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Pipe Sizing
Avoid Oversizing & Under-sizing
Oversizing
High cost extra but unnecessary
Increase heat loss from distributing piping
Undersizing
Slow or even no water during peak
demand
Variation in temperature & pressure at
outlet (obvious in mixer for shower)
High noise level
3
Suppose the total effective length of the supply & return hot
water pipe length is 100 m ,steel insulated pipe. It is required to
size the return pipe size .
4.18 m 11 C 3Kw
m 0.0656 0.07 L / s
7
Pipe Insulation
rotand
vermin-proof,
fireresistant, light, easy to apply,
anti-weathering, durable and, in
addition possess good insulation
properties
and
low
thermal
conductivity.
Insulation
fiberglass
insulation
material could be
or
rubber
type
like armaflex which
10
Pipe Insulation
Reasons
Heat conservation.
Reduce noise.
Control
condensation.
Freeze prevention.
surface
Insulation Thickness
Thicknesses or insulation to be supplied and installed for the
various systems shall conform to the following table:
(Fiber glass thickness)
a. Conditioned air supply and return (ductwork)
1 1/2"
b. Refrigerant suction and liquid lines:
1/2"
c. Condensate drain pipes
1/2"
d. Acoustic duct liner.
1
e: Heating water pipes up to 1" diameter:
1"
f. Heating water pipes above 1 :
1 1/2"
g. Domestic hot water pipes:
1"
k. Boiler, water heater
2
L. Boiler breeching & steel chimney
2.1/2
12
Insulation Thickness
Instantaneous Or Semi-instantaneous
Types Of Heaters
13
3/4 of the total fixture units are used for hot water
Thermostat
Hot water
Drain
1.25 "
4 bar
Pressure Releif valve
Electrical
power
Temp.
1"
1"
3/4 of the total fixture units are used forc old water
Power
S .hc Kg T .
4.2 150 (65 10)
4.2 Kw
Heating time Efficiency
3 3600 0.75
Where Shc is the specific heat capacity of water ( 4.2 Kj/kg. K), Heating time or recovery period T = 3
hrs, The mass of water 150 Liters = 150 Kg., Temperature rise from 10 to 6514C.
Insulation efficiency is 75-80 %.
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19
20
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Maximum Demand
Is the peak value of the demand. The values Hot of
water demand are shown previously in table (W-2 ).
Demand Factor
Is the ratio of the maximum demand of the hot water
heating system to the total connected load or the
total of the individual requirements of all the fixtures
of the system.
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Lavatory
2 gph
gph
bathtub
20 gph
30 gph
20 gph
Shower
26
75 gph
27
28
or
semi-
Example
Suppose you have to calculate , the hot water storage capacity ,
the boiler power of an apartment house (building) having the
following data:
60 Lavatories , 40 kitchen sinks ,and 10 laundry 60 showers, and
40 dishwasher .
Step 1&2
The probable water demand are as follows:
From table HW-1;
Lavatories
= 60 x 2 gph
= 120 gph
Kitchen sink
= 40 x 10 gph
= 400 gph .
Laundry
= 10 x 20 gph
= 200 gph .
Shower
= 60 x 30 gph
= 1800 gph.
Dishwasher
= 40 x 15 gph
= 600 gph .
30
Example cont.
Step 3
The Maximum demand of the hot water demand is:
=((602gph)+ (6030gph)+ (4010gph) + (40 x 15 gph) +(10x 20 gph ))= 3120
gph.
Step 4
Building demand factor = 0.3 (from table HW-1 ).
Hourly heating capacity = (31200.3) = (936 gph)= 15.6 gpm.= 0.985 liter /sec
or 3546 L/hr.
Step 5
The required capacity of the storage tank is:
Usable capacity = 936 x 1.25 = 1170 gal i.e. (4429 liters)
[1.25 is the storage factor from table Hw-1]
Safety storage
Since only 70% of the tank is usable, so the actual tank capacity = (1170 / 0.7
gallon) = (1670 gallon) that is (6327 liters).
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Program
Given
60 Lavatories , 40 kitchen sinks ,and 10 laundry 60 showers, and 40
dishwasher
32
Program
33
Boiler
Power
Q (BTU/h)=GPM(60min/hour)T(8.3
1
Q (boiler in BTU/h) =
Wher gpm
T
lb/gal )
500
gpm
T1
= Calculated
water
demand in
= Temperature
difference
between
initial
gpm
(flow
& Fianal
rate
[ 20 F=11 C
Boiler Power
1 Kw = 860 Kcal/hr. = 3413 BTU/ hr.
1boiler Hp = 9.81 KW.
The required gross boiler power for heating water + overcome
the heat loss from pipe and boiler + the heat needed to rise the
initial water temperature ( Pick up ) is given by:
QBoiler = QT [1+ a + b]
QT = Calculated boiler power+ heating domestic water
a = additional heat coefficient to overcome the heat loss in the
pipe systems and boiler. [0.1]
b = additional heat coefficient to overcome the pick up period
[0.1 to 0.2] . The required gross output is then;
QBoiler = [1.2 or 1.3 ] QT
As mentioned before : for QT= 230 Kw ,
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Boiler Power
37
P T
BOILER
KW
P.R.V.
Hot woter
Q= gpm
h=6 m
FUEL Supply
Expansion Vessel
100 L
40
41
Example
Suppose we have a large flat having the following plumbing
fixtures estimate the circulated pump discharge in gpm :
4
4
2
4
2
showers
lavatories
bath tubes
bidet
sinks
Total
x 2 x 0.75
x 1 x 0.75
x 2 x 0.75
x 2 x 0.75
x 2 x 0.75
_________
= 21 FU
=
=
=
=
=
6
3
3
6
3
43
Circulating
pump 2
H.W. S
R.H.W.
H.W.Storage tank
H.W. S
R.H.W.
Circulating pump
C.W.S
44
= 60 x 1 x 0.75
= 45 Fus.
Kitchen sink
= 40 x 2 x 0.75
= 60 Fus .
Laundry
= 10 x 2 x 0.75
= 15 Fus .
Shower
= 60 x 2 x 0.75
= 90 Fus.
Dishwasher
= 40 x 1 x 0.75
= 30 Fus .
-----------------------Total
= 240 FU
45
P T
P.R.V.
H.W.Storage tank
H.W. S
R.H.W.
BOILER
Boiler
Circulating pump
FUEL Supply
Circulating pump
C.W.S
Expansion Vessel
T=20 F =11 C
Pump 1
46
In U.S.units
The GPM of the system Circulating pump ;
Q (BTU/h) GPM (60min/hour) T1 (8.3 lb/gal)
Q (gpm) Q (boiler in BTU/h) / (8.3 T1 60min/hour)
Q (boiler in BTU/h) /500 T1
In SI units
Power KW
Power Kw
227
Kg/sec
4.9 L/s
4.2 11
4.2 11
This is the discharge of the circulated pump 2, which circulate
the water from boiler-storage tank- Boiler
47
hA hL p
The elevation difference is not included .
The head loss due is determined from Darcy
equation or Hazzen William equation.
F = 1.8 C + 32 , C = 0.55 (F - 32)
48
Example
51
E (0.04 -0.06
52
eff
L Le
120 ft 36m
Leff 15 36 51m
hl 51 11m
100m
hA hst hl P
P is the surplus pressure required
to operates the fixture (shower)= 8 m
BAU 2012
5.61m
hA 6 5.61 8 7.6m
Q 19 gpm
53
Vacc e x Vs 0.04 Vs
Vacc Accepted volume Liters
Vs Total water volume in the heating system
54
(Boiler , Pipes & Radiators) in liters
Vtotal
Vs e
Pmin
1
Pmax
Pi = initial static pressure above the vessel i.e charge pressure (absolute) of
vessel. This pressure must not be lower than the hydrostatic pressure at
the point where the tank is connected to the system.
Pf= maximum operating pressure (absolute) of the relief (safety) valve,
taking into account any differences in level between the vessel and the safety
valve. (around 4 bar gage )
55
Example
Pi = initial static charge pressure
(absolute) of vessel. This pressure
must not be lower than the
hydrostatic pressure at the point
where the tank is connected to the
system
As a rule of thumb 13 liters for every 1000 w of
boiler output .
For Example 350 kW , water in the heating
water system W= 4500 Liters
Let say 15 m from technical floor to boiler room
P1= 15+10 =25 m (initial static charge pressure
(absolute value) that is 2.5 Bar
P2= around 4 bar gage +1 bar =5 Bar
Vtotal
W e
4500 x 0.04
350 liters
Pmin
2.5
1
1
Pmax
5
56
57
[in liters ]
T 12 C
The volume of the expansion tank with respect to its boiler power
Kcal/
hr.
20
000
30
000
60
000
100
000
200
000
Kw.
23
35
70
116
232
Volu
me L
50
75
100
150
200
58
Q Boiler (Kcal/h)
1000
[in mm]
Q = m C T
The relation between Water temp erature , flow rate , and
heat loss or gain is given below :
Q (BTU/h) gpm (60min/hour) TF (8.3 lb/gal) BTU/lb - F
Q (BTU/h) 500 GPM TF
The gpm of the system ;
gpm Q ( BTU/h) / 500 TF , [In U.S.units]
This eqauation can be used to determine the boiler power,
Radiator capacity , fan coil heating or cooling capacity.
60
Drawing Of Water
Distribution Systems
61
62
63
64
L L T
L = Amount of change in pipe length, mm
= Coefficient of linear expansion, mm/m. C ( for
(API ) PPr
= 0.15 mm/m C)
T= Temperature difference , C
L = is the original length of pipe m
For example : A 6 m copper pipe is subjected to
temperature difference of 50 C
Calculate the pipe expansion L :
65
L = 0.15 x 6 x 50 =45 mm
66
Ls 30 25 45 10 cm
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70
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76
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References
1Mechanical
&
electrical
equipment
for
Stein/Reynolds, Ninth edition, John Wiley, 2000.
buildings
by
engineering,
Mechanical
consulting
office,
applications,
.Lecture
Dr.
Ali
A. Hammoud
notes.
by
A.
7- Lowara catalogue
8- Plumbers & pipefilters , Calculations Manual by R. Dodge
Woodson.
9- Plumbing Design & practice by S G Deolalikar
10- fluidedesign Jacques Chaurette
12- Internet web sides
13- Faber & Kells Heating Air-conditioning of Buildings Ninth edition
78
India-2002
Questions
79
Thank You
80