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PCI6 Edition

th

Connection Design

PresentationOutline
Structural Steel Design
Limit State Weld Analysis
Strut Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
Anchor Bolts
Connection Examples

Changes
New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete
Anchors - HCA)
Revised welding section
Stainless Materials
Limit State procedure presented

Revised Design Aids (moved to Chapter 11)


Structural Steel Design Section
Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Combined Loading
Stiffened Beam seats

Strut Tie methodology is introduced


Complete Connection Examples

StructuralSteelDesign
Focus on AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
Flexural Strength
Shear Strength
Torsional Strength
Combined Interaction

Limit State Methods are carried through


examples

StructuralSteelDetails

Built-up Members
Torsional Strength
Beam Seats

SteelStrengthDesign
Flexure

Mp = FyZs
Where:
Mp
= Flexural Design Strength
Fy =
Yield Strength of Material
Zs =
Plastic Section Modulus

SteelStrengthDesign
Shear
Vn

= (0.6Fy)Aw

Where:
Vp = Shear Design Strength
Aw =

Area subject to shear

SteelStrengthDesign
Torsion (Solid Sections)

Tn

= (0.6Fy)ht2

Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength
= Torsional constant
h = Height of section
t = Thickness

TorsionalProperties

Torsional Constant,
Rectangular Sections

SteelStrengthDesign
Torsion (Hollow Sections)

Tn

= 2(0.6Fy)t

Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength

= Area enclosed by centerline of walls


t =

Wall thickness

TorsionalProperties

Hollow Sections

= wd

CombinedLoadingStress
Normal Stress

P Mc M
fn ,
,
A I S

Bending Shear Stress


fv

VQ V

,
It A

fv

Tc T
T

,
,
2
J ht 2At

bending

Torsion Shear Stress


torsion

CombinedLoading
Stresses are added based on direction
Stress Limits based on Mohrs circle analysis
Normal Stress Limits
fun fy
0.90

Shear Stress Limits


fuv 0.60fy

0.90

BuiltUpSectionExample

Example

TC0
AtF y AcFy 0

At Ac

DetermineNeutralAxisLocation,y

Tension Area

At 4in y

Compression Area

Tension = Compression

Ac 2 3 in1in 3 in y 4in
8

8
Ac 2.25 4 y
4 y 2.25 4 y
y

2.25
0.281 in
8

DefinePlasticSectionModulus,Zp

Either Tension or Compression Area x


Distance between the Tension /
Compression Areas Centroids

Zp At H yt yc

DetermineCentroidLocations
Tension

y 0.281
yt
0.14 in
2
2

Compression
yc

__

Ay

0.683 in
A

CalculateZp

Z 4 yH y y
4 0.2811.375 0.14 0.683
Zp At H yt yc

Zp

Zp 0.62 in3

BeamSeats
Stiffened Bearing
Triangular
Non-Triangular

TriangularStiffeners
Design Strength

Vn=Fyzbt
Where:
Vn = Stiffener design strength
=Strength reduction factor =
0.9
b = Stiffener projection
t
= Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor

StiffenerShapeFactor

b
0.75
2.0
a
b
b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27
a
a

b
0.25
a

ThicknessLimitation

b 250

t
Fy

TriangularStiffenerExample
Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, ts = 3/8 in.
Fy = 36 ksi

Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.

ShapeFactor
b 8

0.8 0.75 and 1.0


a 10
b
b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27
a
a

b
0.25
a

z 1.39 2.2 0.8 1.27 0.8 0.25 0.8


z 0.315

ThicknessLimitation
b 250

t
Fy
8
21.3
0.375

250
36

21.3 41.7

41.7

DesignStrength
Vn Fy z b t

Vn 0.9 36 ksi 0.315 8 in 0.375 in


Vn 28.9 kips

WeldAnalysis
Elastic Procedure
Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
Comparison of in-plane C shape
Elastic Vector Method - EVM
Instantaneous Center Method ICM

ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)
Stress at each point
calculated by mechanics of
materials principals

fx
fy
fz
fr

Px
Aw
Py
Aw
Pz
Aw

Mzy
Ip
Mzx
Ip
Mx y
I xx

Myx
I yy

fx2 fy2 fz2

ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)
Weld Area ( Aw ) based on effective throat
For a fillet weld:

Aw

a
2

lw

Where:
a = Weld Size
lw = Total length of weld

InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)
Deformation Compatibility Solution
Rotation about an Instantaneous Center

InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)
Increased capacity
More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
Utilizes element vs. load orientation

General solution form is a nonlinear integral


Solution techniques
Discrete Element Method
Tabular Method

ICMNominalStrength
An elements capacity within the weld group is based
on the product of 3 functions.
Strength
Angular Orientation
Deformation Compatibility

Rn
j

f g h

Strength,f

f 0.6 FEXX Aw

Aw - Weld area based on effective throa

AngularOrientation,g
Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force
and weld axis approach 90o
Rj R g

g 1.0 0.5sin

3
2

DeformationCompatibility,h
u
h

rcritical

0.209 2

0.32

1.9 0.9

0.3

r
rcritical

0.32
0.209 2
a

Where the ultimate element deformation u is:

u 1.087 6

0.64

a 0.17a

ElementForce

3
2

Rn 0.6FEXXAw 1.0 0.5sin


j

r
r

u
u

rcritical
rcritical
1.9 0.9

0.32
0.32

0.209 2
a
0.209 2
a

0.3

Where: r and are functions of the unknown location of


the instantaneous center, x and y

EquationsofStatics
F

IC

Number of
Elements

Rn Pn 0
yj

j1

Number of
Elements

j1

Rn rj Pn e r0 0
j

TabulatedSolution
AISC LRFD 3rd Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12
Vn = CC1 Dl
Where:
D =
C =
C1 =
l =

number of 16ths of weld size


tabulated value, includes
electrode strength factor
weld length

ComparisonofMethods
Page 6-47:

CorbelDesign
Cantilever Beam Method
Strut Tie Design Method
Design comparison
Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut Tie Method

Embedded Steel Sections

CantileverBeamMethodSteps
Step 1 Determine maximum allowable shear
Step 2 Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 Compare results against minimum
Step 6 Calculate shear steel requirements

CantileverBeamMethod
Primary Tension Reinforcement
Greater of Equation A or B
a
h
Vu Nu
d
d

1 2Vu

Eq. B As
Nu
fy 3 e

1
Eq. A As
fy

Tension steel development is critical both in the column and


in the corbel

CantileverBeamMethod
Shear Steel

Ah 0.5 As An
Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d

CantileverBeamMethodSteps
Step 1 Determine bearing area of plate
Step 2 Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 Calculate truss forces
Step 4 Design tension ties
Step 5 Design Critical nodes
Step 6 Design compression struts
Step 7 Detail Accordingly

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 1 Determine of bearing area of
plate
Apl

Vu
0.85 f`c

0.75

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 2 Select statically determinate
truss
AC I provides
guidelines for
truss angles,
struts, etc.

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 3 Determine of forces in the truss
members
Method of
Joints or
Method of
Sections

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 4 Design of tension ties
As

Fnt
fy

0.75

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 5 Design of critical nodal zone
fcu 0.85 nf`c
where:
n = 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring
one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring
two or more ties

StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 6 Check compressive strut limits
based on Strut Shape
The design compressive
strength of a strut
without compressive
reinforcement
Fns = fcuAc
where:
= 0.75
Ac = width of
corbel
width
of strut

StrutTieAnalysisStepsCompression
StrutStrength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c


Where:
s function of strut shape / location
= 0.60bottle shaped strut
= 0.75, when reinforcement is provided
= 1.0, uniform cross section
= 0.4, in tension regions of members
= 0.6, for all other cases

StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 7 Consider detailing to ensure


design technique

CorbelExample

Given:
Vu = 80 kips
Nu = 15 kips
fy = Grade 60
fc = 5000 psi
Bearing area 12 x 6 in.

Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut Tie methods

Step1CBMCantileverBeamMethod(CBM)

h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = lp = 6 in.
From Table 4.3.6.1
Vumax 1000 A cr
2

196 kips 80 kips

1000 12 14 14
1000

Step2CBMTensionSteel

Cantilever Action
1
As
fy

a
h
1
Vu Nu
d
d
.75 60

1.18 in2

6
14
15
80

13
13

Step3CBMEffectiveShearFrictionCoefficient

1000 b h 1000 1 14 14 1.4


e

Vu
80
3.43 3.4
Use e 3.4

Step4CBMTensionSteel

Shear Friction

15

1 2Vu
1

As

u
fy 3 e
0.75 60

0.68 in2

2 80

3 3.4

Step5CBMAsminimum

As,min

f`c

5
0.4 b d
0.4 14 13
fy
60

0.61 in2

As based on cantilever action governs


As = 1.18 in2

Step6CBMShearSteel

15

Ah 0.5 As An 0.5 1.18

0.75 60

0.42 in

Use (2) #3 ties = (4) (0.11 in2) = 0.44 in2


Spaced in top 2/3 (13) = 8 in

Step1STStrutTieSolution(ST)
Determination of bearing plate size and protection
for the corner against spalling
Required plate area:

Abearing

Vu

0.85f`c

80

0.75 0.85f`c

25.1 in2
Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in2 > 25.1 in2

Step2STTrussGeometry
tan R=Nu / Vu = (15)/(80) = 0.19
l1 = (h - d) tanR + aw + (hc - cc)
= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.
l2 = (hc - cc) ws/2
= (14 - 2.25) - ws/2
= 11.75 - ws/2

Step2STTrussGeometry
Find ws
Determine compressive force,
Nc, at Node p:
Mm = 0
Vul1+Nud Ncl2=0 [Eq. 1]

(80)(17.94) + (15)(13) Nc(11.75 0.5ws) = 0


[Eq. 2]

Step2STTrussGeometry
Maximum compressive stress at the nodal
zone p (anchors one tie, n = 0.8)
fcu = 0.85nf`c = 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi
An = area of the nodal zone
= bws = 14ws

Step2STDeterminews,l2
From Eq. 2 and 3
0.014Nc2 - 11.75Nc - 1630 = 0
Nc = 175 kips
ws = 0.28Nc = (0.28)(175) = 4.9in
l2 = 11.75 - 0.5 ws
= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3

Step3STSolveforStrutandTieForces
Solving the truss mnop by
statics, the member forces
are:
Strut op
Tie no
Strut np
Tie mp
Tie mn

=
=
=
=
=

96.0 kips (c)


68.2 kips (t)
116.8 kips (c)
14.9 kips (t)
95.0 kips (t)

Step4STCriticalTensionRequirements

For top tension tie no


Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)

As

Fnt
fy

62

0.75 60

1.52in2
Provide 2 #8 = 1.58 in2 at the top

Step5STNodalZones
The width `ws of the nodal zone p has been chosen in
Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
The stress at nodal zone o must be checked against the
compressive force in strut op and the applied reaction, Vu
From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone p is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force Nc.
Nc is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.

Step6STCriticalCompressionRequirements

Strut np is the most critical strut at node p.


The nominal compressive strength of a strut
without compressive reinforcement
Fns = fcuAc
Where:
Ac = width of corbel width of strut

Step6STStrutWidth

Width of strut np
Strut Width

ws
o

sin(54.4 )

6.03 in

4.9
sin(54.4o )

Step6STCompressionStrutStrength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c


Where - bottle shaped strut, s = 0.60

fcu 0.85 0.6 1 5 2.55 ksi

Fns fcu Ac 0.75 2.55 14 6.03 161.5 kips

161 kips 116.8 kips

OK

Step7STSurfaceReinforcement

Since the lowest value of s was used,


surface reinforcement is not required
based on ACI 318 Appendix A

ExampleConclusion

Cantilever Beam Method

Strut-and-Tie Method

EmbeddedSteelSections

ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths

Concrete Capacity

Vc

0.85 f`c b l e
1 3.6e

le

ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths

Additional Tension Compression


Reinforcement Capacity
2 As fy

Vr

6e
1

4.8s

le

le

CorbelCapacity

Reinforced Concrete

Vn Vc VR
0.75

SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths
Flexure - Based on maximum moment in section;
occurs when shear in steel section = 0.0
Vn

Where:

Zs fy
a

0.5 Vu

0.85 f`c b

b = effective width on embed, 250 % x Actual


= 0.9

SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths

Shear

Vs 0.6fy h t
where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web

= 0.9

AnchorBoltDesign

ACI 318-2002, Appendix D, procedures


for the strength of anchorages are
applicable for anchor bolts in tension.

StrengthReductionFactor

Function of supplied confinement reinforcement

= 0.75 with reinforcement


= 0.70 with out reinforcement

HeadedAnchorBolts
No = CbsANCcrbed,N
Where:
Ccrb = Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
AN = Projected surface area for a stud or group
ed,N =Modification for edge distance
Cbs = Breakout strength coefficient
Cbs 2.22

f 'c
3

hef

HookedAnchorBolts
No = 126f`cehdoCcrp
Where:
eh = hook projection 3do
do = bolt diameter
Ccrp = cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)

ColumnBasePlateDesign
Column Structural Integrity
requirements 200Ag

CompletedConnectionExamples
Examples Based
Applied Loads
Component Capacity

Design of all components


Embeds
Erection Material
Welds

Design for specific load paths

CompletedConnectionExamples
Cladding Push / Pull
Wall to Wall Shear

Wall Tension
Diaphragm to Wall Shear

Questions?

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