Modeling type :

Deterministic model.
Stochastic model.

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Deterministic Model :
This method gives us only one realization with high probability
of success after studying the area and reaching the proper
conceptual model.

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Stochastic model :

This method gives us a lot of realizations with low probability of success by

geostatistical methods Like krigging and co-krigging , Always theres no enough

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What is Geostatistics ?
Geostatistics can be regarded as a collection of
numerical techniques that deal with the
characterization of spatial attributes, employing
primarily random models in a manner similar to the
way in which time series analysis characterizes
temporal data.
(Olea, 1999)

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What is Variogram ?
its the model that define the relationship between x and y and
understanding why this happens so we know the link between
the data and the theory.
It turns the uncertainty to determination.

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What is Variogram ?
The mathematical definition of the variogram is :

Z(x,y) : is the value of the variable of interest at location (x, y).

E [ ] : is the statistical expectation operator.
( ) : is a function of the separation between points ,
(Dx,Dy) and not a function of the specific location (x, y).
N(Dx, Dy) : equal the number of pairs.

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Variogram Modeling :
Fit the experimental variogram with the
predefined mathematical model :

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Variogram Modeling :
Range :
Is the distance after which the
variogram
levels off.
The distance of values that
affected each other at which the
variogram reach the sill and after
that there is no change (fixed).
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Variogram Modeling :
Nugget :
Is the y-intercept of the variogram.
Its the measurement of error caused by :
1. Value.
2. Location.
3. Sparse data.

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Variogram Modeling :
Sill :
The maximum variability between
pairs of points.

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Variogram Modeling :
Automated variogram modeling:
An automatic procedure helps in calculating the optimal
sillsonce the set of basic structures has been specified.
The variogram model is initialized with an intelligent
automatic fitting in each direction and for each variable,
from a given combination of basic structures.

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Variogram Modeling :
When dealing with a single variable:
an omnidirectional experimental variogram if the
phenomenon is isotropic.

multi-directional experimental variograms if the data is

anisotropic.

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Variogram Modeling :
In the multivariate case:
simple (omni or multi-directional) variograms for each one of
the involved variables.

(omni or multi-directional) cross-variograms for any pair of

variables.

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Variogram Types :
Simple :
1. Spherical model.
2. Exponential
model.

Complex
models :
1. Nested model.
2. Anisotropic
model.
3. Zonal model.

3. Gaussion model.
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4. Mattern model.
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Selecting the variogram

model type :

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Selecting the variogram

model type :
Each variogram type has
different slopes which affect
the variability of the reservoir.
The more variable is the
exponential model with very
heterogeneity sandstone
reservoir and the lower
variable is Gaussian with
homogenous sandstone
reservoir.
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