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IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION

AND CONTROL OF VIBRATION


EXPOSURES IN INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENT

SREEJESH.K
M.Sc Industrial
Hygiene & Safety
Dept. EHE, SRMC

VIBRATION
It is an oscillatory motion of a system

PARAMETERS OF VIBRATION

1 FREQUENCY
2 AMPLITUDE
3 ACCELERATION
4 RESONANCE

FREQUENCY
THE NUMBER OF CYCLES THAT A VIBRATING
OBJECT COMPLETES IN ONE SECOND IS
CALLED FREQUENCY. THE UNIT OF FREQUENCY
IS HERTZ (HZ).

One hertz = one cycle per second.

AMPLITUDE
IT IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE STATIONARY
POSITION TO THE EXTREME POSITION ON
EITHER SIDE AND IS MEASURED IN METRES (M).

the intensity of vibration depends on AMPLITUDE

ACCELERATION
IT IS A MEASURE OF HOW QUICKLY SPEED CHANGES
WITH TIME AND THEREFORE, ACCELERATION IS
EXPRESSED IN METRES PER SECOND SQUARED
(M/S2).

RESONANCE
EVERY OBJECT TENDS TO VIBRATE AT ONE
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY THAT DEPENDS ON
THE COMPOSITION OF THE OBJECT, ITS SIZE,
STRUCTURE, WEIGHT AND SHAPE. THIS
FREQUENCY OF NATURAL VIBRATION IS
CALLED THE RESONANT FREQUENCY.

VIBRATION EXPOSURE

HUMAN BODY AS A MECHANICAL


SYSTEM

CONTACT WITH A VIBRATING MACHINE


TRANSFERS VIBRATION ENERGY TO A PERSON'S
BODY. THE EFFECT OF VIBRATION EXPOSURE
ALSO DEPENDS ON THE FREQUENCY OF
VIBRATION.
1) SEGMENTAL VIBRATION
2) WHOLE BODY VIBRATION

SEGMENTAL VIBRATION
(SV)

Exposure affects an organ, part or "segment"


of the body.
Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
Examples
Chain saws Operators
Operators of Jackhammers, jack leg
drills etc.

WHOLE BODY VIBRATION


(WBV)

Energy enters the body through a seat or the


floor, it affects the entire body or a number of
organs in the body.
Exposed groups include operators of trucks,
buses, tractors and those who work on
vibrating floors.

EXAMPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL VIBRATION EXPOSURE

Industry

Type of Vibration

Common Source of
Vibration

Boiler making

Hand-arm

Pneumatic tools

Construction

Whole body
Hand-arm

Foundries

Hand-arm

Heavy equipment
vehicles
Pneumatic tools,
Jackhammers
Vibrating cleavers

Mining

Whole body
Hand-arm

Vehicle operation
Rock drills

Sheet Metal

Hand-arm

Stamping Equipment

EVALUATION
of
VIBRATION
in
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

STANDARS FOLLOWED
A)
ISO 8041: Human response to vibration
Measuring instrumentation
B)
ISO 2631-1: Mechanical vibration and shock -Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body
vibration
C)
ISO 2631-2: Evaluation of human exposure to
whole-body vibration
D)
ISO 5349: Mechanical vibration -- Guidelines for
the measurement and the assessment of human
exposure to hand transmitted vibration
E)
ISO 10819: Mechanical vibration and shock -Hand-arm vibration -- Method for the measurement
and evaluation of the vibration transmissibility of gloves
at the palm of the hand

The exposure assessment is based on the


measurement of
ACCELERATION
FREQUENCIES
DURATION OF EXPOSURE

Normally acceleration is considered as a


measure of vibration exposure

Hand-Grip Force For HAVs

A typical vibration measurement system


includes
1) A vibration pick-up device
2) An amplifier ,
3) An analyzer,
4) A metering device

VIBRATION PICKUPS

ACCELERATION PICK-UPS
VELOCITY PICK-UPS
DISPLACEMENT PICK-UPS

ACCELERATION PICK-UPS
(accelerometer)

Single degree-of-freedom device which


converts the acceleration aspect of motion
into a proportional electrical signal
Linear Acceleration
Angular Acceleration

PREAMPLIFER
The main reason in providing a preamplifier is,
1 ) To amplify the weak o/p Signal from the
accelerometer
2) To transform the high o/p impedence of the
accelerometer to a lower acceptable value

ANALYZERS
Usually Frequency Analyzers are used,
1) Constant Bandwidth Analyzers
2) Constant Percentage Bandwidth-type Analyzers

NB :- FREQUENCY SPECTRA ANALYZERS

METERING DEVICE (vibration


recorders)
1) Strip-Chart Recorder
2) Vibration Meter
3) Oscilloscope

FIELD MEASUREMENT

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN FIELD


MEASUREMENT

1) Estimating the Type and Level of Vibration


2) Selection of Vibration Transducer
3) Placement of Vibration Transducer
4) Mounting of Accelerometer
5) Avoid Ground Loop phenomenon
6) Calibration of the entire system

GROUND LOOP PHENOMENON

Ground Loop is formed

Ground Loop is eliminated recommended practice

CONTROL of VIBRATION

In priority order;
1) Eliminate where possible
2) Use control measures
3) Protect all those exposed to the hazard

1) Plant, equipment or machinery not to exceed


2.5m/sec2 under normal working conditions.
2) Vibration Assessment for the plant followed by
a phasing out programme for plant, equipment
and machinery with high vibration levels (e.g.
higher than 4m/sec2).
3) All plant, equipment and machinery to be
regularly inspected and maintained .

ENGINEERING CONTROL
Isolating the disturbance from the radiating
surface
Reducing the response of the radiating
surface.
Reducing the mechanical disturbances
causing the vibration

ISOLATING THE DISTURBANCE


1) Use of flexible connectors for piping,
electrical and ductwork.
2) Anchoring the machine enclosures to the
floor.
3) Avoiding the Rocking

REDUCTION OF SURFACE
RESPONSE
DAMPING
1. By means of Interface Damping
2. Application of a layer of material with
high internal losses over surface of the
vibrating element.
3. Designing of Sandwich Structures

REDUCTION OF MECHANICAL DISTURBANC

1) Proper balancing of Rotating Machinery


2) Reducing response of equipments to a driving
3) Proper maintenance of machinery

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS

Anti-Vibration Gloves
G-Suites

The ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for exposure of


the hand to vibration in X, Y, or Z direction

Total Daily Exposure


Duration (hours)

Maximum value of
frequency weighted
acceleration (m/s2) in any
direction*

4 to less than 8 hours

2 to less than 4 hours

1 to less than 2 hours

less than 1hour

12

EMPLOYEE EDUCATION
Training programs are an effective means of
heightening the awareness of HAVS in the
workplace. Training should include proper use
and maintain vibrating tools to avoid unnecessary
exposure to vibration. Vibrating machines and
equipment often produce loud noise as well.
Therefore, training and education in controlling
vibration should also address concerns about
noise control.

Than
k You

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