ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

Dr. M.R.SWAMINATHAN
Assistant Professor
Internal Combustion Engineering Division
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-25.

PROPERTIES- contd.
CYCLE
A process (or a series of connected
processes) with identical end states is
called a cycle.
A cycle composed of two processes,
A and B.
all other thermodynamic properties
must also change

Other thermodynamic properties must also

change so that the pressure is a function of

volume as described by these two processes

2
P

Process
B

1
Process
A

EQUILIBRIUM
A system is said to be in
thermodynamic equilibrium if it
maintains
Thermal (Uniform Temperature)
Mechanical (Uniform Pressure)
Phase equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium.

QUASISTATIC PROCESS

Process proceeds in such a way that

the system remains infinitesimally
close to an equilibrium state at all
times, it is called a quasistatic,
or quasi-equilibrium process

QUASISTATIC PROCESS
Quasi- equilibrium process can be
viewed as a sufficiently slow process
that allows the system to adjust itself
internally so that properties in one
part of the system do not change any
faster than those at other parts

QUASISTATIC PROCESS

QUASISTATIC PROCESS

ZEROTH LAW
Zeroth law was first formulated and
labeled by R. H. Fowler in 1931
Two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same
temperature even if they are not in
contact.

HEAT
Heat is defined as the form of
energy that is transferred between
two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a
temperature difference.
Heat is energy in transition.

HEAT
Heat is energy in transition. It is
recognized only as it crosses the
boundary of a system
The potato contains energy, but
this energy is heat transfer only as
it passes through the skin of the
potato (the system boundary) to
reach the air, as shown in figure.

HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT

HEAT

INTERNAL ENERGY
Energy possessed by the molecules
by the virtue of its temperature
Higher the temperature higher is the
internal energy possessed by the
medium ( solid / liquid/ gas )
Internal energy is zero at absolute zero

INTERNAL ENERGY-contd.
Internal energy is the sum of all
microscopic forms of energy of a
system.
Internal energy will be highest for gas
phase and minimum for the solid phase

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
There are many thermodynamic
processes in practice.
In each of the processes we
normally allow one of the
properties to remain a constant
during a process.

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

Isobaric
Isochoric
Isothermal
Polytropic
Adiabatic
Isentropic

(P=c)
(V=c)
(T=c)
(PVn=c)
(PV=c)
(PV=c)

WORK
Work, like heat, is an energy
interaction between a system and
its surroundings.
Energy can cross the boundary of
a closed system in the form of heat
or work.

WORK
Work is the energy transfer
associated between a system & the
surrounding in the absence of any
temperature difference.
An example is the work done in
expansion of a piston assuming
there is no temperature difference
between
the
cylinder
and
surroundings

WORK contd.

Displacement work (pdV work)

Force exerted, F= p. A
Work done dW= F.dL= p. A dL= p.dV
If the piston moves through a finite
distance say 1-2,Then work done has to be
evaluated by integrating
dW= pdV

DISPLACEMENT WORK

FLOW WORK
Open systems involves flow of mass
in and out of the system unlike
closed system
Energy associated with pushing
mass or volume of a gas in or out of
the system is called FLOW WORK or
FLOW ENERGY

FLOW WORK contd.

FLOW WORK is always associated
with open systems or a stream of
liquid or gas which is in motion
Flow work is given by
p1v1- p2v2 or simply as pv

TYPES OF WORK

Stretching of a wire
Electrical Energy
Work of a reversible chemical cell
Work in stretching of a liquid surface
Work done on elastic solids
Work of polarization and magnetization

HEAT & WORK TRANSFER

All our efforts are oriented towards
how to convert heat to work or vice
versa:
Heat to work
Work to heat

Thermal power plant

Refrigeration

HEAT AND WORK

Heat and work are directional

quantities.

WORK INTERACTION
Work done by a system or work given by a
system is considered + ve
e.g work
supplied by turbine
Work done on the system or work supplied
to system is considered ve
e.g compressor or pump

HEAT INTERACTION
Heat supplied to the system is
considered + ve
e.g heat supplied to boil water in a boiler
Heat rejected by a system is considered
ve
e.g condenser of a thermal power plan t

HEAT AND WORK

POINT & PATH FUNCTIONS

Both heat and work are path functions
They depend only on the path of travel
and not on end states or end points
BOTH HEAT AND WORK ARE PATH
FUNCTIONS (INEXACT DIFFERENTIAL)

POINT & PATH FUNCTIONS

Properties like pressure , temperature
depend only on end state
They are POINT FUNCTIONS & are
known as EXACT DIFFERENTIALS.

All Exact differentials are property of

a system

HEAT & WORK SIMILARITY

Heat and work are energy transfer
mechanisms between a system and
its surroundings.
Systems possess energy, but not
heat or work.
Both are recognised at the
boundaries of a system as they
cross the boundaries.
Both are path functions

WORK INTERACTION
Consider
following
example

the

An electric oven
heat
by
a
heating element

HEAT INTERACTION
Consider the
same
example
An electric
oven heat by
a
heating
element