THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 21
Digestion

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

Overview of the digestive system & how it is
organized
How products are moved and the role of digestive
secretions
How and where food is broken down and
absorbed
How digestive wastes are concentrated and
eliminated
How digestion is regulated in the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract
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Processes of the Digestive System: Overview

Ingestion
Digestion:
enzymatic
Motility
Secretion
Absorption
Elimination
(Self protection)
Figure 21-1: Processes of the digestive system
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Digestive Anatomy: Overview

Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Fundus
Body
(rugae)
Antrum
pyloris
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Chemical and mechanical digestion in the mouth

Saliva
Lubricates and softens food
Salivary amylase
Breaks down starches into smaller carbs
Mechanical digestion; mastication
Protection
Lysosomes and immunoglobulins kill viruses
and bacteria.
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Figure 21-17: Integration of secretion in the stomach

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Intestinal Phase: ENDOCRINE RESPONSE

The pyloric sphincter
sends chyme into the
duodenum in spurts.
Acidic chyme in the
duodenum stimulates
hormone release into the
blood of:
Secretin,
cholecystokinin, GIP

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Digestive Anatomy: Overview

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Figure 21-2a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Digestive System

More Digestive Anatomy

Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Pancreas
Liver
Large intestine
Colon
Rectum
Anus
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Digestive Anatomy: Histological Overview

Stomach wall
Mucosa
Gastric glands
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
Small intestine wall
Vili & microvilli
Peyer's patches
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Digestive Anatomy: Histological Overview

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Figure 21-2c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Digestive System

Digestive Anatomy: Histological Overview

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Figure 21-2e: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Digestive System

Motility: Smooth Muscle Contractions

Tonic support
Phasic move
products
Parastalsis
moves
Segmentation
mixes

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Figure 21-4: Contractions in the GI tract

Digestive Secretions:
(7 L / Day From Tissues into Lumen)
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Water
Enzymes
Mucus
Ions: H+, K+, Na+

HCO3-, Cl-

Mass Balance (H2O)

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Figure 21-5: Daily mass balance in the digestive system

Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrate foods

Long polymers
Enzyme hydrolysis
Amylase
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
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Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates

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Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion

Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates

Disccharides
Monosccharides
(Absorption)

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Chemistry of Digestion: Proteins

Proteins enzyme
hydrolysis amino acids
Enzymes: endopeptidases
& exopeptidases

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Figure 21-7: Endopeptidases and exopeptidases

Chemistry of Digestion: Fats

Bile emulsification to small fat droplets

Enzymes: lipases, colipases & phospholipases
Triglycerides monoglycerides & free fatty acids

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Chemistry of Digestion: Fats

Figure 21-8: Fat digestion

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Regulating Digestion: CNS and Enteric Nervous

System (ENS)

Long (cephalic) reflexes: CNS, feed forward &

emotional reflexes
Short reflexes ENS ("little brain")
integration, motility & secretion: enzymes &
hormone/paracrine GI peptides

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Regulating Digestion: CNS and Enteric Nervous

System (ENS)

Figure 21-9: The enteric nervous system

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Phases of Digestion: Overview

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Figure 21-11: Overview of functions in different regions of the digestive system

Cephalic and Oral Phases of Digestion

Cephalic: anticipation of food
CNS ANS long reflex
Enteric cells short reflex
GI motility
GI secretions
Mouth: starts digestion
Grind, mix & liquefy
Saliva: water, enzymes, mucus & lysozyme
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Cephalic and Oral Phases of Digestion

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Figure 21-12: Long and short reflexes in the stomach

Swallowing reflex: Soft Palate & Esophagus

Deglutition
Epiglottis
Upper esophageal sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter
(heartburn)

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Swallowing reflex: Soft Palate & Esophagus

Figure 21-13: The swallowing reflex

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Gastric Phase: The Stomach

Storage
Digestion
HCl parietal C.
Lipase chief C.
Pepsin chief C.
Protect walls
HCO3 Mucus
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Secretion in the Stomach

Parietal cells pH-1

Chief cells inactive pepsinogen active pepsin
D cells somatostatin
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells histamine
G cells the hormone gastrin.
Mucuos cells mucus and bicarbonate

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Gastric Phase: The Stomach

Figure 21-17: Integration of secretion in the stomach

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Gastric Phase: The Stomach

Figure 21-15: The mucus-bicarbonate barrier of the gastric mucosa

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Regulation of the Stomach Digestive Activities

CNS cephalic input

ENS ANS integration w/hormones & paracrines

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Regulation of the Stomach Digestive Activities

Figure 21-17: Integration of secretion in the stomach

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Intestinal Phase: Reflexes Direct Digestive Action

Limit chyme entrance rate & motility

Neutralize HCl, add bile & enzymes

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Intestinal Phase: EXOCRINE RESPONSE

Pancreatic bicarbonate secretions

Secretin stimulates bicarbonate release.
Neutralize HCl, add bile & enzymes

Pancreatic exocrine enzyme secretions

CCK stimulates pancreatic release of inactive enzymes
Figure 21-20

Liver adds bile via gall bladder

CCK stimulates gall bladder contraction
Bile; a non-enzyme
Bile salts
Act as detergents
Bilirubin
cholesterol
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Intestinal Phase: Pancreatic Secretions

Enzymes
HCO3 Insulin
Glucagon

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Figure 21-18: The intestinal phase of gastric function

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Intestinal Phase: Pancreatic Secretions

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Figure 21-19: The hepatic portal system

Intestinal Phase:
Liver-Nutrient Storage & Conversions

Bile secretion
Hepatic portal system directs absorbed nutrients

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Intestinal Phase:
Liver-Nutrient Storage & Conversions

Figure 21-24: Carbohydrate absorption

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Intestinal Phase:
Carbohydrate Digestion & Absorption

Hydrolysis to simple sugars

Absorption: transport
Na+/ glucose symport
Fructose GLUT
To ECF capillary

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Figure 21-23: Bile salts

Lets remember what fat is. . .

Phospholipids
Triglycerides
cholesterol

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Intestinal Phase: Fat Digestion & Absorption

Hydrolyzed to small peptides, dipeptides, &

amino acids
Membrane transport: H+, Na+ cotransports &
transcytosis
To ECF then into capillary

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Intestinal Phase: Fat Digestion & Absorption

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Figure 21-26: Fat digestion and absorption

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Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine, H2O Absorption & Defecation

(Small intestine reabsorbs 7.5 L/day of water)

Large Intestine reabsorbs 1.4 L/day
Defecation Reflex: mass movement rectal
distension
internal sphincter (invol)
external sphincter (vol)

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Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine, H2O Absorption & Defecation

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Figure 21-27: Anatomy of the large intestine

Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine Digestion & Absorption

Bacterial digest significant amounts of complex

carbs and proteins through fermentation.
Most remaining water is reabsorbed

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Figure 21-28: NaCl reabsorption by colonocytes

Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine Digestion & Absorption
Bacterial
fermentation:
Vit. K , lactate &
buterate
Water and
electrolyte
secretion &/or
absorption

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Figure 21-28: NaCl reabsorption by colonocytes

Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine Digestion & Absorption

Figure 21-29: NaCl secretion by colonic crypt cells

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Digestive Health: Protection & Problems

Immune defense: M-cells, Peyer's patches,
lymphocytes
Irritable bowel disease chronic inflammation
Diarrhea: leads to dehydration (4 million
deaths/yr)
Osmotic-solutes prevent H2O reabsorption
Secretory- bacterial toxins ("flush out'
pathogens)
Vomiting (emesis) can lead to alkalosis
Ulcers- H. pylori
"heart-burn" acid reflux disease
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Summary

Processes of digestion: ingestion, digestion,

absorption, secretion, motility, reabsorption &
defecation
Anatomy of digestion: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus
(pancreas & liver)

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Summary

Enzyme hydrolysis of carbohydrates, proteins,

lipids and nucleic acids provide the nutrients,
absorbed & conducted to liver for storage and
conversion
Regulation from CNS (long reflex) and ENS (short
reflex) integrate hormones & paracrines to
coordinate digestion

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