Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Chapter 28
Chapter 28
Physical Optics:
Interference and Diffraction
Units of Chapter 28
Superposition and Interference
Youngs Two-Slit Experiment
Interference in Reflected Waves
Diffraction
Resolution
Diffraction Gratings
This diagram
illustrates the
numbering of the
fringes.
Destructive interference:
28-4 Diffraction
A wave passing
through a small
opening will diffract,
as shown. This means
that, after the opening,
there are waves
traveling in directions
other than the
direction of the
original wave.
28-4 Diffraction
Diffraction is why we can hear sound even though
we are not in a straight line from the source
sound waves will diffract around doors, corners,
and other barriers.
The amount of diffraction depends on the
wavelength, which is why we can hear around
corners but not see around them.
28-4 Diffraction
To investigate the
diffraction of light, we
consider what happens
when light passes
through a very narrow
slit. As the figure
indicates, what we see
on the screen is a
single-slit diffraction
pattern.
28-4 Diffraction
This pattern is due to the difference in path
length from different parts of the opening.
The first dark fringe
occurs when:
28-4 Diffraction
The second dark fringe
occurs when:
28-4 Diffraction
In general, then, we have for the dark fringes in a
single-slit interference pattern:
28-5 Resolution
Diffraction through a small circular aperture
results in a circular pattern of fringes. This
limits our ability to distinguish one object from
another when they are very close.
The location of the first dark fringe determines
the size of the central spot:
28-5 Resolution
Rayleighs criterion relates the size of the central
spot to the limit at which two objects can be
distinguished:
If the first dark fringe of one circular diffraction
pattern passes through the center of a second
diffraction pattern, the two sources responsible for the
patterns will appear to be a single source.
The size of the spot increases with wavelength,
and decreases with the size of the aperture.
28-5 Resolution
On the left, there appears to be a single source;
on the right, two sources can be clearly
resolved.
Summary of Chapter 28
When two waves are superposed, the result
may be either constructive or destructive
interference.
Monochromatic light consists of a single
frequency.
Coherent light maintains a constant phase
relationship.
Youngs two-slit experiment shows light and
dark interference fringes.
Summary of Chapter 28
Bright fringes:
Dark fringes:
Summary of Chapter 28
When a wave encounters an obstacle or
opening, it changes direction. This is called
diffraction.
When monochromatic light passes through a
narrow slit, a pattern of bright and dark fringes is
produced.
Dark fringes (W is the width of the slit):
Summary of Chapter 28
Resolution is the ability to distinguish closely
spaced objects. Diffraction limits resolution.
Rayleighs criterion: if two objects are separated
by less than the minimum angle, they cannot be
distinguished:
A diffraction grating is a large number of small
slits. Principal maxima: