OVER VIEW ON TRANSMISSION LINE

CONSTRUCTION
KISHANPUR 20/08/2009

By.
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

INTRODUCTION

Different Stages of Transmission Line Construction

a) Planning a Transmission Line Project
b) Approval of the Scheme by Government
c) Preparation of Feasibility Report and BOQ
d) Framing of estimate for tentative cost of project
e) Issuance of NIT for competitive bidding
f) Award of Project to the lowest bidder
Once contract is awarded, the execution part starts.

INTRODUCTION

Main components of a Transmission Line for

successful completion of project:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Foundation
Tower Parts
Conductor
Earth Wire
Insulator
Hardware & Accessories

INTRODUCTION

Main activities of a Transmission Line during execution

stage:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Route Alignment
Detail Survey
Check Survey
Soil Investigation
Casting of Foundations
Erection of Towers
Stringing of Conductor and Earth Wire
Testing and commissioning of project.

INTRODUCTION
For next few hours we will be mainly discussing the following
components of Transmission Line Project:
a) Soil Investigation
b) Tower Foundations
c) Earthing of Towers
d) Tower Erection
f) Stringing
h) Statutory Clearances
i) Right of Way Issues.

SOIL INVESTIGATION

Why required?

To provide designer with sufficiently accurate

information about the substrata profile and
relevant soil and rock parameters at site on the
basis of which the foundation of transmission
towers can be classified and designed
rationally

When required?

Carried out after Detailed Survey

SOIL INVESTIGATION

Purpose:- Technical:

- Economic:

-Inadequate design/conservative
choice of foundation may cause failure
-To carry out pre-design of foundation
as large variety of soil encountered in
long line with voltage going up
-Foundation costs a major portion
- Considerable saving by way of
devolving a Techno/ Economic
foundation design as per actual soil

Field Investigation:1.

Boring
Required to have knowledge of sub-soil profile, its
nature & strength etc.
To collect soil samples for strata identification and for
conducting laboratory tests
Minimum diameter of bore 150 mm
Depth of 7/10 mtr for normal soil conditions
Depth of 40 mtr for river crossing/ spl locations

Type of Boring

Augur Boring
For soft to stiff cohesive soil above water table

Shell & Augur Boring

All types of soil free from boulders

Rotary Boring
For all types of soil below water table

Classification of Soils

Classification of Soils

Soil Investigation

Type of Soil:

Cohesive Soil- Bearing capacity- 0.5-4.5 Kg/cm2 ,

Angle of internal Friction- 0-300 (Dry)
50%(Wet)
Non-Cohesive Soil- Bearing capacity- 1-4.5
Kg/cm2 , Angle of internal Friction-28-450 (Dry)
50%(Wet)
Rocks- Bearing capacity 4.5-33 Kg/cm2

Standard Penetration Test

To be conducted in all types of soil deposits

encountered within borehole to find variation
in soil strata by correlating with number of
blows required for unit penetration of a
standard penetrometer
To be conducted at depths:Location
Normal Soil
River X-ing/
Special Loc

Depth (mtr)
2, 3, 5, 7, 10
2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and every 3
mtr intervals up to 40 mtr

Standard Penetration Test

The test is carried out by driving a standard split spoon

sampler in the bore hole by means of a 65 KG hammer having
a free fall of 750 centimeters.
The sampler shall be driven using the hammer for 450 mm
recoding the number of blows for every 150 mm.
The number of blows for last 300 mm drive shall be reported
as N value
This test shall be discontinued when the blow count (N value)
is 100
The level where test is discontinued to be reported

Sampling

Disturbed SampleJar sample of 1 Kg for every 0.5 mtr intervals starting from 0.5 mtr
from GL & every change of strata
Undisturbed SampleTo be collected at change of strata & at depths:Location
Normal loc
River X-ing/ Spl
Location

Depth (mtr)
1, 4, 6, 8 & 10
1, 4, 5, 8, 10 & every 3 mtr up to 38 mtr

Ground Water Level

To be recorded after 24 hours of drilling.

Tests
Undisturbed & Disturbed Sample

Undisturbed Sample

Visual
Sieve analysis
Liquid, Plastic & Shrinkage limits
Specific gravity
Chemical analysis
Swell pressure
Bulk density & moisture content
Physical bearing capacity settlement properties
Chemical Analysis of Sub-Soil water

SOIL INVESTIGATION RESULTS

Grain Size analysis

Nomenclature of soils as per IS
Attenburg limit (Liquid & plastic)
Angle of Internal friction
Specific Gravity
Analysis of SPT results
Consolidation tests
Presence of organic matters & chemicals which are harmful to
RCC (e.g. Sulphates, Carbonates, Chloride)
Chemical analysis of subsoil water, presence of organic matter
Unconfined Compression test
Crushing Strength of rock
Bearing Strength at 3, 4, 5 meter depth

SOIL INVESTIGATION

Detailed soil investigation for normal location.

Depth 10 M
N > 100 after then 3 mtr.
SPT normal soil = 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 & 10 mtr.
River X-ing and special = 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 &
thereafter at the rate of 3 mtr. interval.
65 KG hammer fall 75 CM
Blows to be recorded 450 MM, & every 150 MM
number of blows for last 300 MM is called N value.

Field Investigation Equipments

SHELL & AUGER UNIT

CAN DRILL UPTO 40 M
DEPTH

Soil Resistivity
-

Depends upon type of soil

(alluvium dry<clay<sandstone<lime
stone<fossil rock)
Depends upon moisture content
& that is why values vary from
season to season
Moisture content ranges from
10% in
dry season to 35% in wet
season
-

To be measured in dry season

Soil Resistivity varies with salt

content
-

Measured in ohm-meter

Soil Resistivity

A typical Connection of megger by

four electrode method for
measurement of Soil resistivity is
shown
Value is 2 x 22/7 x a x r
where, a= distance bet the
electrodes, r= megger reading

LIST OF CODES FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION

Sl.No.

Indian Standards

Title

1.

IS : 1498

Classification and identification of soils for General Engineering purpose

2.

IS : 1892

Code of practice for subsurface investigation for foundation

3.

IS : 1904

Code of practice for design and construction of foundation in soils general

requirements

4.

IS : 2131

Method of Standard Penetration Test for soils

5.

IS : 2132

Code of practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling of soils

6.

IS : 2720

Methods of test for soil (relevant section)

7.

IS : 2809

Glossary of Terms and Symbols relating to Soil Engineering

8.

IS : 3025

Methods of Sampling and Testing (Physical & Chemical) for water used in
Industry

9.

IS : 4078

Code of practice for Indexing and storage of Drill cores.

10.

IS : 4434

Code of practice for In-situ Vane-shear test

11.

IS :4453

Code of practice for exploration of pits, trenches, drifts and shaft

LIST OF CODES FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION

Sl.No.

Indian
Standards

Title

12.

IS : 4464

Code of practice for presentation of drilling information and core description in

foundation investigation

13.

IS : 4968 (PartII)

Method of subsurface sounding of soils, dynamic method using cone and

bentonite slurry

14.

IS : 5313

Guide for core drilling observations

15.

IS : 6403

Code of practice for determination of allowable bearing pressure on shallow

foundation

16.

IS : 6926

Code of practice for Diamond core drilling for site investigation for river valley
projects

17.

IS : 6935

Method of Determination of Water level in bore hole

18.

IS : 8009 (Part Code of practice for calculation of settlements of foundations (shallow

I)
foundations subject to symmetrical vertical loads)

19.

IS : 8764

Method of determination of point load strength index of rocks

20.

IS : 9143

Method of determination of unconfined compressive strength of rock materials

21.

IS : 9179

Method of preparation of rock specimen for lab. testing

TOWER
FOUNDATIONS
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

General Design Criteria

Design of safe & economical foundation is based on

soil properties, knowledge of soil structure &
settlement analysis

Loads on Tower Foundation:-

Downward load
Uplift load
Lateral Load (Horizontal thrust)
Overturning moments

Downward load- Mainly due to deadweight of

tower, conductor, Insulators &^ Acc.

Uplift load

Lateral Load - Due to wind

- Primary concern in design

- Due angle of deviation, difference in level,
dead ending
Wind produces both lateral as well as uplift
on the windward side of structure and down
thrust on the other side

Factor of Safety - 2.2 for normal condition

- 1.65 for broken wire condition

What to do before casting of

Tower Foundation

Finalize Route of Transmission line

Carry out Detailed Survey
Carry out Soil Investigation
Finalize Tower Schedule (Part/Full)
Carry out Check Survey

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
1.

2.

Tower Foundation depends upon:Type of Soil

Sub Soil water level
Presence of surface water

Classification of Foundation:Normal Dry - where normal dry cohesive or non-cohesive soils are met
NC/ Sandy Dry where cohesion less pure sand or negligible cohesion

sand mixed with soil are met in dry condition

Wet- where sub-soil water is met at 1.5 mtr or below
- which may remain submerged in surface water for long periods with
water penetration not exceeding 1 mtr below GL, e,g, Paddy Fields

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION

Partially Submerged:- Where subsoil water table is met

between 0.75 mtr to 1.5 mtr

Fully Submerged:- Where subsoil water table is met at
less than 0.75 mtr below GL
Black Cotton Soil- Where soil is clayey type which shrinks
when dry & swells when wet resulting
in differential movement
Fissured Rock- Where decomposed or fissured rock, hard
gravel, kankar, limestone are met.
Undercut type foundation is used for
fissured rock
Hard Rock- Where chiseling, drilling & blasting is
required for excavation

TYPE OF FOUNDATION
Type of Foundation:-

PCC Pyramid type

RCC Pad & Step type
a) Stepped Footing
b) Under cut type
c) Block type with under cut
Rock Anchor type
Augur type
Well type
Pile type

Site Activities in Tower Foundation

Pit Marking & Excavation

Shuttering for Excavation, if required
Transportation of Construction Material
Dewatering (if required)
Stub Setting
Checking of Levels & Diagonals
Reinforcement Bar Fixing
Concreting
Back Filling & Removal of Template

Site Activities in Tower Foundation

Pit Marking & Excavation

- Carried out as per tower foundation drawing
- For estimation purpose, excavation wall shall
be vertical & pit dimensions with clearance of
150 mm on all sides
Shuttering for Excavation
- Required when the soil condition is so bad &
there is likelihood of accident due to pit
collapsing / falling of the earth

Typical Pit Marking Drawing

x

X+x

Pit
C

PIT
B

X+x+y
00

Pit
D

Pit
A

Site Activities in Tower Foundation

Transportation of Construction Materials

- Coarse aggregates, Fine aggregates,
Cement, water, machineries (mixer,
vibrator etc)

Dewatering
- Required for wet locations both during concreting &
24 hrs after placing concrete

Stub Setting Method

a) Template method
b) Individual Stub Setting method
c) Bottom section method

Site Activities in Tower Foundation

Reinforcement Bar Fixing

- Check type of bar as per specifications.
Fixing of RF bar is carried out after lean concrete (pad)
Size, number, bending etc to be used as per approved
drawing
Shall be properly placed according to drawing with min.
concrete cover of 50 mm
Shall be placed clear of stubs & cleats
Iron wire not less than 0.9 mm to be used for binding
Each crossing point to be bound with the help of binding
wire.
Sufficient number of Chairs to be provided to maintain cover.

Concreting

RF Steel

- To be procured only from main producers, i,e, SAIL,

RINL, TISCO, IISCO or as per specifications
- Samples to test at approved laboratory & review of
100% MTC
- To be free from loose mill scales, loose
rust, coats
of paints, oil, mud or any other substance to reduce bond
- Sand blasting to clean RF steel
- During storage in saline atmosphere, cement wash may
be applied on the surface before use

Concreting

Concreting:-

Plain concrete pad

Reinforced concrete for Slab (pyramid), Chimney
Form Boxes
Type of concrete mix
Pouring of concrete & vibration
Testing of concrete
Removal of form work & repair
Curing

Plain concrete pad

- Required to avoid possibility of RF steel exposed to earth
- M-10 (1 cement :3 fine aggregates : 6 coarse agg)

Concreting

Form Boxes
-

Shall be as per shape, lines and dimensions shown in

drawing
Should be rigid & sufficiently tight
Should be of light design, easily removable
Shall be of steel, hardwood or framed plywood
Inner surface to be smooth
Shall be used for casting of all type of foundations
except at undercut foundations. No form box is required for
undercut foundations.
-

Inner surface should be clean, coated with approved

surface finishing compound, before every use.

Concreting

Nominal Mix Concrete

- M-20 (1 cement :1.5 fine aggregates :3 coarse agg)
- 20 mm coarse aggregates for Chimney
- 40 mm coarse aggregates for Slab

M-10 (1 cement :3 fine aggregates :6 coarse agg)

- for pad (lean concrete) to avoid possibility of RF steel
exposed to earth.
40mm size aggregate to be used

Cement

Cement generally used in TL foundation:- 43 grade Ordinary Portland Cement

(IS:8112)
- 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement (IS
12269)
- Portland Pazzolana Cement (IS 1489)
- curing time to be ascertained from a reputed laboratory

Concreting

Type of Concrete
- Design Mix
- mix be designed to achieve required workability & strength
not less than appropriate value

- Nominal Mix
- proportion of materials prefixed
- used for M-20 or lower
- Used in normal foundation of TL
Proportion of Nominal Mix Concrete
Grade

Fine + Coarse Agg

Fine :Coarse Agg

(Max in Kg/bag cement)

M-10 480
M-15 330
M-20 250

1:2
1:2
1:2

Water

Max in liter/bag cement

34
32
30

Concreting

Transportation
-

Concrete to be brought to form work as fast as possible to

prevent segregation of ingredients or setting of concrete,
special care to be taken during very hot or cold weather

Placing
-

To be placed & compacted before start of setting to avoid

segregation
Care to be taken to avoid displacement of reinforcement
or movement of formwork
Freefall not to be more than 1.5 meter

Concreting

Compaction
-

To compact thoroughly & fully around reinforcement,

embedded fixtures & into corners of formwork, 16 mm
poking bar rounded at the end may be used.
By mechanical vibrator. Manually in difficult terrain
Over vibration & under vibration are harmful & to be
avoided

Curing
-

Process of preventing loss of moisture from concrete &

maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime.
Concrete to be kept continuously wet by ponding/
covering with sacks, canvas, hessian or similar materials
To be done for at least 10 days

Concreting

Form Work
To remain sufficiently rigid during placing &
compaction of concrete
To prevent loss of slurry from concrete
Insides to be cleaned from all rubbish, i,e, chippings,
shavings before concreting.
Insides to be treated with form release agent.
To be removed after at least 24 hrs of concreting

Concreting
Pouring of concrete & vibration
-

Use a measurement box of internal size 30x30x30 cm equivalent

to 35 liters (= 1 bag cement)
To be mixed in mechanical mixer. In difficult terrain hand mixing
may be permitted with 10% extra cement (after approval)
Water to be fresh, clean & free from oil, acids, alkalis
Hard/ Salty water not to be used. Preferably portable water to be
used
Mixing to carry out at least for 2 minutes. Check uniform
distribution of material
Shall be laid in 150 mm layers & consolidated
Compaction by a mechanical vibrator. In difficult terrain manually
Copping of top surface of Chimney
Curing for 10 days

Concreting

Testing of concrete
- Slump Test
- To determine consistency of concrete/work ability
(water /cement ratio.
Apparatus for slump test

A cone of metal with following

internal dimensions
Bottom dia - 20 cm
Top dia
- 10 cm
Height
- 30 cm

Concreting

Compressive Strength
- To be tested for 28 days compressive strength
-

3 samples of 15 cm cube shall be taken

28 days compressive strength for
a) for M-20 265 km/cm2
b) for M-15 210 km/cm2
Average strength to be accepted provided strength
of each cube not < 70% or > 130% of above
specified strength

Site Activities in Tower Foundation

Back Filling & Removal of Template

- Shall be started after repair, if any, of foundation concrete after a setting
period of 24 hrs
- Generally done by excavated soil
- Clay type, black cotton soil & large boulders (>80mm) not allowed
- Should be clean & free from organic materials
- Shall be deposited in max. 200 mm layers & compacted
- Carried out about 75 mm above finished GL
- 50 mm earthen embankment along the sides of excavation pits & to pour
water for 24 hrs

- Stub template to be removed only after completion of back

filling

Unit rate & Measurement for Foundation

Excavation:- Measurement shall be made as per actual type of soil

encountered so that total payment for excavation shall not
exceed amount as payable for excavation considering the soil
type same as that of foundation classification

Concreting:-Unit rate includes all allied activities, i.e, dewatering,

shuttering, form box etc

Reinforcement:- Unit rate includes supply, cutting, bending as per

design & placement

Typical Tower Foundation Drawing

Typical Foundation Shape (Fissured Rock

Normal Fissured Rock Foundation And

Foundation With Unequal Chimney Exten.

TOWER
ERECTION
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

Wind Zone and Basic wind speed

Wind Zone

Basic wind speed

m/ sec

33

39

44

47

50

55

TOWER ERECTION

Activity that starts next to the completion of

foundation.
This activity normally starts after 14days of
the foundation completion to allow the curing
time of concrete.

Wind Span & Weight Span

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TOWER

The towers shall be of the following types:
Single circuit (types A/P B/Q C/R & D/S)
Double circuit (types DA,DB,DC & DD)
Special towers
Type of tower

Deviation limit

Remarks

A, DA

02

Tangent tower

B, DB

2 - 15

Also Used as section

tower with 0 deviation

15 - 30

Also used as section

tower with 0 deviation or
trans position tower

30 - 60

Can be used for X-ing,

anchoring. Dead end
tower with maximum 15
angle of deviation

C, DC
D, DD

Standard Body & Leg Extensions

Type of Tower

Body Extension

Leg Extension

A, DA

+3,+6, +9, +18,

+25

-4.5,-3, -1.5, 0,
+1.5,+3,+4.5,
+6,+7.5,+9

B, DB

+3,+6,+9

-Do-

C, DC

+3,+6,+9

-Do-

D, DD

+3,+6, +9, +18,

+25

-Do-

Determination of Tower Heights

Main Factors: Minimum permissible
ground clearance (h1)
Maximum Sag (h2)
Vertical spacing bet
conductor (h3)
Vertical clearance bet
ground wire & top
conductor (h4)

Tower Configuration

Tower has two faces

- Longitudinal face
- Transverse face
Tower legs/faces are
designated as A, B, C & D
or 1,2,3 & 4

Single Line Diagram of Tower

Typical Leg Extension Combinations (+/-0 Base)

Typical Leg Extension Combinations (BL)

Typical Leg Extension Combinations

Typical Leg Extension Combinations (+/-0 Base)

Loads on Tower

Transverse Load
i) Wind on structure, conductor, insulator & hard
wares
ii) Deviation in the angle
Longitudinal Load
- Dye to unbalanced tension in conductor, produced
either due to dead-ending of conductor on the structure or
due to broken wire conditions. It acts along the direction
of the line and the component at right angle to the
longitudinal axis of the X-arm is considered for design

Loads on Tower

Vertical Load
- Loads due to:i) weight of conductor, ground wire, insulator strings,
hard wares, accessories
ii) Unbalanced vertical loads under broken wire
conditions
iii) Dead weight of the structure and the provision for the
weight of the maintenance crew
Torsional Load
- Produced either due to dead-ending of conductor on the two
sides, e.g, due to broken wire or due to dead ending of the
conductor on single circuit lines

CHECKLIST BEFORE TOWER ERECTION

AVAILABILITY OF DRGS

CHECKING OF FOUNDATION

CHECK DIGONALS OF STUB

CHECK STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
ENSURE PROPER BACK FILLING

CHECKING OF TOWER PARTS FOR ANY VISUAL

DEFECTS

CHECKING OF TOOLS AND PLANTS

METHODS OF TOWER ERECTION

PIECEMEAL METHOD

SECTION METHOD

HELIECOPTER METHOD

PIECEMEAL METHOD

Place members on ground serially as per erection sequence

Erection from bottom upwards
Fix four main corner members of the first section and guy
them
Raise assembled unit of the cross braces of the first section &
bolt to leg angle
First section of tower & horizontal struts bolted in position
Place 2 derricks, one on each top of diagonal legs for raising
tower parts of second section
Progressively shift derrick upwards to the corner leg members
on top of second section for raising parts of third section &
continue till completion of tower erection
Assembled cross-arm members are raised up & fixed to the
main body of the tower

Section & Helicopter Method

Section Method:-

Major sections of tower are assembled on ground & same

are erected as units
Mobile crane is required

Helicopter Method:-

Tower can be assembled in approachable area

Tower is erected in section or in complete shape in yards
with help of guy

METHODS OF TOWER ERECTION

Merits of Piecemeal Method:-

Tower material can be supplied to site in knocked down

condition facilitating easier & cheaper transportation
Crane/heavy equipments is not required
Erection of tower can be done in any kind of terrain &
throughout the year
Workmen at available at cheaper rates

TOWER ERECTION INDIAN

CONDITIONS

In India due to the prevailing tough terrains

and the availability of cheaper manpower we
are erecting the towers by using the built-up
method.

CHECKING OF TOWER ERECTION

Verticality Check:-

Tower shall be checked for verticality with help

of
theodolite both in longitudinal &
transverse direction.
- Tower shall not be out of vertical by more than
1 in
360 before stringing

Tower Erection

Erection to start after 14 days of concreting

Examine tower members for defects, if any
In case of minor galvanizing defects, apply 2 coats of zinc-rich
paint having at least 90% zinc content
Sort out all members sequentially

Assembling
-

Straining of members not permitted for bringing them in

position. Tommy bar of max 450 mm long may be used
for the purpose.
Lower section to be completely braced before start of
upper section
Complete all plan diagonals of a section before start of
upper section

Tower Erection
-

Nuts shall be facing

- outside of tower for horizontal bolts
- downwards for vertical bolts
Cross arms are assembled at ground
Top cross arms are lifted first, followed by middle &
bottom
Tips of cross arms are fully tightened before lifting
Fill up all blank holes with bolts & nuts of correct size
after completion of erection
Tightening & Punching of Bolts & Nuts
Spring washers are to be placed under each nut
Nuts to be tightened properly using correct size spanners

CHECKING OF TOWER ERECTION

TIGHTNESS OF BOLTS AS PER THE

RECOMMENDED TORQUE

BOLT HEAD SHALL BE FACING TOP AND NUTS

LAPPING DOWN

PUNCHING OF TIGHTEND BOLTS

CHECKING OF TOWER ASSEMBLY

INCORPORATION OF ALL MEMBERS AS PER
APPROVED DRAWINGS

TACK WELDING OF BOLTS

Checking of Tower Erection

- Tightening to carry out from top to downward
direction attending all bolts at every level simultaneously
engaging persons at all 4 faces of tower
- Threads of bolts projecting outside nuts are punched
at 3 places on the diameter
- Threads of bolts projecting outside nuts are tack welded
at 2 diametrically opposite places
- Length of each welding is 10 mm
- Tack welding is done up to bottom X-arm for D/C &
waist level for S/C tower from GL
- 2 coats of Zinc rich paint is applied to welded portion

TOWER ERECTION TOOLS

AND PLANTS

In Built-up method of tower erection the following tools and

plants are normally kept with the erection gang.

Gin pole/Derrick pole of75/100mm dia and length 8.5 to 9m

-2No
Polypropylene Rope 25mm dia
700m
19mm dia
1000m
Single sheave pulley
8No
(Closed Type)

TOWER ERECTION TOOLS

AND PLANTS

Spanners both ring & Flat), Hammers, slings(16mm x

1m), hooks(12mm dia) D shackle, Tommy bars As required
Crow Bars(25mm dia1.8m length) 16No
Tents, Buckets, Water drums, camping cots, tables,
chairs and Petromax/ rechargeable torch As required

TOWER ERECTION TOOLS

& PLANTS

D Shackle (3)
- 6No
Hexagonal box spanner with fixed liver and
end of the liver pointed to use hole bar
(Tommy bar)
- Reqd. sizes

TOWER ERECTION SAFETY

GADGETS

Safety Helmets
Safety Belts
Safety shoe
Welding goggles
First aid box

- 40No
- 10No
-50pairs
-2No
- 1No

TOOLS AND PLANTSHEALTHINESS

All the tools and plants shall be tested as per

approved safety norms and relevent test certificates
shall be available.
Periodic testing of the tools shall be carried out.
Safe working capacity shall be worked out and if the
capacity is at doubt they shall be discarded.

Tower Earthing

Required:- To minimize over voltage hazards due to:- lightning

- Switching surges
- Line-to-ground fault
- Restricting ground faults
Each tower requires Earthing

Tower Earthing

Earthing in TL
1) Pipe Type Earthing
Used in dry, wet, black cotton,
submerged soil where soil resistivity
is less
Earth strips are fixed to the
stub during concreting of the
chimney & taken out
horizontally below GL
Generally provided in one leg,
i.e, leg A
A galvanized flat of size around
3 mtr is fixed during casting
A perforated MS galv pipe of
25 mm dia, 3 mtr long is buried
in
300 mm dia hole with
charcoal
& salt

Tower Earthing
2) Counterpoise Earthing
-

Used where soil resistivity is

high, i.e, lime stone, laterite,
rocks etc
- For < 1500 ohm-mtr, with 4 nos
30 mtr long galvanized wire
- For > 1500 ohm-mtr, with 4 nos
70 mtr long galvanized wire
- A galvanized flat of size around
3 mtr is fixed during casting
similar
to pipe type
- All 4 are buried 1 meter below
ground radially away

Tower Earthing
To study the effect of earthing it is mandatory to record
Tower Footing Resistance (TFR), before and after earthling
After earthing, Tower Footing Resistance in all the cases
should be less than 10 ohm.

STRINGING

TOWER SCHEDULE
Weight Span - HOT
Type Of
S.No.

Loc. No.

Kaitkal

T
o
w
e
r

GANTRY

Angle Of
Deviati
on

Span In

AP 1/0

DDE+9

12 22 ' 48 '' LT

AP 2/0

DB+0

11 29 ' 34 '' RT

2/1

DA+0

245

327

2/2

2/3

DA+3

2/4

DA+0

2/6

DA+3

2/7

DA+3

Right

Total

Left

Right

Total

30

30

27

27

155

50

156

206

53

157

210

245

152

178

330

151

174

325

202

207

409

206

211

417

1112

400

1512

2262

400

2662

CT
183

178

361

179

170

349

222

213

435

230

217

447

187

200

387

183

199

382

2No. CT , 5 No 11 KV

2 Nos.LT, 2 Nos. 11KV & Gas Line

200

390

Near PGCIL Sub Station

Canal, 11 KV

1862

400

Inside PGCIL Sub Station

2 No Tar Road, 2No. 11KV, CT

727

DA+3

Remarks
Left

400

385

350

2/5

Section Length
In
Mts.

155

DA+0

Cummu-lative
Span
In
Mts

02 45 ' 24 '' LT
155

m
t
s

Weight Span - COLD

190

390

201

194

395
11 KV ,CT

170

192

362

166

188

354

198

174

372

202

174

376

3052

STRINGING - METHODS

Basically there are two methods of stringing

Manual Stringing Method

Tension Stringing Method

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

The following tools and plants are normally used.

TSE Set (Tensioner & Puller of 8t/9t capacity.
Running block for conductor
Running block for Earthwire
Head Board
Pilot wire each of 800m length
Pilot wire joint
Ground roller for tension/Manual stringing

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

Wire mesh Pulling grip (One end open) for conductor

Wire mesh pulling grip (One end open for Earthwire)
Wire mesh pulling Grip*Both ends open) for
Conductor
Articulated joints
Drum Mounting jack for conductor drum of 10T
capacity
Turn Table (5t capacity)

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

Anchor plate with Anchor pins

Hydraulic compressor machine of 100t capacity with
die sets
Traveling Ground
Dynamometer(10t, 2t)
Pilot wire reel stand
Four sheave pulley with wire rope.
Equiliser pulley

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

Conductor lifting Tackle

Winch machine (Motorized /Manual)
Come along clamp for conductor (Bolted &
Automatic)
Come along clamp for Earthwire (Bolted &
Automatic)
Turn Buckle (10T, 3T)
Sag Board

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

Marking Roller
Mismatch Roller
Joint protector
Walkie Talkie set
Theodalite with stand
Hydraulic conductor cutter
Flags(Red & Green)
Crow bar (1.8m length)

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

Steel wire rope

Polypropylene rope
D shackle
Bull dog clamp
Hammers, spanners , slings and other
accessories.

TENSION STRINGING
TOOLS AND PLANTS

SAFETY GADGETS

Safety helmets
Safety belts
Safety Shoe
First Aid Box

TENSIONER

PULLER

STRINGING

Steps involved

After ensuring the tightness of all the bolts and

nuts the following activities will be started.
Insulator hoisting along with aerial rollers
Earthwire stringing
Paying out the pilot wire
Positioning of Stringing equipment

STRINGING ROUGH
SAGGING

Pilot wire is connected to the conductor through

running board.
Pilot wire will be pulled with the help of puller by
maintaining required tension on the conductor with
the help of tensioner.
Conductor will be pulled upto the rough sag level.
Will be allowed at rough sag level for 24 hours.

STRINGING FINAL
SAGGING

Sag boards are tied.

Final sagging will be carried out with the help
of winch machine.
Check the final sag.
Mark the conductor.
Connect to the tower with the help of tension
clamp

STRINGING CLIPPING &

SPACERING

After completion of final sagging.

Clipping work will be carried out at all the
suspension towers.
Spacers will be placed as per the spacer
placement chart.

Final Testing
a) Pre-commissioning of lines:
Readiness of lines for pre-commissioning
i) Completeness of line.
ii) Meggar test of line
b) Commissioning of lines:
Readiness of lines for commissioning

Final Testing
i) Digital photograph of each tower to ascertain
the completeness of tower.
ii) Electrical Inspectors clearance from CEA.

STATUTORY
CLEARANCES
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line

Project
Prior to commissioning of a Transmission Line
project, various Statutory Clearances are required
to be obtained by the field unit.
Without these Statutory Clearances the project can
not be commissioned even if construction activity
of the project are completed ahead of schedule.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line

Project
That is why it becomes necessary to submit the proposal
in time, with respective bodies so that required NOC is
obtained within a limited time frame of the project.
The different proposals are required to be submitted with
proper documentation and relevant enclosures, without
which respective bodies may nor process the proposals,
resulting in precious time loss.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

Following Statutory Clearances are required to be obtained before commissioning of
a T/L Project.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

NOC from Railway (in case Railway Crossing is involved).

NOC from all the forest divisions in the route of T/L
NOC from Air Force Department.
NOC from Aviation Authorities.
NOC from National Highway Authorities (if crossing NH)
NOC from PWD of respective PWD departments.
NOC from Irrigation/ Canals Department (if crossing any)
NOC from respective Electricity Boards for Power Line crossing.
PTCC Clearance of the project.
CEA Clearance of the project.
With such a large number of clearances involved in commissioning of a
Transmission Line project, all out efforts and tremendous follow-up is required
so that all is obtained within the construction schedule of the project.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

1
Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC
from Railway Department.
A

QUESTIONNAIRE FINALISED BY THE RAILWAY BOARD VIDE

THEIR RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARD ORGANISATION
SIMLAS LETTER NO. CW/EE/IB/I DATED 28.09.1961
B
AGREMENT FOR ERECTING AND MAINTAINING AN
OVERHEAD POWER LINE CROSSING OVER AND ACROSS
RAILWAY TRACKS.
C
DETAILED DRAWING OF CROSSING ARRANGEMENT
SHOWING ALL THE DETAILS. THE DRAWING HAS TO BE
PREPARED ON TRACING CLOTH ALONG WITH ALL
REQUIRED
DOCUMENTS DETAILED IN QUESTIONNARE.
D
MINIMUM TIME PERIOD REQUIRED FOR OBTAINING NOC IS
6 MONTHS.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

1
Procedure and Documentation required for
obtaining NOC from Railway Department.
E
Initially the proposal complete in all respects is submitted with Sr. DE/
DE Electrical, which happens to be the nodal officer for such cases.
F
He intern forwards the proposal to other departments such as Civil,
Signals, Traction etc. for their internal NOC/ Comments (if any)
G
Last of all final NOC is granter by DRM after depositing of the charges
levied by Railway department.
H
After completion of the job final acceptance has to be obtained from
Railway Department which is issued by them after joint verification of the work
in accordance with the approved drawing.
I
The complete process is time consuming, so it is necessary to submit
the
complete and correct proposal well in time.

Typical Railway Crossing Drawing

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Forest

Department.

Forest Land : Sec.-II, FC Act 1980, all RF, PF or any other area
recorded as forest in Govt. records and land notified u/s -IV and V
under this act termed as forest land even it is privately owned.

Reserve Forest : Natural forests having rich bio-diversity, no activity

is permitted without specific approval.

Protected Forest : Thru plantation and regeneration, activities

permitted unless something is specifically prohibited.

Dense Forest : Canopy density- more than 40%.

Open/Degraded Forest : Canopy density < 40%. Plantation carried

out under SF Scheme or under CA Scheme covered under PF

Typical Constraints in Routing of TL

Forest area with trees

Social forestry
National Park/Wild life area

Hill , No trees, Forest area

River flowing between forest ( No trees in river

Bird sanctuarybed)

Road Xing

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Forest Department.

FOREST CLEARANCE IS CONVEYED

IN TWO STAGES

1st stage/In-principle clearance (Conditional)

Cost of CA, NPV, Lease Rent, dwarf tree plantation
cost etc. I.e. compliance of conditions to St. Govt.
2nd stage clearance/ Final Clearance
After Compliance from St. Govt. to MOEF/RMOEF

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Forest Department.

STEPS INVOLVED IN FOREST CLEARANCE

Survey in forest area

Submission of details to DFO of the respective forest division.
Scrutiny & processing of case by DFO
Joint inspection by Power Grid and DFO
Tree enumeration in the selected route
Identification of non forest/degraded forest land for C.A by forest Deptt.
Preparation of CA scheme by DFO
Formulation of forest proposal
Submission/recommendation of case to DFO/CF/NO
NO scrutinize & recommend to PCCF
Recommendation of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
Recommendation of State Government
Processing & approval by RMOEF & MOEF

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining

NOC from Forest Department.

DELIGATION OF POWERS

Forest area involvement

> 5Ha.(Processing & Approval by RMOE&F)

>5Ha.-40Ha.(Processing & recommendation by RMOE&F &

Approval by Honble Minister MOE&F)

>40 Ha. Processing and approval by Honble Minister MOE&F

Site Inspection

Up to 40Ha. DFO inspection report

>40Ha.-100Ha. CF inspection report

>100Ha. Site inspection by RMOE&F

*FOREST CLEARANCE APPROVAL -ONLY BY CENTRAL GOVT.
PROPOSAL PROCESS & RECOMMEND- ST. GOVT. / USER AGENCY .

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining

NOC from Forest Department.

FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE (FAC) OF MOEF

I. Director General of Forests, MOEF
- Chairperson
II. Addl. DG (Forests), MOEF
- Member
III. Addl. Commissioner (Soil Conservation),
- Member
Ministry of Agriculture
IV. 3 non-official experts one each in Mining,
- Members
V. Civil Eng. and Dev. Economics
- Members
VI. Inspector General (FC), MOEF
- Member Sect.

Addl. DG (Forests) shall act as Chairperson in the absence of DG

(Forests)
FAC meets at least once in every month (3rd/4th week) to discuss/
recommend proposals to Honble minister for approval under FC Act 1980
involving forest > 40 ha.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Forest Department.
REGIONAL EMPOWERED COMMITTEE (REC)
(EARLIER SAG)

COMPOSITION :-

I. Regional PCCF (Central)-Chairperson

II. 3 Non-official members - experts one each in Mining,
III. Civil Engineering and Development Economics Members
IV. CF or DCF of Regional Office Member Secretary
SCHEDULE FOR REC MEETING(S)
MEETING(S) OF REC IS CONVENED BY REGIONAL CHIEF
CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS/CONSERBATOR OF FORESTS AS &
WHEN REQUIRED

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Forest

Department.

REGIONAL MOE&Fs OFFICES

REGIONAL OFFICES

CONCERNED STATE

Chief Conservator of Forest

(Central) Southern Zone, Bangalore

Kerala, Tamil, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Pondicherry, Lakshwadeep & Goa

CCF (Central), Western Zone,

Bhopal

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu & Chhgarh

CCF (Central), Eastern Zone,

Bhubaneswar

Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, A&N Island &

Jharkhand

CF (Central), Northern Zone,

Chandigarh

Haryana, Punjab, Himachal and Jammu &

Kashmir

CCF(Central), Central Zone,

Lucknow

Uttaranchal, U.P., Delhi & Rajasthan

CCF(Central), North-Eastern Region,

Shillong

Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland
Sikkim

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining

NOC from Forest Department.

Time Limit for forest proposal Approval

St. Govt. (Total)

Nodal officer
DFO
Nodal Officer (NO)
St. Govt. (Sectt.)
Central Govt.
TOTAL TIME

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

210 days
10 days
90 days
30 days
60 days
90 days
300 DAYS.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Forest Department.

ROUTE SELECTION
Does not involve any human rehabilitation
Monuments of cultural or historical importance
Threat to survival of any community
Public utility services
Avoid WL Sanctuary, National Park, Biosphere Zone etc.
No Infringement with area of natural resources
Minimum Involvement of Road/canal/River/Railway X-ing.
Minimum Involvement of RF/Forests etc.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Forest

Department.

RIGHT OF WAY FOR CALCULATION OF DIVERSION AREA

Transmission line Voltage (KV)

ROW (Mtrs.)
Maximum

11

33

15

66

18

110
132
220
400
+/- 500 KV HVDC/400 S/C
800

22
27
35
46
52
64-85

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

2

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Forest Department.

FORMULATION OF FOREST PROPOSAL

State wise & line wise

Tree enumeration/Joint inspection
Certification of Minimum Involvement of forest with 3
alternatives marked in Forest topo-maps / Rev. map
Identification of Degraded reserved/ protected forestland
double the area of forest land to be diverted for our
purpose for Compensatory Afforestation
Cost benefit Analysis for diversion above 5 hac.
Compensatory Afforestation (CA) Scheme

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

3 & 4 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Air Force & Aviation
Authorities.

The purpose of NOC is to notify the aviation and Air Force authorities the
exact location of towers along the line route.

Exact location has to be supported by providing tower schedule depicting

details of Latitude, Longitude and top elevation of each and every tower.
Route marked on survey sheets has also to be enclosed.

The correctness of data is most important as the information given by user

agency is incorporated on the flight map of said authorities for flight
safety.

The proposal supported with a Questionnaire, undertaking and supporting

documents are required to be submitted at nearest Airport in case of
Aviation and at Vayu Bhawan, New Delhi, in case of Air Force.

Time period for issuance of NOC is +6Months.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

5,6&7 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining
NOC from National Highway, PWD, canals etc.

The purpose of NOC is to notify the these departments about

the project so that the concerned department gets the
knowledge of the project and in case of any proposed scheme
in process may advise accordingly, which otherwise can result
into shifting of a part of the route causing loss of investment..

Exact location of the crossing points has to be supported by

providing tower schedule and profile of the crossing area.

The proposal has to be submitted with concerned authorities

along with an undertaking regarding safety responsibility and
for shifting at user agency cost in case need arises.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project

8

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from

Respective Electricity Boards.

The purpose of NOC is to notify the these departments about the project so
that the concerned department gets the knowledge of the project and in
case of any proposed scheme in process may advise accordingly, which
otherwise can result into shifting of a part of the route causing loss of
investment..

Exact location of the crossing points has to be supported by providing

tower schedule and profile of the crossing area.

Cross profile of the existing Power Line has also to be generated and
minimum clearance under worst conditions ahs to be guaranteed

The proposal has to be submitted with concerned authorities along with

profile showing the minimum clearance will shall be available after
crossing the existing TL. The approval is conveyed by concerned board
with the condition that the drawing parameters are available after execution
and subject to final joint inspection before energizing the Transmissions
Line.

9
1.

Procedure and Documentation required for

obtaining PTCC Clearance
Initially it is required to send Application/ Intimation to the
following:
a) Director (PTCC), CEA, New Delhi.
b) DET(PTCC), New Delhi-(Depending upon region)
Copies to:
c) GM (S&T) Concern Railways .
d) GM (Telecom District) of all the districts where line is
passing through .
With request to mark the existing/proposed railway telecom circuits/
P&T circuits/ Co-axial cables on the route map submitted by us.

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining PTCC

Clearance

Though it is the responsibility of BSNL and PTCC

department to get the lines marked in GT Sheets, but site has
to meet the concern GM of Telecom District for following
up for issuing the instructions to the DEs (Telecom) of the
areas ( Territorial Officers) under his control.

Site has to follow up with the DE of the region for clarifying

the doubts and corrections to be made by concern telecom
districts and for resubmission.

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining PTCC

Clearance

With this copy site has to meet the concern Divisional Engineers and get marked
the P&T ckts/ Co-axial cables on the route map submitted by us on the width of 8
Kilometers on the both sides of our line under construction.

Same will be forwarded by the Divisional Engineer to their GM/ Telecom District.

As per CEA Directives PTCC case is routed through ED office only.

6.

After compilation of the reports received from the GMs of all the Telecom Districts
Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC, T &D CIRCLE of the Region will forward the
same to the DIRECTOR (PTCC), CEA, NEW DELHI
a) For the comments regarding LF Induction on the paralleling Telecom Lines under
worst fault conditions due to proposed power line.
b) In Case of Railway Block Circuits, the break up figures of the L.F. Induced voltage
on station-to station basis and the value of the mutual coupling for each section).

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining PTCC

Clearance

On receipt of the details at PTCC/CEA , New Delhi , the concern

Director will calculate the INDUCED Voltages and forward the same
details to the Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC of the region and GM
of the Railways for the necessary action.

Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC of the region in turn gives

instructions to the concern GMs/ POWERGRID for providing the
protection to the telecom equipment / cables if the induced voltage is
more than the 650V by providing GD Tubes , Magazines etc.
a If the IV is Less than 650 Volts Telecom department themselves has
to provide Protection.
b If the IV is More than 650 Volts POWERGRID has pay cost the
equipment required for providing the protection to Telecom
department for installation.

9.

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining PTCC

Clearance
DE Telecom /PTCC of the region will give the conditional
provisional clearance after the protections installed/ under
progress.

List of Documents required with the PTCC case:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Route Map of Transmission Line

Line diagram of Connecting Sub-Stations.
Detail of Transformers likely to be put in use.
Tower Drawing.
Questionnaire
Detail of Telecom Lines.
Soil Resistivity of entire TL.

10

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining CEA

Clearance
It is mandatory to obtain clearance from Electrical Inspector prior
to energizing any electrical installation.
For Government of India projects the Electrical Inspector is ,
Superintending Engineer, Central Elect6ricitry Authority.
The complete case has to be submitted to Electrical Inspector,
under Intimation to CE, Inspection Cell, when installation is
complete in all respects and is ready for energizing.
As the schedule of Electrical is very busy the proposal is required
to be submitted in anticipation of completion date.
Once the date of inspection is fixed the inspector inspects the
installation and may ask for compliance of the observations (if
observed any).
On submission of compliance report, final charging clearance is
issued by Electrical Inspector.

10

Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining CEA

Clearance

Documents required to be submitted with CEA Case:

1
Application enclosed with the required documents for
approval of the Electrical Inspector to Energize the
HV/EHV Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground
Cables etc. Under Rule 63 of Indian Electricity Rules, 1961.
2
Line diagram of Sub-Stations and Transformer
Specifications.
3
Complete Tower Schedule of the Transmission Line.
4
Detail of Crossings and the available clearance.
5
Payment calculation detail with respect to the laid
down charges.

With all the above at stake of a Transmission

Line Project, you yourself can decide how fast
and effective you have to be to complete the
project in time.
Give a thought to it and start re-planning your
time module else you will be late by miles..

THANK YOU
We End The Session
Here.