Analytical Chemistry

Chapters 2, 6, 10, and 14

by Andrew DiMuro

Chapter 2
Chemicals and Apparatus:
Putting the Tools to Work

The Tools of the Trade

Chapter 2: A reference
guide?
Many of the tools used in the
analytical chemistry lab are listed
and described in chapter two. If at
any time, you need to find out what
instrument you are holding in your
hand, go to your handy-dandy
reference guide in chapter two.

Be accurate and precise

All glassware must be free of cracks

All materials must be cleaned with water,
soapy water, then twice with deionized
water to ensure that all impurities are
removed
Measurements using the analytical balance
must be weighed to the nearest milligram
Primary standards must be calibrated to
four decimal places

The Lab Notebook

For experiments, the lab notebook is
essential for recording data.
All data must be recorded straight into
the notebook
All sections must be properly labeled
Experiment must be dated ( bring flowers)
Cross out incorrect data
Do not remove pages from the notebook

Chapter 6
Gravimetric Methods of
Analysis

Errors
Errors occur all of the time in the
lab. Not every experiment can be
reproduced with 100% accuracy. If
an experiment contains four trails,
one might be different from the
other three.

Statistics
Mean - the average value of a set of
data.
The standard deviation curve, a.k.a. the
Gaussian curve, is used to plot how far
away a data point is from the mean.
Equation y = e^-(x-)2/22
2pi

Significant Figures
Another source of error is the
incorrect use of significant figures
and rounding off.
Answers

should be rounded off

based on the number with the
smallest amount of significant figures
in the equation

Chapter 10
Theory of Neutralization
Titrations

Mass-Balance Equations
These equations involve the
relationships among equilibria of
various species
The equations are used to balance
concentrations

Charge-Balance Equations
Electrolytic solutions seek to be
electrically neutral.
In solution, the molar concentration of
positive charge equals the molar
concentration of negative charge, or:
# mol/L +charge = # mol/L -charge

Mass Balance Equations

Steps for solving multiple equilibria

problems

w r it e b a la n c e d
c h e m ic a l e q u a t io n s
s e t u p e q u a t io n
fo r u n k n o w n q u a n t it y
w r it e e q u ilib r iu m
c o n s t a n t e x p r e s s io n s
w r it e m a s s
b a la n c e
e x p r e s s io n s
w r it e c h a r g e
b a la n c e e q u a t io n
c o u n t # o f e q u a t io n s a n d
# of unknow ns
is # e q u a tio n s
> or = # unknow ns
STO P
no
p r o b le m u n s o lv a b le
yes
m a k e s u it a b le
a p p r o x im a t io n s
s o lv e e q u a tio n s
fo r
unknown
w e re
a p p r o x im a t io n s
v a lid ?
g o b a c k to 7
no
a n d try
a g a in
yes
p r o b le m
s o lv e d

The chart outlined in the previous

slide is extremely useful in solving
equilibria problems

Chapter 14
Complex-Formation Titrations

Applying neutralization
titrations
Concentrations of analytes, that are
either acids or bases, can be
determined by neutralization
titrations.
Most titrations are completed with
water as the solvent, but some
organic acids are not soluble in water

Ligands
Ligands are ions or molecules that
donate a pair of electrons to a metal
atom or cation from their unshared
pair of electrons.
The complex forms a covalent bond
by sharing these pairs of electrons.