafi Uthmani (Mufti-e-Azam Pakistan)
Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi (President of Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Movement
Hong Kong,China).
Muhammad Ilyas]] Kandhelvi
Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi
Nik Aziz Nik Mat (Chief Minister of Kelantan State, Malaysia)
Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi, Sindh, Pakistan
Shaikhul Hadith Maulana Naseer Ahmad Khan Buland Shehri
Notable Institutions
Recent Developments
The Darul Uloom has expanded its activities and started
new departments during the last decades. In view of
great challenge from the Ahmadiyya
Movement (Qadiyanism), Darul Uloom convened the All
India Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Conference and
established a special department to refute Qadiyanism. It
started the 'Shaikhul Hind Academy' for publishing
books, and training students in Urdu journalism. In 1996,
the Computer Department was opened, which was later
extended and an Internet Department also added. The
Darul Uloom has also introduced a two-year full-time
Diploma in English language and literature for students
wishing to pursue higher education in universities.
Quotation
Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan
I have had relation with Darul Uloom since the
time the Shaikh-ul-Hind, Maulana Mehmud
Hasan, was alive. Sitting here, we used to
make plans for the independence movement,
as to how we might drive away the English
from this country and how we could make
India free from the yoke of slavery of the
British Raj. This institution has made great
efforts for the freedom of this country
nadwatul Ullama
Lucknow
Background
Why NADWA?
The choice of the name Nadwa got inspiration
from a hall in Mecca, where nobles used to
assemble to deliberate. Nadwa was eventually
shifted to Lucknow in 1898 (from Kanpur) and
updated the Islamic curricula with modern
sciences, vocational training etc
Principles or representative of all the Islamic Institutions (Madaaris) should attend the
annual convention of Nadwatul Ulema.
A Federation of Madaaris should be formed so that all the madaaris should come under
one umbrella. To implement this scheme few large Madaaris should be started which will
act as a main Madrasah known as Nadwatul-Uloom and rest will be their branches.
Nadwatul-Uloom will keep an eye on the activities of the branches.
Curriculum reform (This was proposed by Shah Muhammad Husain Allahabadi and
seconded by Allama Shibli Nomani)
Aims
To serve as a bridge between the Old World and the new but
firm and unbending in the matter of fundamentals.
Aimed at producing an educated class of Muslims well versed
in traditional learning and yet actively involved with the ruling
power.
Sought to give Arabic, both modern and classical, a central
place in its system of education besides facilitating links with
Muslim West Asia.
Safety of Islamic Society
Eliminating the Mutual Tension b/w Ulemas
Betterment of Indian Muslims
Comparison
Deoband and AIigarh were opposites and
nadwa was formed to act as a bridge
between them
Syed Suleman Nadvi and Ashraf Ali
Thanvi an era of good relations started as
Suleman was a disciple of Thanvi
All worked to educate the muslims
Tehreek-e-Reshmi Romal
Background
After World War -1 in 1914 Sheikh-ul-Hind
Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan started a
movement against Britishers
Maulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi selected and was
sent to kabul for that purpose
This movement is known as Tehreek-e Reshmi
Rumal (Silken Kerchief movement) because the
letters exchanged between Shaikhul Hind and
his colleagues containing the outlines of the plan
to recruit the volunteers for the army and to
establish a national government(soraj) were
written on silk piece of cloth.
Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam
Lahore
Background
Christian Missionaries and Hindu Pandits
were having the hold of the educational
institutes of Punjab
On 24th Sep 1884 Chiragh Din called a
meeting of 250 Muslims in Mochi Gate
Mosque Lahore
Office Bearers
Qazi Khalifa Hammed ud Din was made
President
Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Qasoori made the
General Secretary
Munshi Chiragh Din, Haji Mir
Shamshuddin, Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Khan,
Najamuddin Nazir and Dr Muhammad Din
Nazir
Donation System
In the first meeting 54 rupees collected
In the first year 750 rupees collected
Administrative Structure
Lahore the centre office and the General
Council sat there.
Standing Committee to take decision
Aims
Answer to the objections of christian
missionaries
Formation of Modern Islamic Educational
Institutes
Arrangements for
Services of Anjuman
The Amjuman is running an orphanage (Yateem
Khana, established in 1884) as well as Dar-ulShafqat (Male)Dar-ul-Shafqat (Female)Dar-ulAman (Female)Dar-ul-Uloom Dinia (Male) &
(Female)Public School(Co-Ed)Hamayat-e-Islam
Degree College (Female)Hamayat-e-Islam High
School (Boys)Hamayat-e-Islam Pasha Girls High
School Hamayat-e-Islam Law CollegeHamayate-Islam Tibya CollegeHamayat-e-Islam Rajgarh
SchoolHamayat-e-Islam Younani Shafa
KhanaHamayat-e-Islam Library