Repair and rehabilitation

CHITALIYA KEVAL(13SOECV13011)
SOLANKI VIJAY(13SOECV13013)
CHUDASAMA DHARMA RAJ
SAGPARIA SAHIL

Introduction
Concrete is the 2nd most consuming material

in the world after the water.

To minimize the cost of new construction we
should apply suitable repair and rehabilitation
techniques rather than adopting new
construction after compete demolition of
existing structure.

Repair and Rehabilitation

REPAIR: Repair is the process of restoring building that is
damaged
condition.

or

deteriorated or broken, to good

The main purpose of repairs is to bring back the

architectural shape of the building so that all services start

working and the functioning of building is resumed quickly.
Patching up of defects such as cracks
and fall of plaster.
Repairing doors, windows, replacement of glass panes.

REHABILITATION: Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its

previous good conditions.

The main purpose of restoration is to carry out structural repairs to load

bearing elements. It may involve cutting portions of the elements and

rebuilding them or simply adding more structural material so that the
original strength is more or less restored.
Removal of portions of cracked masonry walls and piers and rebuilding

them in richer mortar. Use of non shrinking mortar will be preferable.

Addition of reinforcing mesh on both -faces of the cracked wall, holding it to

the wall through spikes or bolts and then covering it suitably. Several
alternatives have been used.

Injecting epoxy like material, which is strong in tension, into the cracks in

walls, columns, beams, etc.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE OF BUILDING:

1. Deficiency in design
2. Improper reinforcement detailing
3. Poor quality of construction
4. Corrosion of reinforcement
5. Damage due to settlement of foundation
6. Damage due to vegetation growth
7. Damage due to earthquake load

Deficiency in design
If the structural member is slender, there will

be more chances of failure by buckling action

and ultimately crushing of concrete member.

larger aspect ratio

IMPROPER REINFORCEMENT
DETAILING:
i. Abrupt changes in section
ii. Insufficient reinforcement at reentrant

corners and openings

iii .Inadequate provision for deflection
iv. Inadequate provisions for drainage
v. Material incompatibility

LAKE OF MAIN BARS AND TIES


Preventation:
Detailing of reinforcement should be

according to the IS Code, IS: 456:2000 (Indian

Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
COAD OF PRACTICE (Fourth Revision)) is used
for detailing of reinforcement in building.
1. Spacing of Reinforcement:
As per IS: 456-2000

Minimum horizontal distance:

Shall not be less than greater of three value:
The dia. of bar if the dia. are equal.
The dia. of the larger bar if the dia. are

unequal.
5mm more than the nominal maximum size of
coarse aggregates.

Minimum vertical distance:

When bars are provided in two or more rows,

minimum vertical distance between bars shall

not be less than greater of three values:
15mm
2/3 X Nominal maximum size of aggregate
Maximum size of bar

For slabs:
1. Main reinforcement: i) 3d
ii) 300mm

(d= effective

depth)
Whichever is smaller
2. Distribution steel:
i) 5d
ii) 450mm
depth)
Whichever is smaller

(d= effective

Requirement Of Reinforcement
i) Minimum reinforcement
1. for slab:

1. For Mild steel, minimum 0.15% of total

cross sectional area.
2. For tor steel, minimum 0.12% of total
cross sectional area.
2. for beam:
As=0.85bd/fy

When depth of web exceeds 750 mm, side

face reinforcement required on both side of

web.
Total area of side reinforcement=0.1% of web
area
Total calculated steel is equally distributed on
two faces.
The spacing of side face reinforcement, shall
not exceed smaller of
1.300mm
2. Web thickness

Shear reinforcement:

inclined

stirrup

1. Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement

i) 0.75d for vertical stirrups or d for
stirrups at 45degree
ii)300mm
Not greater than smaller of two values.
2. Minimum shear reinforcement:
Asv/bSv>/= 0.4/0.87fy
Where
Asv =total cross sectional area of
leg
Sv = stirrups spacing

For column
Longitudinal reinforcement:
The cross- sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not less

than0.8% nor more than6%of the gross C/S area of the column.
The bars shell not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
The minimum number of longitudinal bars provide in a column a Shall be
four in rectangular and six in circular column.
Spacing of longitudinal bars measure along the periphery of the column
shall not exceed 300mm.
A reinforcement concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at
least 6 bars of longitudinal reinforcement.
Lateral ties:
Pitch:
Pitch not more than smaller of three values:
1. Least lateral dimension of the column
2.16Xdia. of smaller longitudinal bar
3.300mm

Helical reinforcement:
a) Pitch:
i) 75mm
ii) 1/6XCore diameter
Pitch shall not exceed smaller of
two values.

POOR QUALITY CONTROL:

Variation in the quality of constituent

materials.
Variation in mix proportion due to batching
process.
Variation in the quality of batching and mixing
equipment.
the quality of overall workmanship and
supervision at site

Honeycombing

lack of cover

blowholes

CORROSION OF
REINFORCEMENT
The damage to the concrete due to corrosion

of reinforcement is considered to be one of

the most serious problems. Corrosion of
reinforcement steel is a complex phenomenon
involving chemical, electrochemical and
physical processes. When reinforcement steel
rusts, the volume of iron oxide formed is 2-4
times greater than the steel corroded, which
results in bursting stresses in the concrete
surrounding the bar


DAMAGE DUE TO SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION:

(a) Unequal bearing pressure under different

parts of the structure.

(b) Bearing pressure being in excess of safe
bearing strength of the soil.
(c) Low factor of safety in the design of
foundations.
(d) Local variations in the nature of supporting
soil, which remained
Undetected and could not be taken care of in
the foundation design at the time of
construction.
(e) Foundation resting in active zone on

Preventation:
1. increase the soil bearing capacity by:
increase the depth of footing
construct UNDER REMED PILE foundation
Proper compaction before construction
expensive type of soil should be replace up to

certain depth


DAMAGE DUE TO VEGETATION GROWTH:
1.When soil under the foundation of a building

happens to be shrinkable clay, cracking in walls and

floors of buildings can occur in following ways :
i) Growing roots of trees cause de-hydration of soil
which may shrink and cause foundation settlement, or
ii) In areas where old trees had been cut of to make
way for building construction roots
had de-hydrated the soil. On receiving moisture from
some sources, such as rain etc., the soil swells up and
causes an up-ward thrust on a portion of the building
resulting in cracks in the building

cracks due to vegetation growth.

Preventation:

Tree should be planted at sufficient distance

from the property line. Growth of the

vegetation on building should prevented by
sealing the cracks by cement mortar.

DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

LOAD:
An earthquake is a natural phenomenon, it

causes a complex ground motion that for

computational ease can be resolved into, two
horizontal and one vertical component of
ground vibration. The main effects of the
earthquake are ground shaking, ground
failure, tsunamis and fire. The ground motion
causes the vibration in any structural system
standing on ground. This shaking generates
horizontal and vertical inertia forces in the
structural system and in its contents because
of the mass they have. This is called dynamic
loading that involves several reversals of

The various kind of damage of building due to earthquake

load are:
Damage due to floating column(obstruction in

load path)
Damage due to soft story
Damage due to short column
Damage of masonry building are:
1. Out of plane failure
2. In plan failure
3. Connection failure
4. Diaphragm failure
5. Failure due to opening in the walls.

Damage due to soil liquefaction

Damage due to floating

column:
The structure should have a complete and

continuous path for transfer of seismic force

(lateral load). I.e. floor-beam-column and
walls-foundation-ground. Any discontinuity in
the path of load transfer may cause serious
damage in RC building. column that hang or
float on beams at an intermediate story and
do not go all the way to the foundation , is
called a floating column create discontinuity In
the load transfer path.

FLOATING COLUMN

. Damage due to soft story

When an individual story in a building made

taller and / or more open in construction, it is

called a soft story. This is done to have
parking of vehicle or shopping center etc. this
type of RC building have column in the upper
story. The ground story is flexible as compared
to upper storys which are stiffer because of
ore sent off in fill walls. Thus, the upper
storys move as a single unit together and
most of horizontal displacement of the
building occurred in ground story.

damage due to soft story


3. Damage due to short column effect
During past Earthquake, RC frame buildings

that have column of different heights within

one story, suffered more damage in the short
columns as compared to taller columns in the
same story. Short column effect is due to the
stiffness of the column, less the cross
sectional area more force is required to
deform it because stiffness of such column is
more. Many situation with short column effect
arise in building. When a building is reasted
on sloped ground, column near to the opening
or parial height of wall.

short column

Damage due to Short Column Effect


Masonry

unit:

Well burnt brick and solid concrete blocks having a crushing strength not less than 3.5Mpa shall be
used. However, higher strength of masonry units may be required depending upon number of story
and thickness of wall.

Mortar:

Since tensile and shear strength are important for earthquake resistance, use of mud or very weak
mortar is not suitable. a mortar mix of cement: sand (1:6) by volume at least should be used.

Where steel reinforcing bars are provided in masonry, the bars shall be embedded with adequate cover
in cement-sand mortar not leaner than 1:3 or in cement concrete of grade M15 so as to achieve good
bond and corrosion resistance.

Walls:

The thickness of load bearing walls shall not be less than 190 mm and wall length should be greater
than 15m.

The masonry bearing walls can be built up to a maximum of 4 storys

The bearing walls in both directions shall be straight and symmetrical in plan as far as possible.

The masonry bearing walls should be properly reinforced

Masonry Bond

Good interlocking of masonry courses at the junction should be ensured as the walls transfer loads to
each other at their junctions. To obtain full bond between perpendicular walls, it is necessary to make
stepped joints by making the corners first to a height of 600mm and then building the wall in between
them, otherwise, a toothed joints can be made in both the walls, in lifts of about 450mm.

Opening in walls:

Opening to be located away from the inside corner by a clear distance equal to at least of the height
of opening but not less than 60cm.

the total length of opening not to exceed 50% by the length of the wall between consecutive cross
walls in single story construction, 42% in two story construction and 33% in three story construction

The horizontal distance between two openings to be not less than half the height of the shorter
opening, but not less than 60cm.

The vertical distance from an opening to opening directly above it not to be less than 60cm nor less
than of the width of the smaller opening.

2. To prevent the damage of the masonry building, Earthquake

Resistance features are provided according to IS : 2326 are:

horizontal reinforcement
vertical reinforcement
1. Horizontal Reinforcement in walls:

The horizontal reinforcing of walls is required for imparting them

horizontal bending strength against inertia forces. it also helps in tying
the walls together. in the exterior walls horizontal reinforcement helps in
preventing shrinkage and temperature cracks.
The following arrangement of horizontal reinforcement are necessary for
earthquake resistance of masonry buildings:
Horizontal bands
Dowel brass
Horizontal bands:
Horizontal bands are most important earthquake-resistant feature in
masonry buildings. The bands are provided to hold a masonry buildings
as a single unit by tying all the walls together, and are similar to 4
closed belt provided around cardboard boxes.
These bands are provided continuous through all the load bearing walls
at plinth, lintel, and roof and gable level.


Different Horizontal band
Types of band
Plinth band:
Provided at plinth level on top of the foundation, it serves as damp proof

course as well, it is used when there is concern about uneven settlement

of foundation.
Lintel band:
It must provide at every story of building, it ties all the walls together and
resist out of plane bending of the walls.
Roof band:
It is provided at eave level of trussed roofs or in level with such floors, it
improved resistance against diaphragm failure in case of flexible
diaphragms.
Gable band:
It is provided at the top of gable masonry below purlins, it resists out of
plane failure of gable walls.

Horizontal reinforcement

Dowel bars:

As a applied to the bands, steel dowel bars may be

used at corners and T-junction to integrate the box
action of walls, Dowel bars are placed in every fourth
course, or at about 50cm interval and taken into the
walls to sufficient length so as to provide full bond
length.
2. Vertical reinforcement:

Vertical reinforcement is provided in walls to

improve the seismic resistance of building. Tension
occurs in the jambs of opening, at corners, and
junction of walls, therefore, at corners and junctions of
walls, vertical reinforcement should be provided. The
vertical reinforcement should be properly embedded in
the plinth masonry of the foundation and roof slab or
roof band, so as to develop its tensile strength in bond.

5. Damage due to soil liquefaction:

Liquefaction of soil is a phenomenon in which loose saturated

cohesion less soil under oscillatory motion during Earthquake loss
its shear strength due to excess pore water pressure and floes like
a liquid. Damage due to soil liquefaction are:
Sinking of structure into ground
Excessive settlement of structure
Cracking of structure due to settlement
The displaced ground suffers cracks, rifting and buckling.
Preventation:
To reduce the possibility of liquefaction, the following measures
can be considered.
1. Providing deep foundation like piles.
2. Compacting soils and increasing its relative density
3. By ground water pumping
4. By injecting grouting
5. By providing proper drainage of soils.

SELECTION OF REPAIRING MATERIAL

The various materials used for repair of cracks are:
1. Cement slurry
2. Cement mortar
3. Epoxy resins
4. Polymer Modified cementations products (PMCC)
- Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAC)

- Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

- Poly Vinyl Diene Dichloride (PVDD)
- Acrylics

REPAIR AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES:

1. Repairing of cracks:
There are several techniques used for repairing cracks:
Grouting with richer material
Cracks repair by Routing and Sealing
Cracks repair by stitching
Cracks repair by pre stressing steel
2. Shotcrete or grunting
3. Overlay
4. Ferro cement
5. Drilling and plugging
6. Beam jacketing
7. Column jacketing

Analysis of damaged
structure:
Following methods can be use for determine strength of damaged

structure.
Conventional methods:
Rebound hammer test.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method

Advanced methods:
Infrared thermography.
Image processing.
Acoustic emission.
Radar.
Electromagnetic methods.
Impact echo.
In-situ permiability of concrete.

Rebound hammer test.

It is a one type of non destructive method of testing.
In this method its assumed that strength of member is

directly proportional to the hardness of the exposed

outer peripherical surface , which offers bouyonance
to the weight strikes on it.
Methodology:
In this method , front solid weight at the front hammer is strikes with the

structural member and intensity bouncing of solid mass is recorded with

help of spring unit mounted within it and can see in glass window above
it in form of natural numbers said rebound numbers.
With help of calibrating graphs we can find out the strength of structural

member having different orientation of hammer during testing.

REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Merits of rebound hammer

test.
Nondestructive test(safer: without detoriats

strength of the structure)

Less cost of testing.
Less time consuming.
Reliable results.
Can perform on site.
No tropical accessories required.
Results can obtained on site from calibrated
graphs.
Difficult calculations are not required.

Demerits of rebound hammer

test.
Initial cost of hammer is high.
Skilled persons are required to operate.
Less accuracy.
Results are differ person to person.