DYNAMICS OF MACHINES

By
Dr.K.SRINIVASAN,
Professor,
AU-FRG Inst.for CAD/CAM,
Anna University
BALANCING
OF
RECIPROCATING MASSES

SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE

IN-LINE ENGINES3 , 4 ,5, 6 cylinders are Common
V-ENGINES 4, 6, 8,10, 12 ,16
with 6 & 8 being popular
RADIAL ENGINES-

Four cylinder inline engine crank arrangement

Ring
gear

6-cylinder inline engine

Crank arrangement

V-six engine crank arrangement

Effect of Inertia forces in a SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:

mA r

due to rotating part

A
2

O2

B4

1
main bearing

mA r

m BA B

Cylinder wall

inertia force due to revolving

masses

[mB r 2 (cos + cos 2 / n + . )]

-inertia force due to reciprocating masses

F23
F32

3
Tg

F21
F43
F12

F41

Shaking force, F

x
21

Shaking couple , T

mBAB

x F41

Forces on the frame of the engine

Shaking force, F

x
21

Shaking couple , T

mBAB

x F41

shaking force

Shaking force, F

Forces of
shaking couple

x
21

Shaking couple , T

mBAB

x F41

y
A
F21y
F21
F21x

=t
O2

1
main bearing

B 4

x
F 14

F21x unbalanced inertia force along the line of

stroke
F21y & F 14 - unbalanced couple on the engine
cylinder

unbalanced force, F

x
21

mBAB

= mB {r 2 (cos + cos 2 / n + . )}
= mB {r 2 cos } + mB r 2 {cos 2 / n }
Primary disturbing
force

unbalanced couple , T

secondary disturbing
force

x F41 = x F

y
21

m A r

Fy

F21

piston inertia force

Fx

=F

x
21

+ m A r 2 cost

= mB r 2 {cos t + cos 2 t / n} + m A r 2 cost

F

= m A r 2 sint

Can be fully balanced

(due to rotating masses)

mA

Secondary
Imaginary crank

mB

mB= piston mass

r/4n

=t
F21x

O2

m A - mass at crank radius representing revolving masses

of the crank shaft
m B - imaginary mass at crank radius equal to
reciprocating masses

x
21

= mB r 2

{cos t} + mB r 2 {cos 2 t / n}

mB r 2
mB
balancing force

=t

b B r B 2 cos t
1

mB r 2cos t
Primary disturbing
force

b B r B 2
b B r B 2 sin t

this force to line stoke not balanced

b B r B = mB r
for 100 %Balancing along the line of stroke

Example :
Data given :
Engine
: Single cylinder oil engine
Stroke
: 375 mm
speed
: 300 rpm
Mass of the reciprocating parts : 68 kg
Revolving parts
: 81.5 kg at crank radius
Radius at which balance
mass to be introduced at 180 o : 150 mm
Nature of balancing to be obtained : whole of the revolving parts
&
one-half of the reciprocating parts
To find :

1. required balancing mass

2. Residual unbalanced force on the main bearing

Solution :
The total equivalent revolving mass at
crank radius which has to be balanced = 81.5 + 68 X 0.5
= 115.5 kg
@ (375/2) mm radius
We have. M b X r b = 115.5 X (375 /2)
Where

M b is the balancing mass

& r b is radius of the balancing mass

Balancing mass @ 150 mm radius

= 115.5 X (375 /2) / 150

= 144.375 kg

Contd..

Calculation of residual unbalanced force :

= (2 X X 300 ) /60
=31.4 rad /s
Unbalanced force parallel to the line of line of stroke
( due to reciprocating mass)
F parallel = [ X {68 2 r cos }]

Unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of line of stroke

( due to reciprocating mass)
F perpendicular = [ X {68 2 r sin }]

Total unbalanced force ,F = X 68 2 r

= X 68 X 31.4 2 X 0.1875
= 6,286 N

Balancing
web

Engine specifications:
one - cylinder
four - stroke
Bore

: 75 mm

Stroke : 88.5 mm
l / r

: 3.5

rpm

: 3400

: 5 kg

:2.1 kg

=43.2 k N

Variation of unbalanced force

with crank rotation

Engine fully balanced for revolving masses

and
Unbalanced for reciprocating masses

(4.27 kg
at 44 mm)

=14.9 kN
Unbalanced force on the engine
with exact balancing

Partially balanced
for reciprocating masses

(6.4 kg at 44 mm)

=7.5 kN

unbalanced force on the engine

with over balancing

=14.9 k N
=43.2 k N

30o- 40o

Speed
3400 rpm
=12.75 k N

Forces on the main pin

at various balancing conditions

Effect of crank balancing on the shaking force

Unbalanced
Exact balancing
overbalanced

Unbalanced
Exact balancing
overbalanced

Effect of crank balancing on the shaking force

Effect of crank balancing on the main pin force

Extended con.rod
Beyond crankpin

Engine piston

OFFSET TYPE OPPOSED PISTON ENGINE

MULTI CYLINDER IN-LINE ENGINES:

Common crank shaft
driven by number of connecting rods
Angular interval between successive cranks ,
(2 / n) in the case of 2-stroke engine
(4 / n) in the case of 4-stroke engine
Where n is the number of cylinders
firing order influences balancing condition

Effect of unbalanced inertia forces due to reciprocating masses:

Line of stroke

Couple effect

Condition for complete balance of primary disturbing forces

In a multi cylinder in line engines

Q
Line of stroke
b

a
c

Q
ml

End view
of the
cranks

f
h

Line of stroke
rotated

Line of stroke