Chapter 8 Overview

CCNA Security
Chapter Eight
Implementing Virtual Private Networks
2009 Cisco Learning Institute.
Lesson Planning
This lesson should take 3-4 hours to present
The lesson should include lecture,
demonstrations, discussions and assessments
The lesson can be taught in person or using
remote instruction
Major Concepts
Describe the purpose and operation of VPN types
Describe the purpose and operation of GRE VPNs
Describe the components and operations of IPsec VPNs
Configure and verify a site-to-site IPsec VPN with preshared key authentication using CLI
Configure and verify a site-to-site IPsec VPN with preshared key authentication using SDM
Configure and verify a Remote Access VPN
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the successful participant will
be able to:
1. Describe the purpose and operation of VPNs
2. Differentiate between the various types of VPNs
3. Identify the Cisco VPN product line and the security features of
these products
4. Configure a site-to-site VPN GRE tunnel
5. Describe the IPSec protocol and its basic functions
6. Differentiate between AH and ESP
7. Describe the IKE protocol and modes
8. Describe the five steps of IPSec operation
Lesson Objectives
9. Describe how to prepare IPSec by ensuring that ACLs are
compatible with IPSec
10. Configure IKE policies using the CLI
11. Configure the IPSec transform sets using the CLI
12. Configure the crypto ACLs using the CLI
13. Configure and apply a crypto map using the CLI
14. Describe how to verify and troubleshoot the IPSec configuration
15. Describe how to configure IPSec using SDM
16. Configure a site-to-site VPN using the Quick Setup VPN Wizard in
SDM
17. Configure a site-to-site VPN using the step-by-step VPN Wizard in
SDM
Lesson Objectives
18. Verify, monitor and troubleshoot VPNs using SDM
19. Describe how an increasing number of organizations are
offering telecommuting options to their employees
20. Differentiate between Remote Access IPSec VPN solutions and
SSL VPNs
21. Describe how SSL is used to establish a secure VPN
connection
22. Describe the Cisco Easy VPN feature
23. Configure a VPN Server using SDM
24. Connect a VPN client using the Cisco VPN Client software
What is a VPN?
Business Partner
with a Cisco Router
Mobile Worker
with a Cisco
VPN Client
CSA
VPN
Internet
Firewall
SOHO with a Cisco

DSL Router
VPN
WAN
VPN
Regional branch with

a VPN enabled
Cisco ISR router
Corporate
Network
- Virtual: Information within a private network is transported

over a public network.
- Private: The traffic is encrypted to keep the data
confidential.
7
Layer 3 VPN
IPSec
VPN
Internet
IPSec
SOHO with a Cisco DSL

Router
Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
IPSec
Types of VPN Networks

Remote-access
VPNs
Business Partner
with a Cisco Router
Mobile Worker
with a Cisco
VPN Client
CSA
MARS
VPN
Internet
SOHO with a
Cisco DSL Router
Site-to-Site
VPNs
Firewall
VPN
IP
S
WAN
VPN

a VPN enabled
Cisco ISR router
Iron Port
CSA
CSA
Web
Email
Server Server
CSA
CSA
CSACSA
DNS
Site-to-Site VPN
Hosts send and receive normal
TCP/IP traffic through a VPN gateway
Business Partner
with a Cisco
Router
CSA
MARS
VP
N
SOHO with a
Cisco DSL
Router
Site-to-Site
VPNs
Internet
Firewall
VPN
IP
S
WAN
VPN

a VPN enabled
Cisco ISR router
Iron
Port
CSA
CSA
Web
Email
Server Server
CSA
CS
CS A CS
A
A
DNS
10
Remote-Access VPNs
Remote-access
VPNs
Mobile Worker
with a Cisco
VPN Client
CSA
MARS
Internet
Firewall
VPN
Iron Port
IPS
CSA
CSA
Web
Server
CSA
Email
Server
CSA
CSA CSA
DNS
11
VPN Client Software
R1
R1-vpn-cluster.span.com
R1
In a remote-access VPN, each host

typically has Cisco VPN Client software
12
Cisco IOS SSL VPN

Provides remote-access
connectivity from any
Internet-enabled host
Uses a web browser and
SSL encryption
Delivers two modes of
access:
- Clientless
- Thin client
13
Cisco VPN Product Family

Remote-Access
VPN
Site-to-Site VPN
Cisco VPN-Enabled Router
Secondary role
Primary role
Cisco PIX 500 Series Security Appliances
Secondary role
Primary role
Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security

Appliances
Primary role
Secondary role
Cisco VPN
3000 Series Concentrators
Primary role
Secondary role
Home Routers
Primary role
Product Choice
14
Cisco VPN-Optimized Routers

Remote Office
Cisco Router
Main Office
Cisco Router
Internet
Regional Office
Cisco Router
SOHO
Cisco Router
VPN Features:
Voice and video enabled VPN (V3PN)
IPSec stateful failover
DMVPN
IPSec and Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS) integration
Cisco Easy VPN
15
Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive

Security Appliances
Central Site
Remote Site
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Business-to-Business
Remote User
Flexible platform
Cisco IOS SSL VPN
Resilient clustering
VPN infrastructure for

contemporary applications
Cisco Easy VPN

Automatic Cisco VPN
Integrated web-based
management
16
IPSec Clients
A wireless client that is loaded on a pda
Certicom PDA IPsec
VPN Client
Router with
Firewall and
VPN Client
Small Office
Internet
Cisco VPN
Software Client
Software loaded on a PC
A network appliance that connects SOHO LANs to the VPN

Cisco
AnyConnect
VPN Client
Internet
Provides remote users with secure VPN connections
17
Hardware Acceleration Modules

AIM
Cisco IPSec VPN Shared
Port Adapter (SPA)
Cisco PIX VPN
Accelerator Card+ (VAC+)
Enhanced Scalable
Encryption Processing
(SEP-E)
Cisco IPsec VPN SPA
18
GRE VPN Overview
19
Encapsulation
Encapsulated with GRE
Original IP Packet
20
Configuring a GRE Tunnel
Create a tunnel
interface
R1(config)# interface tunnel 0
R1(configif)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252
R1(configif)# tunnel source serial 0/0
R1(configif)# tunnel destination 192.168.5.5
R1(configif)# tunnel mode gre ip
R1(configif)#
Assign
the tunnel an IP address
R2(config)# interface tunnel 0
R2(configif)#
R2(configif)#
R2(configif)#
R2(configif)#
R2(configif)#
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252

tunnel source serial 0/0
tunnel destination 192.168.3.3
tunnel mode gre ip
Identify the source tunnel interface
Identify the destination of the tunnel

Configure what protocol GRE will encapsulate
21
Using GRE
IP
Only
?
User
Traffic
Yes
No
Use
GRE
Tunnel
No
Unicast
Only?
Yes
Use
IPsec
VPN
GRE does not provide encryption

22
IPSec Topology
Main Site
Business Partner
with a Cisco Router
Regional Office with a

Cisco PIX Firewall
IPsec
Perimeter
Router
POP
SOHO with a Cisco

SDN/DSL Router
Legacy
Cisco
PIX
Firewall
Legacy
Concentrator
ASA
Mobile Worker with a
Cisco VPN Client
on a Laptop Computer
Corporate
Works at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets.

- It is a framework of open standards which is algorithm-independent.
- It provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and origin authentication.
23
IPSec Framework
Diffie-Hellman
DH7
24
Confidentiality
Least secure
Most secure
Key length:
- 56-bits
Key length:
- 56-bits (3 times)
Diffie-Hellman
Key lengths:
-128-bits
-DH7
192 bits
-256-bits
Key length:
- 160-bits
25
Integrity
Least secure
Most secure
Key length:
- 128-bits
Diffie-Hellman
Key length:
- 160-bits)
DH7
26
Authentication
Diffie-Hellman
DH7
27
Pre-shared Key (PSK)
At the local device, the authentication key and the identity information (device-specific
Diffie-Hellman
information)
are sent through a hash algorithm to form hash_I. One-way
DH7authentication is
established by sending hash_I to the remote device. If the remote device can independently
create the same hash, the local device is authenticated.
The authentication process continues in the opposite direction. The remote device
combines its identity information with the preshared-based authentication key and sends it
through the hash algorithm to form hash_R. hash_R is sent to the local device. If the local
device can independently create the same hash, the remote device is authenticated.
28
RSA Signatures
At the local device, the authentication key and identity information (device-specific information)
are sent through the hash algorithm forming hash_I. hash_I is encrypted using the local
device's private encryption key creating a digital signature. The digital signature and a digital
certificate are forwarded to the remote device. The public encryption key for decrypting the
signature is included in the digital certificate. The remote device verifies the digital signature
by decrypting it using the public encryption key. The result is hash_I.
Next, the remote device independently creates hash_I from stored information. If the
calculated hash_I equals the decrypted hash_I, the local device is authenticated. After the
remote device authenticates the local device, the authentication process begins in the
opposite direction and all steps are repeated from the remote device to the local device.
29
Secure Key Exchange
Diffie-Hellman
DH7
30
IPSec Framework Protocols

Authentication Header
R1
All data is in plaintext.
R2
AH provides the following:

Authentication
Integrity
Encapsulating Security Payload

R1
Data payload is encrypted.
R2
ESP provides the following:

Encryption
Authentication
Integrity
31
Authentication Header
1. The IP Header and data payload are hashed
IP Header + Data + Key
R2
Hash
IP HDR
Authentication Data
(00ABCDEF)
IP HDR
AH
Data
Data
IP Header + Data + Key

3. The new packet is
Internet
transmitted
to the
IPSec peer router
2. The hash builds a new AH

header which is prepended
to theR1original packet
AH
Hash
Recomputed Received
Hash = Hash
(00ABCDEF)
(00ABCDEF)
4. The peer router hashes the IP

header and data payload, extracts
the transmitted hash and compares
32
ESP
Diffie-Hellman
DH7
33
Function of ESP
Internet
Router
Router
IP HDR
Data
New IP HDR
IP HDR
ESP HDR
IP HDR
Data
Data
ESP ESP
Trailer Auth
Encrypted
Authenticated
Provides confidentiality with encryption
Provides integrity with authentication
34
Mode Types
Data
IP HDR
Original data prior to selection of IPSec protocol mode
Transport Mode
IP HDR
Encrypted
Data
ESP HDR
ESP ESP
Trailer Auth
Authenticated
Tunnel Mode
New IP HDR
ESP HDR
Encrypted
IP HDR
Data
ESP ESP
Trailer Auth
Authenticated
35
Security Associations
IPSec parameters are configured using IKE

36
IKE Phases
R1
Host A
R2
Host B
10.0.2.3
10.0.1.3
IKE Phase 1 Exchange
1. Negotiate IKE policy sets
Policy 10
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
Policy 15
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
1. Negotiate IKE policy sets
2. DH key exchange
2. DH key exchange
3. Verify the peer identity
3. Verify the peer identity

Negotiate IPsec policy
37
IKE Phase 1 First Exchange

R1
Host A
R2
Negotiate IKE Proposals
10.0.1.3
Policy 10
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
IKE Policy Sets
Host B
10.0.2.3
Policy 15
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
Policy 20
3DES
SHA
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
Negotiates matching IKE policies to protect IKE exchange
38
IKE Phase 1 Second Exchange

Establish DH Key
Private value, XA
Public value, YA
YA = g XA mod p
Alice
YA
Private value, XB
Public value, YB
YB = g XBmod p
Bob
YB
XA
(YB ) mod p = K
XB
(YA ) mod p = K
A DH exchange is performed to establish keying material.
39
IKE Phase 1 Third Exchange

Remote Office
Authenticate Peer
Corporate Office
Internet
Peer
Authentication
HR
Servers
Peer authentication methods

PSKs
RSA signatures
RSA encrypted nonces
A bidirectional IKE SA is now established.

40
IKE Phase 1 Aggressive Mode

R1
Host A
R2
Host B
10.0.2.3
10.0.1.3
IKE Phase 1 Aggressive Mode Exchange
1.Send IKE policy set
and R1s DH key
Policy 10
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
3.Calculate shared
secret, verify peer
identify, and confirm
with peer
Policy 15
DES
MD5
pre-share
DH1
lifetime
2.
Confirm IKE policy

set, calculate
shared secret and
send R2s DH key
4.
Authenticate peer
and begin Phase 2.


41
IKE Phase 2
R1
Host A
10.0.1.3
R2
Negotiate IPsec
Security Parameters
Host B
10.0.2.3
IKE negotiates matching IPsec policies.

Upon completion, unidirectional IPsec Security
Associations(SA) are established for each protocol and
algorithm combination.
42
IPSec VPN Negotiation

10.0.1.3
R1
R2
10.0.2.3
1. Host A sends interesting traffic to Host B.

2. R1 and R2 negotiate an IKE Phase 1 session.
IKE SA
IKE Phase 1
IKE SA
3. R1 and R2 negotiate an IKE Phase 2 session.

IPsec SA
IKE Phase 2
IPsec SA
4. Information is exchanged via IPsec tunnel.

IPsec Tunnel
5. The IPsec tunnel is terminated.

43
Configuring IPsec
Tasks to Configure IPsec:
Task 1: Ensure that ACLs are compatible with IPsec.

Task 2: Create ISAKMP (IKE) policy.
Task 3: Configure IPsec transform set.
Task 4: Create a crypto ACL.
Task 5: Create and apply the crypto map.
44
Task 1
Configure Compatible ACLs
Site 1
AH
ESP
IKE
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
Site 2
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
Ensure that protocols 50 (ESP), 51 (AH) and UDP port 500 (ISAKMP)
traffic are not blocked by incoming ACLs on interfaces used by IPsec.
45
Permitting Traffic
AH
ESP
IKE
Site 1
10.0.1.3
10.0.1.0/2
4
Site 2
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
R1(config)# access-list 102 permit ahp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2

R1(config)# access-list 102 permit esp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2
R1(config)# access-list 102 permit udp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2 eq isakmp
R1(config)#
R1(config)# interface Serial0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 172.30.1.2 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# ip access-group 102 in
!
R1(config)# exit
R1#
R1# show access-lists
access-list 102 permit ahp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2
access-list 102 permit esp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2
access-list 102 permit udp host 172.30.2.2 host 172.30.1.2 eq isakmp
R1#
46
Task 2
Configure IKE
10.0.2.0/24
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
R2
R1
10.0.2.3
Internet
Site 1
Site 2
Policy 110
DES
MD5
Preshare
86400
DH1
Tunnel
router(config)#
crypto isakmp policy priority
Defines the parameters within the IKE policy
R1(config)# crypto
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
isakmp policy 110

authentication pre-share
encryption des
group 1
hash md5
lifetime 86400
47
ISAKMP Parameters
Parameter
Keyword
Accepted Values
Default
Description
Value
encryption
des
3des
aes
aes 192
aes 256
56-bit Data Encryption Standard

Triple DES
128-bit AES
192-bit AES
256-bit AES
des
Message encryption
algorithm
hash
sha
md5
SHA-1 (HMAC variant)

MD5 (HMAC variant)
sha
Message integrity
(Hash) algorithm
preshared keys
RSA encrypted nonces
RSA signatures
rsa-sig
pre-share
authenticati
rsa-encr
on
rsa-sig
group
1
2
5
768-bit Diffie-Hellman (DH)

1024-bit DH
1536-bit DH
lifetime
seconds
Can specify any number of

seconds
86,400 sec
(one day)
Peer authentication
method
Key exchange
parameters (DH
group identifier)
ISAKMP-established
SA lifetime
48
Multiple Policies
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
Site 1
R1(config)#
crypto isakmp policy 100
hash md5
!
hash sha
authentication rsa-sig
!
hash md5
Internet
10.0.2.3
Site 2
R2(config)#
hash md5
!
hash sha
!
hash md5
49
Policy Negotiations
R1 attempts to establish a VPN tunnel with
R2 and sends its IKE policy parameters
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
Site 1
10.0.2.0/24
10.0.2.3
Internet
Site 2
Policy 110
Preshare
3DES
SHA
DH2
43200
R1(config)# crypto
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R2
R1
Tunnel
isakmp policy 110

encryption 3des
group 2
hash sha
lifetime 43200
R2 must have an ISAKMP policy

configured with the same parameters.
R2(config)# crypto
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
isakmp policy 100

encryption 3des
group 2
hash sha
lifetime 43200
50
Crypto ISAKMP Key

router(config)#
crypto isakmp key keystring address peer-address
router(config)#
crypto isakmp key keystring hostname hostname
Parameter
keystring
peeraddress
hostname
Description
This parameter specifies the PSK. Use any combination of alphanumeric characters
up to 128 bytes. This PSK must be identical on both peers.
This parameter specifies the IP address of the remote peer.
This parameter specifies the hostname of the remote peer.
This is the peer hostname concatenated with its domain name (for example,
myhost.domain.com).
The peer-address or peer-hostname can be used, but must be

used consistently between peers.
If the peer-hostname is used, then the crypto isakmp
identity hostname command must also be configured.
51
Sample Configuration
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.2.0/24
Internet
Site 1
R1(config)# crypto
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(configisakmp)#
R1(config-isakmp)#
R1(config)# crypto
R1(config)#
10.0.2.3
Site 2
isakmp policy 110

encryption 3des
group 2
hash sha
lifetime 43200
exit
isakmp key cisco123 address 172.30.2.2
Note:
The keystring cisco1234 matches.
The address identity method is
specified.
The ISAKMP policies are compatible.
Default values do not have to be
configured.
R2
R1
10.0.1.3
R2(config)# crypto
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(configisakmp)#
R2(config-isakmp)#
R2(config)# crypto
R2(config)#
isakmp policy 110

encryption 3des
group 2
hash sha
lifetime 43200
exit
isakmp key cisco123 address 172.30.1.2
52
Task 3
Configure the Transform Set
router(config)#
crypto ipsec transformset transform-set-name
transform1 [transform2] [transform3]]
crypto ipsec transform-set Parameters
Command
transform-set-name
Description
This parameter specifies the name of the transform set
to create (or modify).
Type of transform set. You may specify up to four

"transforms": one Authentication Header (AH), one
transform1,
transform2, transform3 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) encryption, one
ESP authentication. These transforms define the IP
Security (IPSec) security protocols and algorithms.
A transform set is a combination of IPsec transforms that enact a

security policy for traffic.
53
Transform Sets
Host A
R1
transform-set ALPHA
esp-3des
tunnel
R2
172.30.1.2
Internet
10.0.1.3
Host B
172.30.2.2
10.0.2.3
transform-set RED
esp-des
tunnel
2
3
transform-set BETA
esp-des, esp-md5-hmac
tunnel
transform-set BLUE
esp-des, ah-sha-hmac
tunnel
5
6
7
transform-set CHARLIE
esp-3des, esp-sha-hmac
tunnel
8
9
Match
transform-set YELLOW
esp-3des, esp-sha-hmac
tunnel
Transform sets are negotiated during IKE Phase 2.

The 9th attempt found matching transform sets (CHARLIE - YELLOW).
54
Site 1
10.0.1.3
R1
A
Site 2
R2
172.30.1.2
Internet
172.30.2.2
10.0.2.3
R1(config)# crypto isakmp key cisco123 address 172.30.2.2

R1(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set MYSET esp-aes 128
R1(cfg-crypto-trans)# exit
R1(config)#
Note:
Peers must share the
same transform set
settings.
R2(config)# crypto isakmp key cisco123 address 172.30.1.2

R2(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set OTHERSET esp-aes 128
R2(cfg-crypto-trans)# exit
Names are only locally

significant.
55
Task 4
Configure the Crypto ACLs
Host A
R1
Internet
Outbound
Traffic
Encrypt
Bypass (Plaintext)
Inbound
Traffic
Permit
Bypass
Discard (Plaintext)
Outbound indicates the data flow to be protected by IPsec.

Inbound filters and discards traffic that should have been
protected by IPsec.
56
Command Syntax
Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
10.0.1.3
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
router(config)#
access-list access-list-number [dynamic dynamic-name [timeout minutes]]{deny |
permit} protocol source source-wildcard destination destination-wildcard
[precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log]
access-list access-list-number Parameters

access-list access-list-number
Command
permit
deny
Description
This option causes all IP traffic that matches the specified conditions to be protected by
cryptography, using the policy described by the corresponding crypto map entry.
This option instructs the router to route traffic in plaintext.
protocol
This option specifies which traffic to protect by cryptography based on the protocol,
such as TCP, UDP, or ICMP. If the protocol is IP, then all traffic IP traffic that matches
that permit statement is encrypted.
source and destination
If the ACL statement is a permit statement, these are the networks, subnets, or hosts
between which traffic should be protected. If the ACL statement is a deny statement,
then the traffic between the specified source and destination is sent in plaintext.
57
Symmetric Crypto ACLs

Site 2
Site 1
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
S0/1
Applied to R1 S0/0/0 outbound traffic:

R1(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255
(when evaluating inbound traffic source: 10.0.2.0, destination: 10.0.1.0)
Applied to R2 S0/0/0 outbound traffic:

R2(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255
(when evaluating inbound traffic- source: 10.0.1.0, destination: 10.0.2.0)
58
Task 5
Apply the Crypto Map
Site 1
Site 2
R2
R1
Internet
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.3
Crypto maps define the following:

ACL to be used
Remote VPN peers
Transform set to be used
Key management method
SA lifetimes
Encrypted Traffic
Router
Interface
or Subinterface
59
Crypto Map Command

router(config)#
crypto map map-name seq-num ipsec-manual
crypto map map-name seq-num ipsec-isakmp [dynamic dynamic-map-name]
crypto map Parameters
Command Parameters
Description
map-name
Defines the name assigned to the crypto map set or indicates the name of the crypto
map to edit.
seq-num
The number assigned to the crypto map entry.
ipsec-manual
Indicates that ISAKMP will not be used to establish the IPsec SAs.
ipsec-isakmp
Indicates that ISAKMP will be used to establish the IPsec SAs.
cisco
(Default value) Indicates that CET will be used instead of IPsec for protecting the
traffic.
dynamic
(Optional) Specifies that this crypto map entry references a preexisting static crypto
map. If this keyword is used, none of the crypto map configuration commands are
available.
dynamic-map-name
(Optional) Specifies the name of the dynamic crypto map set that should be used as
the policy template.
60
Crypto Map Configuration

Mode Commands
Command
Description
set
peer [hostname | ipaddress]

pfs [group1 | group2]
transform-set
[set_name(s)]
security-association
lifetime
match address [accesslist-id | name]
no
exit
Used with the peer, pfs, transform-set, and security-association

commands.
Specifies the allowed IPsec peer by IP address or hostname.
Specifies DH Group 1 or Group 2.

Specify list of transform sets in priority order. When the ipsec-manual
parameter is used with the crypto map command, then only one transform set
can be defined. When the ipsec-isakmp parameter or the dynamic
parameter is used with the crypto map command, up to six transform sets can
be specified.
Sets SA lifetime parameters in seconds or kilobytes.
Identifies the extended ACL by its name or number. The value should match
the access-list-number or name argument of a previously defined IP-extended
ACL being matched.
Used to delete commands entered with the set command.
Exits crypto map configuration mode.
61
Site 1
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
Site 2
R2
R1
Internet
10.0.2.0/24
10.0.2.3
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
R3
S0/0/0
172.30.3.2
R1(config)# crypto map

R1(config-crypto-map)#
MYMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp
match address 110
set peer 172.30.2.2 default
set peer 172.30.3.2
set pfs group1
set transform-set mine
set security-association lifetime seconds 86400
Multiple peers can be specified for redundancy.

62
Assign the Crypto Map Set

Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
10.0.1.3
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
MYMAP
router(config-if)#
crypto map map-name

R1(config)# interface serial0/0/0
R1(config-if)# crypto map MYMAP
Applies the crypto map to outgoing interface

Activates the IPsec policy
63
CLI Commands
Show Command
Description
show crypto map
Displays configured crypto maps
show crypto isakmp policy
Displays configured IKE policies
show crypto ipsec sa

show crypto ipsec
transform-set
debug crypto isakmp
debug crypto ipsec
Displays established IPsec tunnels

Displays configured IPsec transform
sets
Debugs IKE events
Debugs IPsec events
64
show crypto map

Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
router#
show crypto map
Displays the currently configured crypto maps
R1# show crypto map
Crypto Map MYMAP" 10 ipsec-isakmp
Peer = 172.30.2.2
Extended IP access list 110
access-list 102 permit ip host 10.0.1.3 host 10.0.2.3
Current peer: 172.30.2.2
Security association lifetime: 4608000 kilobytes/3600 seconds
PFS (Y/N): N
Transform sets={ MYSET, }
65

Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
router#
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
R1# show crypto isakmp policy

Protection suite of priority 110
encryption algorithm:
3DES - Data Encryption Standard (168 bit keys).
hash algorithm:
Secure Hash Standard
authentication method: preshared
Diffie-Hellman group:
#2 (1024 bit)
lifetime:
86400 seconds, no volume limit
Default protection suite
encryption algorithm:
DES - Data Encryption Standard (56 bit keys).
hash algorithm:
Secure Hash Standard
authentication method: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Signature
Diffie-Hellman group:
#1 (768 bit)
lifetime:
86400 seconds, no volume limit
66
show crypto ipsec transform-set

Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
show crypto ipsec transform-set

Displays the currently defined transform sets
R1# show crypto ipsec transform-set
Transform set AES_SHA: { esp-128-aes esp-sha-hmac }
will negotiate = { Tunnel, },
67
show crypto ipsec sa

Site 1
Site 2
10.0.1.0/24
10.0.1.3
10.0.2.0/24
R2
R1
S0/0/0
172.30.1.2
10.0.2.3
Internet
S0/0/0
172.30.2.2
R1# show crypto ipsec sa

Interface: Serial0/0/0
Crypto map tag: MYMAP, local addr. 172.30.1.2
local ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (172.30.1.2/255.255.255.255/0/0)
remote ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (172.30.2.2/255.255.255.255/0/0)
current_peer: 172.30.2.2
PERMIT, flacs={origin_is_acl,}
#pkts encaps: 21, #pkts encrypt: 21, #pkts digest 0
#pkts decaps: 21, #pkts decrypt: 21, #pkts verify 0
#send errors 0, #recv errors 0
local crypto endpt.: 172.30.1.2, remote crypto endpt.: 172.30.2.2
path mtu 1500, media mtu 1500
current outbound spi: 8AE1C9C
68
debug crypto isakmp

router#
debug crypto isakmp
1d00h:
offers
1d00h:
1d00h:
ISAKMP (0:1): atts are not acceptable. Next payload is 0 1d00h: ISAKMP (0:1); no
accepted!
ISAKMP (0:1): SA not acceptable!
%CRYPTO-6-IKMP_MODE_FAILURE: Processing of Main Mode failed with peer at 172.30.2.2
This is an example of the Main Mode error message.

The failure of Main Mode suggests that the Phase I policy
does not match on both sides.
Verify that the Phase I policy is on both peers and ensure that
all the attributes match.
69
Starting a VPN Wizard

1. Click Configure in main toolbar
1
3
2
2. Click the VPN button
to open the VPN page
Wizards for IPsec

Solutions, includes
type of VPNs and
Individual IPsec
components
3. Choose a wizard
4. Click the VPN
implementation subtype
4
VPN implementation
Subtypes. Vary based
On VPN wizard chosen.
5
5. Click the Launch the
Selected Task button
70
VPN Components
VPN Wizards
SSL VPN parameters
Individual IPsec
components used
to build VPNs
Easy VPN server parameters
VPN Components
Public key certificate

parameters
Encrypt VPN passwords
71
Configuring a Site-to-Site VPN

Choose Configure > VPN > Site-to-Site VPN
Click the Create a Site-to-Site VPN
Click the Launch the Selected Task button
72
Site-to-Site VPN Wizard
Choose the wizard mode
Click Next to proceed to the configuration of parameters.
73
Quick Setup
Configure the parameters

Interface to use
Peer identity information
Authentication method
Traffic to encrypt
74
Verify Parameters
75
Step-by-Step Wizard
Choose the outside
interface that is used
1 to connect to the
IPSec peer
2 Specify the IP
address of the peer
3
Choose the authentication
method and specify the
credentials
4 Click Next
76
Creating a Custom IKE Proposal

Make the selections to configure
2 the IKE Policy and click OK
1
Click Add to define a proposal
3 Click Next
77
Creating a Custom IPSec

Transform Set
Define and specify the transform
set name, integrity algorithm,
encryption algorithm, mode of
operation and optional compression
1
Click Add
Click Next
78
Protecting Traffic
Subnet to Subnet
Click Protect All Traffic Between the Following subnets

1
2
Define the IP address
and subnet mask of the
local network
3
Define the IP address
and subnet mask of the
remote network
79
Protecting Traffic
Custom ACL
Click the ellipses button

to choose an existing ACL
or create a new one
1
Click the Create/Select an Access-List

for IPSec Traffic radio button
To use an existing ACL, choose the Select an Existing

Rule (ACL) option. To create a new ACL, choose the
Create a New Rule (ACL) and Select option
80
Add a Rule
Give the access rule a

name and description
2
Click Add
81
Configuring a New Rule Entry

Choose an action and enter a description of the rule entry
1
2
Define the source hosts or networks in the Source Host/Network pane
and the destination hosts or network in the Destination/Host Network pane
3
(Optional) To provide protection for specific protocols, choose

the specific protocol radio box and desired port numbers
82
Configuration Summary
Click Back to modify the configuration.

Click Finish to complete the configuration.
83
Verify VPN Configuration

Choose Configure > VPN > Site-to-Site VPN > Edit Site-to-Site VPN
Check VPN status.
Create a mirroring configuration if

no Cisco SDM is available on the
peer.
Test the VPN

configuration.
84
Monitor
Choose Monitor > VPN Status > IPSec Tunnels
1
Lists all IPsec tunnels, their
parameters, and status.
85
Telecommuting
Flexibility in working
location and working
hours
Employers save on realestate, utility and other
overhead costs
Succeeds if program is
voluntary, subject to
management discretion,
and operationally feasible
86
Telecommuting Benefits
Organizational benefits:
- Continuity of operations
- Increased responsiveness
- Secure, reliable, and manageable access to information
- Cost-effective integration of data, voice, video, and applications
- Increased employee productivity, satisfaction, and retention
Social benefits:
- Increased employment opportunities for marginalized groups
- Less travel and commuter related stress
Environmental benefits:
- Reduced carbon footprints, both for individual workers and
organizations
87
Implementing Remote Access
88
Methods for Deploying

Remote Access
IPsec Remote
Access VPN
Any
Application
Anywhere
Access
SSL-Based
VPN
89
Comparison of SSL and IPSec

SSL
IPsec
Applications
Web-enabled applications, file sharing, email
All IP-based applications
Encryption
Moderate
Key lengths from 40 bits to 128 bits
Stronger
Key lengths from 56 bits to 256 bits
Authentication
Moderate
One-way or two-way authentication
Strong
Two-way authentication using shared secrets
or digital certificates
Ease of Use
Very high
Moderate
Can be challenging to nontechnical users
Overall Security
Moderate
Any device can connect
Strong
Only specific devices with specific
configurations can connect
90
SSL VPNs
Integrated security and routing
Browser-based full network SSL VPN access
SSL VPN
Internet
Headquarters
SSL VPN
Tunnel
Workplace
Resources
91
Types of Access
92
Full Tunnel Client Access Mode
93
Establishing an SSL Session
User using
SSL client
User makes a connection

to TCP port 443
Router replies with a
digitally signed public key
User software creates a
shared-secret key
SSL VPN
enabled ISR
router
Shared-secret key, encrypted

with public key of the server, is
sent to the router
Bulk encryption occurs using the
shared-secret key with a
symmetric encryption algorithm
94
SSL VPN Design Considerations

User connectivity
Router feature
Infrastructure planning
Implementation scope
95
Cisco Easy VPN

Negotiates tunnel parameters
Establishes tunnels according to
set parameters
Automatically creates a NAT /
PAT and associated ACLs
Authenticates users by
usernames, group names,
and passwords
Manages security keys for
encryption and decryption
Authenticates, encrypts, and
decrypts data through the tunnel
96
Cisco Easy VPN
97
Securing the VPN

1
Initiate IKE Phase 1
Establish ISAKMP
SA
Accept Proposal1
Username/Password
Challenge
Username/Password
System Parameters Pushed

6
Reverse Router Injection

(RRI) adds a static route
entry on the router for the
remote clients IP address
Initiate IKE Phase 2: IPsec

IPsec SA
98
Configuring Cisco Easy VPN Server

1
4
3
99
Configuring IKE Proposals
Specify required parameters
Click Add
Click OK
100
Creating an IPSec Transform Set
3
1
2
4
101
Group Authorization and Group

Policy Lookup
Select the location where

Easy VPN group policies
can be stored
2
5
Click Next
Click Add
Click Next
Configure the local
group policies
102
Summary of Configuration
Parameters
103
VPN Client Overview
R1
R1
Establishes end-to-end, encrypted VPN tunnels for secure

connectivity
Compatible with all Cisco VPN products
Supports the innovative Cisco Easy VPN capabilities
104
Establishing a Connection
Once
authenticated,
status changes to
connected.
R1
R1
105
106

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CCNA Security

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

SOHO with a Cisco

Regional branch with

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- Virtual: Information within a private network is transported

SOHO with a Cisco DSL

Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

Types of VPN Networks

Regional branch with

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Regional branch with

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VPN Client Software

In a remote-access VPN, each host

Cisco IOS SSL VPN

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Cisco VPN Product Family

Cisco VPN-Enabled Router

Cisco PIX 500 Series Security Appliances

Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Cisco VPN-Optimized Routers

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive

Cisco IOS SSL VPN

VPN infrastructure for

Cisco Easy VPN

A network appliance that connects SOHO LANs to the VPN

Hardware Acceleration Modules

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Cisco IPsec VPN SPA

GRE VPN Overview

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Configuring a GRE Tunnel

ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252

Identify the source tunnel interface

Identify the destination of the tunnel

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GRE does not provide encryption

Regional Office with a

SOHO with a Cisco

Works at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets.

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2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

Pre-shared Key (PSK)

Secure Key Exchange

2009 Cisco Learning Institute.

IPSec Framework Protocols

All data is in plaintext.

AH provides the following:

Encapsulating Security Payload

Data payload is encrypted.

ESP provides the following:

IP Header + Data + Key

IP Header + Data + Key