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Module 10
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
Thorndikes law of effect
states that behaviors followed by positive
consequences are strengthened, while behaviors
followed by negative consequences are
weakened
Skinners operant conditioning
focuses on how consequences (rewards or
punishments) affect behaviors)
1920s and 1930s gave learning a mighty jolt with
the discovery of two general principles
Pavlovs classical conditioning
Skinners operant conditioning
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
Consequences
consequences are contingent on behavior
Reinforcement
consequence that occurs after a behavior and
increases the chance that the behavior will occur
again
Punishment
consequence that occurs after a behavior and
decreases the chance that the behavior will occur
again
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
refers to the presentation of a stimulus that
increases the probability that a behavior will
occur again
positive reinforcer is a stimulus that increases
the likelihood that a response will occur again
Negative reinforcement
refers to an aversive stimulus whose removal
increases the likelihood that the preceding
response will occur again
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
Reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
stimulus such as food, water, or sex, that is
innately satisfying and requires no learning on
the part of the subject to become pleasurable
Secondary reinforcers
any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing
power through experience; secondary
reinforcers are learned, such as by being
paired with primary reinforcers or other
secondary reinforcers
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
Punishment
Positive punishment
refers to presenting an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus after a response
Negative punishment
refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after
a response
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Skinners contributions
Schedule of reinforcement
refers to a program or rule that determines how
and when the occurrence of a response will be
followed by a reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
every occurrence of the operant response
results in delivery of the reinforcer
Partial reinforcement
refers to a situation in which responding is
reinforced only some of the time
COGNITIVE LEARNING
Three viewpoints of cognitive learning
against: B. F. Skinner
Skinner said, As far as Im concerned, cognitive
science is the creationism (downfall) of
psychology.
in favor: Edward Tolman
explored hidden mental processes
cognitive map
a mental representation in the brain of the layout
of an environment and its features
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Definition
Biological factors
refer to innate tendencies or predispositions
that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds
of learning
Imprinting
refers to inherited tendencies or responses that
are displayed by newborn animals when they
encounter certain stimuli in their environment