Hill Architecture of Kashmir Valley

HILL ARCHITECTURE OF
KASHMIR VALLEY
Submitted to :
Dr. Minakshi Jain
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION
GEOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
VEGETATION
JHELUM WATERFRONT
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
J&K is the top most state of
India.
It is surrounded by Himalayas,
with China on one side &
Pakistan &POK on the other.
It basically comprises of three
districts:
Jammu: mainly a plain area.
Kashmir: mainly a valley area.
Ladakh: mainly a hilly area (hill
desert).
Kashmir, also known as the
paradise on land and is famous
for its hillsides, excellent water
bodies , its rich culture, Mughal
gardens, Shikaras, House
boats, Handloom Industry, its
mouth watering cuisine.
LOCATION
Map
POK
KASHMIR
LADAKH
CHINA
PAKISTAN
JAMMU
PUNJAB
HIMACHAL
Terrain map
* The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh
while thePir Panjalrange, which encloses the valley from

the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains
of northern India.
KASHMIR
VALLEY
PIR
GR
EA
TH
IMA
LA
YAS
R
PAN
JAL
MO
UNT
AIN
RAN
GE
AN
GE
GEOGRAPHY
* The main settlement(Srinagar) is located on both the sides
of theJhelum river. The river passes through the Srinagar
city and ends in theDal Lake.
* Jhelum river and Dal Lake are two main water bodies.
* The main Kashmir valley is 100km wide and
15,520.3km2in area.
Latitude
*.
Longitude
*.
DENSITY
* Thepopulationin Srinagar is 556 inhabitants /km2 while the
overall population density of the valley is 99 inhabitants
/km2.
ALTITUDE
* Average altitude of the valley is 1730 m above the
sea level.
CLIMATE
Srinagar has ahumid subtropical climate.
It is much cooler than what is found in much of the
rest of India, due to its moderately high elevation and

northerly position.
Winters are cool, with a January daily mean of10.0 C,
and temperature remains below freezing at night.
Moderate to heavy snowfall is expected in winters.
Summers are warm with a July daily mean of30.1 C.
The average annual rainfall is around 710 millimetres.
Spring is the wettest season while autumn is the
driest.
Highest temperature: 37 C
Lowest:14 C
Occupation
The main occupation of the people of Kashmir is Tourism followed by
Handloom industry, public sector & private sector.
VEGETATION
Forest cover spreads over 2,236 sq. kms.
It is 20% of the total geographical area of the state on this side of the Line
of Control.
More than 99% of forest area is confined to the province of Jammu &
Kashmir only.
Over 19,236 sq. kms. is under coniferous softwood (Pine) and 946 sq. kms.
under non-coniferous softwood. In the coniferous category.Fir accounts for
3355 sq. kms., Kail for 1874 sq. kms., Chir for 1773 sq. kms. and Deodar for
1122 sq. kms.
The valley of Kashmir has deciduous vegetation. The Chinar, Poplar, Deodar,
Fir, Pine, Kail, Partal, Mulbery, Walnut and other fruit trees grow
throughout the valley. Baramulla and Anantnag districts have respectively
71% and 60% of their areas under forests.
JHELUM WATERFRONT
The river Jhelum
played a very
important role in
the formation and
development of the
city of Srinagar.
The city has
developed at a
number of sites on
the banks of the
river and canals
formed by it. A
network of canals
extends through
the city structure
inward from the
rivers edge to the
edge of Dal lake.
Da
lL
ak
e
Srinagar
Ri
ve
r
Jh
el
um
SOURCE :ARCHITECTURE OF THE JHELUM WATERFRONT-SRINAGAR: IMAGES AND IMPRESSIONS - by NEERJA TIKU Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, Vol.1, No.1 (Jan-March
1997) ; GOOGLE.
* The spatial structure of the
city has evolved in harmony

with the water bodies and
the topography.
* The rivers edge is defined
by the buildings standing on

retaining walls rising out of
the water.
* The main movement spine
is formed by the river and

parallel streets on both
banks, connected across by
a series of bridges.
* Narrow cross lanes run
perpendicular to the river.
1997) ; GOOGLE.
TYPICAL DWELLING
The buildings were
generally three to four

storey high, with
basements contained
within the retaining
walls along the river
side.
The plans were
generally square so
that a minimum of
external walls were
exposed and heat was
conserved in the cold
winter.
Bay windows(dub) are
present overlooking
the river or main
street.The dub is
generally located on
the southern side so
that the sun was
available in winter.
1997) ; GOOGLE.
ARCHITECTURE STYLE
The oldest surviving examples of traditional
vernacular architecture in the city of Srinagar

dates back to early 19th Century.
This architectural style is solely represented by
the residences of the city and broadly falls into
two distinct categories; based on the structural
system involved. These two systems are:
Taq Construction
Dhajji-Dewari or Timber Braced (patch-quilt) System
TAQ CONSTRUCTION
In
this system of construction

2-3 ft. thick brick masonry piers
supporting wooden floor beams
formed the basic structural
system of the building.
The distance between two
brick piers used to be normally
around 3-4 ft and was known as
a taq.
The gap in between each taq
would be filled in with either a
window opening or brick
masonry.
The roof comprised a layer of
earth covering over birch bark
and wooden planks resting on
wooden rafters.
SOURCE World Housing Encyclopedia;an Encyclopedia of Housing Construction inSeismically Active Areas of the World by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and
International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE)
DHAJJI-DEWARI
CONSTRUCTION
The dhajji-dewari
construction is
based on a braced
timber framed
structural system,
in which normally
4-9 inch thick
brick or stone
masonry is used to
infill the gaps.
Normally this
system is limited
to upper floor
levels or attics
( kani ) of the
building.
Timber frame
Timber bracings used in

upper floors , ground floor is
made of just stone masonary.
Walls are plastered in
mud mortar.
Dhajji buildings are
typically 1-4 storeys tall
and the roof may be a
flat timber and mud roof,
or a pitched roof with
timber/metal sheeting.
The floors of these
houses are made with
timber beams that span
between walls.
Timber floor boards,
which span over the floor
beams, would
traditionally be overlain
by a layer of clay (or
mud).
SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND PLANNING

Most of the buildings constructed on the above
mentioned structural systems show a common

spatial arrangement and decorative elements.
The buildings can thus be subdivided into two
categories on the basis of plan form:
Square Plan
Linear Plan
Many of the traditional
buildings are based on a

square plan with the main
entrance opening into a
centrally located staircase
lobby.
The lobby is flanked by one
or two rooms on either side,
in ground as well as first
floor.
The space above entrance
in first floor in some cases
also encloses a projecting
wooden bay window (dub).
The second floor (kani)
normally comprises a single
large hall which can be
subdivided into three
smaller rooms whenever
required with the help of
partition screens.
* The entrance to these buildings was from a staircase lobby located

near one of the corners of the house.
* Many of the larger and more aristocratic houses, also known as

havelis comprise a linear, two or in certain cases three storey
buildings.
Lattice work
screens and
window shutters,
profusely carved
wooden brackets,
eaves board
(morakh patt),
pendants (dour)
are some of the
main architectural
elements
associated with
them.
ROOF
The second
floor is
surmounted
by a
cruciform
shaped attic
space.
THANK YOU
SUBMITTED BY :
ANUBHUTI 08608
JAI 08615
KOMIKA O8617
RUCHIKA 08624

Hill Architecture of Kashmir Valley

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HILL ARCHITECTURE OF

* The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh

while thePir Panjalrange, which encloses the valley from

rest of India, due to its moderately high elevation and

* The spatial structure of the

city has evolved in harmony

* The rivers edge is defined

by the buildings standing on

* The main movement spine

is formed by the river and

* Narrow cross lanes run

perpendicular to the river.

generally three to four

vernacular architecture in the city of Srinagar

this system of construction

Timber bracings used in

Walls are plastered in

SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND PLANNING

mentioned structural systems show a common

Many of the traditional

buildings are based on a

* The entrance to these buildings was from a staircase lobby located

* Many of the larger and more aristocratic houses, also known as

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