3

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

2
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

1
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

upliftment
Recognizing Irony
Determining the Authors Purpose
Recognizing the Non-English Words
Listening to Identify Major Ideas

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

RECOGNIZING
IRONY
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

What is IRONY?
It is the use of words to convey
a meaning that is the opposite
of itsliteral meaning.
It always implies some sort of
discrepancies between what is
true and what is not true.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Kinds of IRONY
Dramatic
Situational
Verbal
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

DRAMATIC IRONY
In dramatic irony the discrepancy
is between the speaker says and
what his listeners think. Also the
tension arises from the
incongruity between what the
audiences knows and what the
characters in the story dont
know.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

For example, in Keeleys recent novel Dance

Amongst Fishes, the puffer fish community
decides that they must force the main
character, Angelo the Shark, to leave the area
to preserve peace and prosperity. Angelo,
unaware of the towns decision, reports to his
recent
trip to to
town
wife
Honey,about
I feel likeaI am
finally beginning
be accepted by the other
Puffers . Yesterday when I went into town, I had a long talk with the
mayor about my alleged consumption of citizens episode. We had lunch,
and several respected town elders to join us. Dear, the mayor, he looked
to me . . . And he looked at me with those big puffy eyes, he put a fin on
my shoulder, and I was so happy! The mayor touched me, a shark, with his
fin.

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

The incongruity between the audiences

knowledge and Angelos reaction to the
Puffers behavior creates irony; even
though
the mayor made a gesture of kindness to
him.
Angelo will still be asked to leave. Angelo
is
ignorant of the cruel bigotry fueling the
Puffers weak-souled effort to drive out
the
Shark family simply because they are
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

SITUATIONAL IRONY
Is when there is a discrepancy between
actual circumstances and those that would
seem appropriate, or between what one
anticipates and what actually comes to
pass. And the tension rises from the
incongruity between the characters
location or activity and something the
audience knows about the character, such
as something the character has done in
the story so far, or a character which has
already revealed.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

For Example, situational irony on

TV might show an co-villan who
has been destroying the clam
environment in a certain bay. In
the final climactic scene, a huge
load of clams falls on with him
during a chase through the clam
processing plant and he is
smothered.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

It is ironic that the very victim

of the villans designs, the
lowly clam, should be the
ultimate cause of his death.

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

VERBAL IRONY
Verbal irony occurs when an
author says something which
he does not believe and then
expects the reader to
recognize the discrepancy
between what he believes
and what he says.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

For example, consider the following passage,

taken from How I Came to Rock by William
Buckley, an articlein which he discusses
responses to his unfavorable review of the
Beatles. truth and beauty, I picked out one
To manifest
letter to reply to, because I found it so
wonderfully direct, and eloquent. Dear Mr.
Buckley, the young lady wore from San Francisco.,
you are ratty, lousy, stinky, crummy idiot. P.S. You
are too crummy to be called a person. After an
exchange of four or five progressively amiable
letters, I came upon the final effusiveness of the
human spirit. It was Christmas time, and my new
girlfriend sent me by registered mail. A square
inch of a white cloth from. . . the sheet on which
Ringo Starr had slept while at St. James Hotel.
Thus did the Lord melt the heart of the Pharaoh.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

When we see such a lofty

introduction with descriptive phrases
like truth and beauty, and
wonderfully direct, and eloquent in
juxtaposition with the actual letter,
we realize that Mr. Buckley is being
ironic. He does not actually believe
that the letter is wonderfully direct,
and eloquent; rather he is being
ironic for comic effect.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Types of verbal irony

Sarcasm
is a bitter form of irony intended to
mock someone, without any attempt to
instruct or to change things.
Example:
I just love criticism. When people
criticizes me, I feel warm inside. Im glad
that many people in this office are so
generous with their criticism.

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Types of verbal irony

Satire

is a form of irony in which A work or

manner blends a censorious attitude with
humor and wit for improving human
institutions or humanity. Satirists attempt
through laughter not so much to tear down as
to inspire remodeling. The word satire
literally means a dish filled with mixed fruits
Addison defined the term this way: the satirist
passes over a single foe to charge whole
armies. In fact, much of satire attacks literary
forms and ideas which the author considers to
be wrong or pass.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

 One example from The Tatler concerns the

undue e extravagance of ladies fashion
and its absurdity.It is impossible to
describe all the execution that was done
buy the shoulder-knot, while that fashion
prevailed, or to reckon up all the virgins
that have fallen as a sacrifice to a pair of
fringed gloves. A sincere heart has not
able head make so good a figure in a
womans company as a pair of red heels.
Gentle, but the direct and specific. This
reveals at once the good nature of the
writer and some of the absurdities of a
time or a culture.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Determining
the
authors purpose
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

DID YOU KNOW?

Authors often write for several reasons:

Many authors write to entertainpeople and m

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

When we read, it is important

for us to understand:

Why the piece was

written"
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Carefully read each paragraph below and decide why the

author wrote this piece. Click on your choice below each
question.

Joe had been fishing for over two hours without

a single bite. Suddenly there was a nibble at
the end of his fishing line. He stood up on the
boat and leaned out too far. Just then there
was a sharp yank on the line. Joe fell
overboard and landed head first into the water.
Joe and his friends laughed and laughed.

>> 0

>>

Inform

Persuade

Entertain
1

>>

>>

>>

>>

Carefully read each paragraph below and decide why the

author wrote this piece. Click on your choice below each
question.

The giant panda is a bearlike animal that has

thick white fur with black markings on its ears,
limbs, shoulders, and around its eyes. The giant
panda feeds on bamboo forests at high altitudes in
western China. It also eats bulbs, roots, eggs, and
some small mammals. The cubs are born in late
winter. The giant panda is an endangered species
and is protected by the Chinese government.

>> 0

>>

Inform

Persuade

Entertain
1

>>

>>

>>

>>

Other methods on determining

the Authors Purpose
Read the Authors Biography
Picture the action and imagine
characters playing the part
Think about what the
characters says
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Recognizing
non-english
words
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

English is most dominant language in

the world today, but, throughout
history, it has borrowed heavily from
other languages, particularly Latin
and French. Below is a list of words
which have been borrowed from
other languages but have become
part of our day to day English
vocabulary.

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

nine COMMONLY USED

ENGLISH WORDS OF INDIAN
ORIGIN
WORD

MEANING

Bungalow

Is a type of building and common features of many

bungalows include verandas and being low-rise.

Cheetah

Is a large feline inhabiting most of Africa and parts of Iran.

Dacoit

one of a class of criminals in India and Burma who rob and

murder in roving gangs

Guru

a religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism

Jungle

a tropical forest where plants and trees grow very thickly

Khaki

a yellowish-brown color

Loot

goods usually of considerable value taken in war

Pajama

clothing that people wear in bed or while relaxing at home

Thug

a violent criminal

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

TEN COMMONLY USED ENGLISH

WORDS OF ARABIAN ORIGIN
WORD

MEANING

Algebra

a branch of mathematics that uses numbers and letters that

represent numbers.

Assassin

Is a large feline inhabiting most of Africa and parts of Iran.

Harem

a house or part of a house in which the women of a Muslim

household live

Mattress

a cloth case that is filled with material and used as a bed

Safari

a journey to see or hunt animals especially in Africa

Sofa

a long and comfortable piece of furniture on which a person can

sit or lie down

Sultan

a king or ruler of a Muslim state or country

Sherbet

a frozen sweet dessert made from fruit or fruit juices

Tariff

a list of prices charged by a hotel or restaurant for meals,

rooms, etc., or by a public company for gas, electricity, etc.

Zero

the number 0

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

TEN COMMONLY USED ENGLISH WORDS OF Chinese

ORIGIN
WORD

MEANING

Chi

Air

Chow

To eat

Feng Shui

a Chinese system for positioning a building and the objects within a

building in a way that is thought to agree with spiritual forces and to bring
health and happiness

Guang Ho

extremely excited and enthusiastic about doing something

Ketchup

a thick sauce made with tomatoes

Kung Fu

a form of fighting without weapons that was developed in China : a

Chinese martial art

Lychee

the fruit of an Asian tree that has a hard outer covering and a seed
surrounded by sweet flesh; also : the tree that produces this fruit

Silk

a smooth, soft, and shiny cloth that is made from thread produced by
silkworms; also : the thread that is used to make silk

Tea

a drink that is made by soaking the dried leaves of an Asian plant in hot
water

Tofu

a soft, white food made from soybeans and often used in vegetarian
cooking instead of meat

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

TEN COMMONLY USED ENGLISH WORDS OF

African ORIGIN
WORD

MEANING

Banana

a long curved fruit with a thick peel that is yellow when it is ripe

Chimpanzee

an intelligent animal that is a type of ape and that lives mostly in

trees in Africa

Cola

a carbonated soft drink colored usually with caramel and flavored

usually with extracts from kola nuts

Dengue

an acute infectious disease caused by a flavivirus transmitted by

aedes mosquitoes

Jamboree

a large gathering of Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts

Jumbo

a very large specimen of its kind

Mumbo Jumbo

confusing or meaningless words or activity

Voodoo

a person who deals in spells and necromancy

Zebra

an African animal that looks like a horse and has black and white
stripes covering its body

Zombie

a dead person who is able to move because of magic according to

some religions and in stories, movies, etc.

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

IDENTIFYING
MAJOR IDEAS

>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

 Identifying major ideas can help students build

knowledge and awareness of how texts are
structured and how ideas within a text are related.
Identifying the major idea or ideas in a text can
present a challenge for readers. Not every text
provides a neat hierarchy or clear sequence of ideas.
To identify a texts most significant points, students
often need to retrieve information and summarize it.
They may also need to use other strategies, such as
inferring the texts purpose. Teachers and even the
author himself can show students how to identify and
clarify the main points in a text by modeling how to
formulate questions for example, during in-depth
discussion of a text in guided reading or when
helping students to form intentions in their writing.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

 It may be helpful to first explain what the major

idea isnot. It is not the information obtained
during the introduction to the text when the
title, headings, illustrations etc. are briefly
considered, and linked to background
knowledge, prior to reading. Although these
text features are often useful in scaffolding
readers towards finding the major idea, on their
own, they are not enough. Readers need to
explore the text at a deeper level in order to
confirm or put aside any tentative thoughts
about the major idea that the text introduction
may prompt.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

 The major idea is the most important element

of a paragraph or selection. It is the focus of
the text. Details are sentences that tell about
the main idea. Details are small pieces of
information. Facts are small pieces of
information that can be proven true. Readers
are able to determine the major points of
information provided. They distinguish the
relative importance of various pieces of
information. Readers recall details from a
selection, use details to visualize ideas, and
use facts to support conclusions, predictions,
and responses. Students collect details and
facts that support major ideas. They identify
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

 What does it look like?

An example of students identifying major ideas
from a text
Too Bigwent very well with my little group of new
entrants. They all understood the child's problem of
growing out of clothes. The repetitive sentence
structure, regular placement of text, and clear links
between pictures and text supported their reading,
and high-frequency words were reinforced. They
could interpret the feelings of the characters, both
from text and illustration, and liked the fact that the
cat reflected the child's dismay. The warm ending left
them feeling happy. Discussion brought out
considerable critical thinking, especially about how
the problem of being too big might be solved. They
enjoyed writing their own "I am too big for..." story.
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

Questions that help students identify main

ideas and supporting details:
Based on the title, what do you think the article will
be about?
What do you think is the BIG IDEA of this article? Of
this paragraph?
What two words would you use to describe the gist
of the paragraph? selection?
Which details helped you picture . . .?
What details from the selection support this
hypothesis?
When students read, they think about what most of
the sentences are describing. Is there one sentence
that describes the main idea for this topic?
What was the focus of this reading selection?
>> 0

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>