Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
6B Enzymes
Introduction to Enzymes
How Enzymes Work
Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to
Understanding Mechanism
Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
Regulatory Enzymes
Regulation by Reversible
Covalent Modification
The Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues that are typically phosphorylated
in regulatory proteins occur within common structural motifs, called
consensus sequences, that are recognized by specific protein
kinases. For example the important kinase, protein kinase A,
recognizes Ser/Thr residues in the consensus sequence -x-R-[RK]x-[ST]-B-, where B is any hydrophobic amino acid (Table 6-10,
not shown). Some proteins, such as glycogen synthase (Fig. 6-37),
have consensus sequences recognized by several different protein
kinases. In some cases, phosphorylation is hierarchical: a certain
residue can only be phosphorylated if a neighboring residue has
already been phosphorylated. Glycogen
synthase, for example, is not a substrate
for glycogen synthase kinase 3 until one
site has been phosphorylated by casein
kinase II. Some phosphorylations inhibit
glycogen synthase more than others, and
some combinations of phosphorylations
have a cumulative effect on activity. The
multiple regulatory phosphorylations
provide the potential for finely tuned
modulation of enzyme activity by
controlling signals, such as hormones.