FiniteClauses

TypesofSentences

Simple
Compound
Complex
CompoundComplex

Clauses
Word>Phrase>Clause>Sentence
Clauseshaveaverbonemainverbper
clause
FiniteClausesVerbinflectedfortense
NonFinite
Infinitive
Participial,includingGerunds

TypesofEmbeddedSentences
SubordinateClauses(Adverbial)
Indicatetime,place,manner,cause,or
condition
Usuallyprecededbyasubordinator

RelativeClauses(Adjectival)
RelativePronouns
Restrictivevs.nonrestrictiverelativeclauses

ComplementClauses(Nominal)

ComplementClauses
AppearasanNP
Canbethesubjectofthesentence
[Thatyoulikebananas]issurprising.
Canbeanobject
Iknow[thatyoulikebananas.]
Canbereplacedbyapronoun
(Itissurprising;Iknowit.)
Thatisacomplementizer.

DirectDiscourse
Directdiscourseiswhenapersonisquoted:
Hesaid,Youtookmycheese.
IndirectDiscourseiswhenapersonis
paraphrased.Hesaidthatyoutookmycheese.
Indirectdiscourse,time,place,andparticipants
aretiedtotheoriginalutterance.
Shesaid,Thetreasureisburiedhere.
Hesaid,Isyourpartytomorrow.

InterrogativeComplementClauses
OneoftheNPsinthecomplementclauseis
replacedbyaninterrogativepronoun
Examples:
Iknow[whostolemycheese].
Iheard[whatyousaid].
Iwonder[howtheydidthat].

NoticethattheWHwordappearsatthebeginning
oftheclauseandthatnoquestionmarkisused.

NonFiniteClauses

NonFiniteClause:Infinitives
Introducedbytoorforto.
Iwant[tobuythecheese].
[Toerr]ishuman.
[Forhimtoerr]isterrible.

Canalsoappearwithoutto:
Iheardhimbreakthecookiejar.
Hemademeeatmyspinach.

Canbenominal,adverbial(Iboughtit[tosurpriseyou].),
oradjectival(Hewasthelastperson[totalktome.]).See
page357.

S
VP

NP
MVP
N

NP
S

MV

VP

NP
N

MV

NP

Chriswants(Chris)takemycheese

to

takecheese
m
y

Chriswants

S
VP

NP
MVP
N

NP
S

MV

VP

NP
N

MV

NP

ChriswantsBilltakemycheese

Bill

to

Chriswants

takecheese
m
y

ToandFor/ToInfinitives
Sentenceswithinfinitiveclausesassubjectuse
forifthesubjectispartoftheclause
Foryoutosaythatisshocking.
Tosaythatisshocking.

Sentenceswithfor/toclausesasdirectobjectsare
lessdirectthanthosewithto

Shesenthimtobuysupplies.
Shesentforhimtobuysupplies.
Sheaskedhimtoleave.
Sheaskedforhimtoleave.

Barevs.toInfinitives
Tiedtodegreeoflikelihoodthateventtook
place
Shemadehimshave
Shelethimshave
>Heshaved
Sheaskedhimtoshave.
Shewantedhimtoshave.
>Hemightnothaveshaved.

TypesofVerbsTaking
ComplementClause
ModalityVerbswant,try,begin,fixingto
ManipulativeVerbsmake,force,beg,
order,let,ask,tell
Perceptionsee,hear,watch
Cognitionknow,understand,hope,think
Utterancesay,reveal,announce
PCUverbstendtotakethatcomplements

Reminder:NonFiniteClauses
Infinitives
ToInfinitives
ForToInfinitives
BareInfinities

Participles
PresentParticipialClauses
PastParticipialClauses

ParticipialClauses

PresentParticipialClauses
Adverbial
Walkingtowork,Ispottedaneagle.
Whilewalkingtowork,Ispottedaneagle.(elliptical
subordinateclause)
Manypeoplehavingseentheeagle,Iamnowsatisfied.

Adjectival
Thepeoplestandingonthestreetwerewatchingthe
eagle.

Gerund(Nominal)
Watchingtheeaglewasfun.

Usage:DanglingModifiers
DanglingInfinitives
Eagertowork,mytoolslaybeforeme.
Tofeelrewarded,ajobmustbewellpaying.

DanglingPresentParticiple
Flyinghighinthesky,Ispottedaneagle.
Standingonacliff,theoceaninspiredme.

DanglingPastParticiple
Hardboiled,Itooktheeggsoutofthewater.
Fedwell,theentertainmentbegan.
Saucedandseasoned,Itastedtheentre.

NominativeAbsolutes
ActuallyAdverbials,butstillcallednominative
TensedformoftheverborauxiliaryBEisdeleted
Examples:(pp.395396)

Hismindonthetest,Billenteredtheclassroom.
Thechildrenfedandputtobed,PatandChrisrelaxed.
Myhairamess,Iwanderedintotheclassroom.
Eyesgleaming,theyranintotheplayground.
Theyranintotheplayground,theireyesablaze.

Practice:Adverbial,Adjectival,orGerund
1. Thechildrenplayinginthestreetshouldbe
warned.
2. Visitingprofessorscanbeboring.(trick
question)
3. Whistlingloudly,Iwalkedintothedark.
4. Educatedastothefacts,thecitizenvoted.
5. Myjumpingintothelakeamusedmyfamily.
6. Thetestgiventothestudentswaseasy.
7. Pumped,thekidsbeganthecontest.

AdverbialPresentParticiple

l
wa

Ispottedeagle
an
ki ng
to work

S
NP
MVP
PRO

AdverbialPresent
Participle
VP
ADVP

NP

MV DET N
NP
PRO

VP
MV

PREPP

Ispottedaneagle(I)walkingtowork

AdjectivalPresentParticiple

l
wa

Ispottedeagle
an

ki ng

on street
th
e

S
NP

AdjectivalPresent
Participle
VP

MVP

NP
ADJP

PRO

MV DET N
NP

VP
MV

PREPP

Ispottedaneagle(eagle)walkingonthestreet

g
in

sing
hi
s

song

Weenjoyed

th
a

S
VP

NP
MVP
PRO

NP
S

MV

VP

NP
N

MV

NP

Weenjoyedhesingingthatsong
(his)