Chapter 12:

Perkembangan Fizikal & Kognitif

Awal Dewasa (20-40 tahun)

Questions To Ponder
Think about your own less-than-ideal health
habits. What rationalizations do you use to
justify them to yourself?

Kefungsian Fizikal
Jenis Penuaan
Definisi
Primary aging/ senescene (Penuaan
Primer):Proses kemerosotan badan
sepanjang hayat yg berlaku secara
beransur-ansur dan tidak dapat dielakkan
Secondary aging (Penuaan sekunder):
Proses penuaaan yg boleh dicegah (spt dari
penyakit & amalan kesihatan yg tidak sihat)

Penuaan Sekunder
-

Adalah produk pengaruh persekitaran, habit

kesihatan @ penyakit.

Kajian 18 40 thn jarang mati kerana

penyakit (Hoyert et. al., 2006)

Umur berinteraksi dgn kelas sosial

semakin berumur semakin berbeza kelas
sosial (Sweden, Ireland, England)

Emerging Adulthood (18-25yrs) : Period in which

individuals experiment with options prior to taking on
adult roles
Emerging adulthood has become a distinct period of the life course for
young people in industrialized societies. It is a period characterized by
change and exploration for most people, as they examine the life
possibilities open to them and gradually arrive at more enduring choices in
love, work, and worldviews. Not all young people experience their late
teens and twenties as years of change and exploration, even in
industrialized societies. Some lack the opportunities to use those years as
a volitional period; others may be inclined by personality or circumstances
to limit their explorations or to seek a relatively early resolution to them.
Nevertheless, as scholars we can characterize emerging adulthood as a
period when change and exploration are common, even as we recognize
the heterogeneity of period and investigate this heterogeneity as one of
emerging adulthood's distinguishing characteristics (Jeffery Jensen
Arnett, 2000)

The Brain and Nervous System

Awal Dewasa

Pecutan pertumbuhan otak (frontal lobe 17-22yrs) pg

373.

Response inhibition cortex mengawal sistem limbik(mid

late 20s) (mengawal bah emosi) pg 373 4.

Penghasilan neuron baharu di bah otak tertentu

(persekitaran kondusif membantu)

Gradual loss of speed (kadar tembakan saraf

beransur2 perlahan)

tahap neuron beransur2 berubah kehilangan

dendrites

Otak & Sistem Nervous

Awal Dewasa
Kemahiran Fizikal umum
Better physical skills on all measures when
compared to older adults (Stronger, Faster,
Better immune systems, Better eyesight
Quicker adaptation)
Kekuatan memuncak di usia 20an & awal
30an
Gaya kehidupan aktif mempengaruhi
kefungsian

Questions To Ponder
Think of elite athletes. When are they in their
prime: gymnastics, swimming, weight-lifting,
baseball, football, golf, and tennis? What
does this tell us about aging?

Sistem2 badan yg lain

Awal Dewasa
Jantung & Paru-paru
Penurunan sistematik dgn umur
pengambilan oksigen maksimum (Maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2max))
Reflek kesan kumulatif drp gaya hidup tidak
aktif
Aerobic exercise can improve VO2max at
nearly any age

Sistem2 badan yg lain

Awal Dewasa
Kapasiti Pembiakan (Reproductive
Capacity)
Womens reproductive capacity begins to
drop in mid-20s ( highest at late teens &
early 20s & drop thereafter)
Mens capacity diminishes (berkurangan) but
remains intact (tdk terjejas)

One of the key physical changes

over the years of adulthood is
increasing susceptibility to
disease.

Physical Functioning
Early Adulthood
Kefungsian Imun Sistem
Central to aging process
Largest in adolescence, then shrinks
Lower functioning leads to less-effective T cells
Declines in immune system may be primary aging or may
be secondary aging in response to stress or
depression.
Thymus gland and bone marrow produce B cells and
T cells
B cells produce antibodies to fight off external threats
T cells defend against internal threats, such as
transplanted organs, cancer cells, and viruses

So how many healthy/unhealthy habits

did you identify?

Health and Wellness

Health Habits and Personal Factors
Healthy Habits

 Kajian longitudinal (1965 1974 1983)

kesan pelbagai habit kesihatan, kesihatan &
ketidakupayaan di California (1965)
Data kajian pertama (1974) 5 drp 7 habit
kesihatan berkait dgn risiko kematian
Hanya 2 habit (snacking & eating breakfast)
tdk berkait dgn risiko kematian
Mrk yg ada hbit kesihatan negatif melaporkan
lebih byk ketidakupayaan & simptom penyakit

Kehidupan tdk aktif awak dewasa berisiko/

mendedahkan seseorng kpd penyakit berbahaya
spt diabetes apabila meningkat umur

Kajian longitudinal di Sweden (1996)

mengesahkan perkaitan antara latihan fizikal &
risiko kematian yg rendah.

Nurses Health Study longitudinal study

semakin rendah BMI wanita (nurses) semakin
rendah risiko thdp kematian.

Kesimpulan
Kesemua kajian longitudinal menunjukkan pilihan cara
hidup di awal dewasa mempunyai kesan kumulatif.
Cth: pemakanan tinggi kolestrol akan bertambah
semakin umur meningkat TETAPI proses diet blh
mengurangkan/ mengatasi kolestrol.
Begitu juga kesan merokok blh diatasi sebaik shj
individu berhenti merokok

Habit Kesihatan & Faktor Peribadi

Sokongan Sosial
lowers risk of disease, death, and
depression
May boost immune system functioning
Kawalan diri
Self-efficacy
Internal locus of control

Questions To Ponder
How aggressively do you protect yourself from
an STD? How would you handle a partner
that balks at using protection or your use of
protection?

Health and Wellness

Kecelaruan Kebimbangan & Mood
Top Two!

Anxiety

Depression
(10% of 18-24 yr olds)

Disorders
Most common mental
disorder are those
associated with fear and
anxiety
Second most common
types are problems
associated with moods

Sekian
Terima Kasih