BASIC

STATISTICS
Arif Bahari Bin Mohamed Musli
Feng Jing
Farrah Waheda Binti Abdullah
Nur Fareha Binti Mat Radzuan

GROUP 2
820528
817792
818641
817931

INTRODUCTION
Data are facts, observations, and
information that come from
investigations. For example :
the marks of
the exam
results

the number of
items that can
be sold on the
market

the number of
students who
attended the
courses of
excellence

Measurement datasometimes called

quantitative data The result of using some instrument to
measure something (e.g., test score,
weight).
Categorical dataalso referred to as
frequency or qualitative data.
Things are grouped according to some
common property and the number of
members of the group are recorded (e.g.,
males/females, vehicle type, colours).

STATISTICS
a set of concepts, rules, and procedures that
help us to:
organizenumerical information in the form of
tables, graphs, and charts
understandstatistical techniques underlying
decisions that affect our lives and well-being
makeinformed decisions
makes predictions about uncertain future
events based on less than ideal observations of
the past.

In general, statistics are

related to scientific methods to:

organi
ze
colle data
ct
data

interpr
et data

analyz
e data

prese
nt
data

Parameters

are to populations as statistics are to samples.

Population and sample are two basic concepts of
statistics.

Population

is the collection of all individuals or items under

consideration in a statistical study. (Weiss, 1999).

Sample

is that part of the population from which

information is collected. (Weiss, 1999).

Ungrouped
data

is the data obtained in original form. It is just a list

of numbers.

Grouped
data

is data that has been organized into groups known

as classes, which means that the data is no longer
raw.

GRAPH
Bar
Chart

Pie
Chart

Line
Graph

Histogr
am

Freque
ncy
Polygon

Box
Plot

Bar Chart
A bar graph
displays data visually and is sometimes called a bar chart or a bar graph.
Data
is displayed either horizontally or vertically and allows viewers to compare
items displayed.
Data displayed
will relate to things like amounts, characteristics, times and frequency.
Bar graphs
are ideal for comparing two or more values.

Example of Vertical Bar Chart :

Favourite season in the class which is fall, winter, spring and summer.
A vertical bar chart was created to show the results.

Example of Horizontal Bar Chart :

Number of Deaths by Cause Among 2534 Year Olds in United States in 2003.
A horizontal bar chart was created to show the results.

Data Source: Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online database] Atlanta; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. [cited 2006 Feb 15].

Pie chart
helpful when graphingqualitative data: information describes a
trait or attribute
canEach
compare
trait The
corresponds
One
howlarger
of
much
theamost
of
category,
tothe
a common
different
datathe
fitsbigger
slice
ways
in each
of the
category.
pie.

Example of Pie Chart:

FiftyMechanical students were asked what their favourite after school activity was.
A Pie Chart was created to show the results

Line Graph
A line graph is a graph that uses line segments to connect data points
and shows changes in data over time
Example : Alan's weight in kilograms for 5 months has been summarized in the line graph below.

Histogram
a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. It is similar to bar chart, but a
histogram groups numbers into ranges.
also use bars to graph data, but a histogram deals withquantitative data that is numerical
rather than qualitative data, and of adifferent level of measurement.

allow a visual interpretation ofnumerical databy indicating the number of data points that lie
within a range of values, called a class.

The frequency of the data that falls in each class is depicted by the use of a bar.

Example:
Number of children visited a zoo.

Frequency Polygon
In a Frequency Polygon, a line graph is drawn by joining all the midpoints of the top of the bars of a
histogram.

A frequency polygon gives the idea about the shape of the data distribution.
The two end points of a frequency polygon always lie on the x-axis
Example:
The frequency polygon represents the number of
vehicles that passes through a particular route in
different hours.
To draw the diagram, first a histogram is drawn and
then a line graph is drawn through the midpoints of
the top of the bars.

Boxplot
Boxplotis a graphical representation of dispersions and extreme

scores.
Represented in this graphic are minimum, maximum, and quartile
scores in the form of a box with "whiskers."
However, they can be a useful tool for getting a quick summary of data.
Step 1: Find the minimum.
Step 2: Find Q1, the first quartile.
Step 3 : Find the median.
Step 4 : Find Q3, the third quartile.
Step 5 : Find the maximum.

Exercise: Draw a histogram and frequency polygon

The table shows the frequency distribution of students in an institution based on age groups

Age (Years)

Frequency

21 23

50

24 26

79

27 29

47

30 32

14

33 35

10

Answer
Frequency
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2123

2426

2729

3032

3335

CENTRAL TENDENCY

What is the central

tendency
A measure of central tendency is a single value that
attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the
central position within that set of data.

Why it's important ?

Normal distribution or not
Descriptive statistics:
Describe a sample of socres
Answer basic questions( Are the scores
generally high scores or low scores?)

Measures of central
tendency
Mean:

The average of a data set, mathematical center of

distribution; Most reliable; Interval,ratio data
Median:
The middle number in a data set (ascending or
descending order); Summarize ordinal, or highly
skewed interval or ratio scores.
Mode:
Number(s) that occurs most often in a data set,
Usually used to summarize nominal scores.

Mean (Average)
Formula:
Add up all the scores:
7+5+6+5+5=
7 5 6 5 5
28
Devide by the number of scores added:
28/5 =5.6

Median (Middle)
7, 5, 6, 5, 5
Put all the values in order
5, 5, 5, 6, 7
Find the middle number in the set of data
5, 5, 5, 6, 7

2 numbers in the middle, find mean of them

5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7
Median = (5+6)/2=6.5

Mode (Most)
Count how many of each value appears.
The mode is the one appears most.
There can be no mode or more than 1 modes.

5, 5, 5, 6, 7
28, 30, 33, 34, 34, 28
7, 9, 18, 26, 4, 13, 30

Frequency table

STANDARD
DEVIATION

What is Standard Deviation?

Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers
are.
The symbol is the Greek letter Sigma ()

By using the Standard

Deviation, we have a
standard way of knowing
what is normal, and what is extra large or
extra small.
Based on the height of the
dogs we know that
Rottweilers are very tall dogs and
Dachshunds are short dogs.

How do you find Standard

Deviation?
When finding
Standard
Deviation, first
what you need
to have is the
Variance

What is
Variance?

Before going on
to variance, lets
take a look at
Range first.

Range
How do you find the range?
Formula: Range

= highest score
lowest score

Usually the range is used to measure the variability

besides variance and standard deviation.
But the range can only be used with nominal or ordinal
data.

Variance
The variance of the data is the average squared distance
between the mean and each data value.
The variance has the following properties.
It is never negative since every term in the variance sum is
squared and therefore either positive or zero.
It has squared units. For example, the variance of a set of
heights measured in centimetres will be given in centimetres
squared. Since the population variance is squared, it is not
directly comparable with the mean or the data themselves.

Standard deviation
Measures how spread out the values in a data set are around the mean.
More precisely, it is a measure of the average distance between the values of the data
in the set and the mean.
If the data values are all similar,
then the standard deviation will be low (closer to zero).
If the data values are highly variable,
then the standard variation is high (further from zero).
The standard deviation is always
a positive number and is always measured in the same units as the original data

Quiz
Here are the ages of our classmates, please find the mean, median,
mode and standard deviation.

27, 34, 30, 38, 24, 29, 33, 34,

29, 36
Find:

Mean

Media
n

Mode

Standa
rd
deviati
on

CONCLUSION

Statistics is important by it provides tools to analyze collected data. For example:

Business

can plan the production according to what the customer likes and wants, and
you can check the quality of the products far more efficiently with statistical
methods.

Mathematics

You can find statistical techniques in integration, differentiation, and algebra,

and you can find those in statistics as well

Economics

Relationships between supply and demand and imports and exports are found
using statistical information

Accounting

When balancing and checking accounts, exactness is very important, but

when using those reports to decide how well the company is doing and the
trends within the business

Management and
Administration

figuring out whether or not to raise the minimum wage due to a rise in the
cost of living

Natural and Social

Sciences

the use of statistics in that field involves collecting data, analyzing it, coming
up with a hypothesis, and testing that hypothesis.

Reference:
Gary, W. H. (2006). Basic Statistics for Behavioral
Sciences. Hiughton Mifflin Company. P 21-23,6472.
Natasha, Q(2014). The Importance of Statistics in
Many Different
Fields.https://blog.udemy.com/importance-ofstatistics/. (Retrieve on 22 March 2016)