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Introduction
Copyright 2006
Pearson
Inc., publishing
8/26/16
Dr.
C.Education,
Gerin,
3430as Benjamin
fromCummings
Marieb
Major Endocrine
Organs
Figure 16.1
Introduction
Travel in bloodstream
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Suprarenal glands
Pancreas
Reproductive glands
Heart
Kidney
Adipose cells
Digestive tract
RH
Production of ADH,
oxytocin, and regulatory
hormones SRH IRH
Melatonin
Parathyroid Glands
Hypophysis=Pituitary Gland
SH
Heart
Natriuretic peptides:
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
Brain natriuretic
peptide (BNP)
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)
Kidney
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
(Chapters 19 and 26)
Thymus
(Undergoes atrophy
during adulthood)
Adipose Tissue
Thymosins
Leptin
Resistin
Suprarenal Glands
Digestive Tract
Numerous hormones CCK,
(detailed in Chapter 25)
Pancreatic Islets
Testis
Insulin, glucagon
Gonads
Testes (male):
Androgens (especially
testosterone), inhibin
Ovaries (female):
Estrogens, progestins,
inhibin
Ovary
Figure Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland and Its Subdivisions$$$$$
Mamillary
body
Third
Median
ventricle eminence
HYPOTHALAMUS
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Diaphragma
sellae
Pars
tuberalis
Pars
distalis
Adenohypophysis
(anterior lobe)
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe)
Pars
intermedia
Sphenoid
(sella turcica)
HYPOTHALAMUS
Secretion of
regulatory hormones
to control activity of
pars distalis (anterior
lobe) of pituitary gland
Production
of ADH and
oxytocin
Control of (sympathetic)
output to suprarenal
medullae
Preganglionic
motor fibers
Suprarenal gland
Medulla
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe)
of pituitary gland
Pars distalis
(anterior lobe)
of pituitary gland
Hormones secreted
by pars distalis of
pituitary gland
control other
endocrine organs
Release of
ADH and
oxytocin*
Secretion of
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
10
11
The Adenohypophysis = SH
13
14
Mamillary
body
HYPOTHALAMUS
IAN E
D
C
ME NEN
I
EM
Optic
chiasm
Capillary
Beds
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
OF PITUITARY GLAND
Infundibulum
15
Hypothalamus
Direct Release
Direct Control Indirect Control Through Release
of Hormones
by Nervous
of Regulatory Hormones
System
Sensory Osmoreceptor
Regulatory hormones are released into
the hypophyseal portal system for delivery
to the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Medulla
Adenohypophysis of
pituitary gland
stimulation
ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH
MSH
ADH
stimulation
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Posterior lobe
of pituitary gland
ADH
Suprarenal
gland
ACTH
Cortex
TSH
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Liver
Thyroid
gland
GH
Kidneys
Oxytocin
PRL
MSH
FSH
Males: Smooth
muscle in ductus
deferens and
prostate gland
LH
Somatomedins
Females: Uterine
smooth muscle and
mammary glands
Glucocorticoids
(cortisol,
corticosterone)
Bone, muscle,
other tissues
Thyroid
hormones (T3, T4)
Mammary
glands
Inhibin
Ovaries
of female
Testes
of male
Testosterone
Estrogen
Melanocytes (uncertain
significance in healthy
adults)
Progesterone
Inhibin
16
CONCLUSION
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
DISTANT ACTION
17
Lacrimal gland
Eye
Ciliary ganglion
PONS
N VII
N IX
Salivary glands
Submandibular
ganglion
Otic ganglion
N X (Vagus)
Heart
Lungs
Autonomic plexuses
(see Figure 17.9)
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Large intestine
Pelvic
nerves
Small intestine
Rectum
Spinal
cord
S2
Kidney
S3
S4
KEY
Preganglionic neurons
Ganglionic neurons
Uterus
Ovary
Copyright
2006
Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8/26/13
Dr. C.
Gerin,
Anat227
Penis Scrotum
18
Urinary bladder
Eye
PONS
Salivary
glands
Sympathetic nerves
Superior
Cervical
sympathetic
ganglia
Middle
Heart
Inferior
Gray rami to
spinal nerves
Postganglionic fibers
to spinal nerves
(innervating skin, blood
vessels, sweat glands,
arrector pili muscles,
adipose tissue)
T1
T1
T2
T2
T3
T3
T4
T4
T5
T5
T6
T6
T7
T7
T8
T8
T9
T9
T10
T10
T11
T11
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
T12
L1
L1
L2
L2
Lesser
splanchnic
nerve
L4
L5
S1
S2
S5
S
S4 3
Spleen
Pancreas
Large intestine
Lumbar
splanchnic nerves
L3
L3
L4
Sympathetic
chain ganglia
Lung
Celiac ganglion
T12
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Greater
splanchnic
nerve
Small intestine
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Suprarenal
medulla
Sacral
splanchnic
nerves
Kidney
Spinal cord
KEY
Preganglionic neurons
Ganglionic neurons
Coccygeal
ganglia (Co1)
fused together
(ganglion impar)
Uterus
Ovary
Penis Scrotum
19
Urinary bladder
Hypothalamus
releases TRH
Homeostasis
Disturbed
Decreased T3 and
T4 concentrations
in blood or low
body temperature
TRH
Anterior
lobe
Pituitary
gland
HOMEOSTASIS
Anterior
lobe
Normal T3 and T4
concentrations,
normal body
temperature
Adenohypophysis
releases TSH
TSH
Homeostasis
Restored
Increased T3 and
T4 concentrations
in blood
Thyroid
gland
Thyroid follicles
release T3 and T4
Copyright
2006
Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8/26/13
Dr. C.
Gerin,
Anat227
20
Hormones
Hormone Action
Second messengers:
Regulatory G proteins
Steroid hormones
Stimulate mitosis
Adenylate cyclase
Hormone B
2
Receptor Gs
Catecholamines
ACTH
FSH
LH
Glucagon
PTH
TSH
Calcitonin
GTP
GDP
GTP
GTP
GTP
GTP
2
GDP
ATP
GTP
Gi
Receptor
cAMP
5
Inactive
protein
kinase A
Active
protein
kinase A
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2
2
Receptor Gq
Catecholamines
TRH
ADH
GnRH
Oxytocin
GTP
GTP
GTP
GDP
Phospholipase C
PIP2
5
Inactive
protein
kinase C
IP3
Triggers responses
of target cell
5
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm
Active
protein
kinase C
Ca2+
Ca2+- calmodulin
Figure 16.3
Steroid Hormones
Steroid
hormone
Cytoplasm
Steroid Receptorhormone
chaperonin
complex
Receptor-hormone
complex
Molecular
chaperones
Binding
Hormone
response
elements
Chromatin
Transcription
mRNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Ribosome
Translation
New protein
Figure 16.4
Rate of secretion
Degrading enzymes
The kidneys
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Figure 16.5a
Neural Stimuli
Preganglionic sympathetic
nervous system fibers
stimulate the adrenal medulla
to secrete catecholamines*
NA, A
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Noradrenalin__Noradrenaline.svg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Adrenalin__Adrenaline.svg
Figure 16.5b
Hormonal Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli$$$$
Figure 16.5c
Figure 16.6
Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationships:
Posterior Lobe
The posterior lobe is a downgrowth of
hypothalamic neural tissue
Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationships:
Anterior Lobe
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an
outpocketing of the oral mucosa
Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationships:
Anterior Lobe
PLAY
Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationships:
Anterior Lobe
Figure 16.6
Adenophypophyseal Hormones
Figure 16.7
Gonadotropins
Functions of Gonadotropins
In females
Functions of Gonadotropins
In males
Prolactin (PRL)