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Elements, Compounds,
and the Periodic Table
Chemistry: The Molecular
Nature of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Actinides
Representative/Main Group
Elements
A groupsLonger
columns
Alkali Metals
1A = first group
Very reactive
All Metals except for H
Tend to form +1 ions
React with oxygen
Form compounds that dissolve in water
Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution
(M2O)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Representative/Main Group
Elements
A groupsLonger columns
Alkaline Earth Metals
2A = second group
Reactive
Tend to form +2 ions
Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline
(MO)
Many are not water soluble
Accumulate in ground
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Representative/Main Group
Elements
A groupsLonger columns
Halogens
7A = next to last group on right
Reactive
Form diatomic molecules in elemental
state
2 gases
1 liquid
2 solids
Representative/Main Group
Elements
A groupsLonger columns
Noble Gases
8A = last group on right
Inertvery unreactive
Only heavier elements of group react & then
very limited
Dont form charged ions
Monatomic gases
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Transition Elements
B groupsshorter columns
All are metals
In center of table
Begin in fourth row
Tend to form ions with several different
charges
Ex.
Fe2+ and Fe3+
Cu+ and Cu2+
Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn5+, Mn6+, Mn7+
Actinide elements
Elements 90 103
At bottom of periodic table
Tend to form +2 and +3 ions.
All Actinides are radioactive
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Metals, Nonmetals, or
Elements break
down into 3 broad categories
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Upper right hand corner
Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
Diagonal line between metals & nonmetals
Boron to astatine
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Metals, Nonmetals, or
Metalloids
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Metals
Most elements in periodic table
Properties
Metallic luster
Shine or reflect light
Malleable
Can be hammered or
rolled into thin sheets
Ductile
Can be drawn into wire
Hardness
Some hard iron & chromium
Some soft sodium, lead, copper
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Properties of Metals
Conduct heat & electricity
Solids at Room Temperature
Melting points (mp) > 25 C
Hg only liquid metal (mp = 39 C)
Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 C)
Highest known for metal
Chemical reactivity
Varies greatly
Au, Pt
Na, K
very unreactive
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
very reactive
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of
12
Nonmetals
17 elements
Upper right hand corner of periodic table
13
Properties of Nonmetals
Brittle
Pulverize when struck
Insulators
Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
Chemical reactivity
Some inert
Noble gases
Some reactive
F2, O2, H2
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Metalloids
8 Elements
Located on diagonal line between metals &
nonmetals
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
Between metals & nonmetals
Metallic shine
Brittle like nonmetal
Semiconductors
Conduct electricity
But not as well as metals
Silicon (Si) & germanium (Ge)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is
correct?
A.Cu is a representative transition element
B.Na is an alkaline earth metal
C.Al is a semimetal in group IIIA
D.F is a representative halogen
E.None of these are correct
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Ionic compound
Compound composed of ions
Formed from metal & nonmetal
Infinite array of alternating Na+ & Cl ions
Formula unit
Smallest neutral unit of ionic compound
Smallest whole-number ratio of ions
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Formation of Ionic
Compounds
+ Non-metal
ionic
Metal
compound
2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Na + Cl
Na
+ Cl
2NaCl(s)
NaCl(s)
e
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Ionic Compounds
Cations
Positively charged ions
Formed from metals
Atoms lose electrons
Ex. Na has 11 e & 11 p+Na+ has 10 e & 11 p+
Anions
Negatively charged ions
Formed from non-metals
Atoms gain electrons
Ex. Cl has 17 e & 17 p+ Cl has 16 e & 17 p+
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Molecular compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in any state
Molecules are comprised of uncharged particles
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Ions of Representative
Can use periodic
table to predict ion
Elements
charges
21
Ions of Representative
Elements
Noble gases are
especially stable
Nonmetals
Negative () charge on anion = # spaces
you have to move to right to get to noble
gas
Expected charge on O is
Move 2 spaces to right
O2
Ne
22
23
Formula: MgO
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula
for the formula unit composed of potassium
and oxygen ions?
A.KO
B.KO2
C.K2O
D.P2O3
E.K2O2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula
for the formula unit composed of Fe3+ and
sulfide ions?
A.FeS
B.Fe3S2
C.FeS3
D.Fe2S3
E.Fe4S6
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Cations of Post-transition
Post-transition metals
Metals
9 metals Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uub
After transition metals & before metalloids
2 very important ones tin (Sn) & lead (Pb)
Both have 2 possible oxidation states
Both form 2 compounds with same nonmetal
Bismuth
Only has +3 charge
Bi3+
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Polyatomic ions
Ions composed of 2 or more atoms linked by
molecular bonds
If ions are negative, they have too many
electrons
If ions are positive, they have too few electrons
31
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Learning Check
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic
compound formed between ammonium
and phosphate ions?
Ammonium = NH4+
Phosphate = PO43
(NH4)+
(NH4)3PO4
3
)
Ex. (PO
Between
strontium ion and nitrate ion?
4
Strontium = Sr2+
Nitrate = NO32
Sr2+ (NO3)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Sr(NO3)2
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of
33
Nomenclature (Naming)
IUPAC system to standardize name of
chemical compounds
One system so that anyone can
reconstruct formula from name
We will look at naming Ionic Compounds of
Representative metals
Transition metals
Monatomic ions
Polyatomic ions
Hydrates
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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chromium(II)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Cr3+
chromium(III)
35
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
36
potassium oxide
NH4ClO3
ammonium
chlorate
Mg(C2H3O2)2
Cr2O3
ZnBr2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
magnesium acetate
chromium(III) oxide
zinc bromide
37
38
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A.
B.
C.
D.
copper sulfide
copper(II) sulfide
copper(II) sulfate
copper(I) sulfide
E. copper(I) sulfite
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium
sulfite?
a) NH4SO3
b) (NH4)2SO3
c) (NH4)2SO4
d) NH4S
e) (NH4)2S
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Naming Hydrates
Ionic compounds
Crystals contain water molecules
Fixed proportions relative to ionic substance
Naming
Name ionic compound
Give number of water molecules in formula
using Greek prefixes
mono = 1
di= 2
tri= 3
tetra= 4
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
hexa- = 6
hepta = 7
octa- = 8
nona- = 9
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of
41
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
What is the correct formula for copper(II)
sulfate pentahydrate?
A.CuSO4 6H2O
B.CuSO3 5H2O
C.CoSO4 4H2O
D.CoSO3 5H2O
E.CuSO4 5H2O
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Molecular Compounds
Molecules
Electrically neutral particle
Consists of two or more atoms
Chemical bonds
Attractions that hold atoms together in
molecules
Arise from sharing electrons between 2 atoms
Group of atoms that make up molecule behave
as single particle
Molecular formulas
Describe composition of molecule
Specify # of each type of atom present
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Ionic Compounds
Ions packed as close as possible to each other
Sodium chloride =
Each cation has 6
anions; each anion
has 6 cations
No one ion belongs
to another
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
45
Molecular Compounds
Formed when nonmetals combine
C + O2
2H2 + O2
CO2
2H2O
urea (CON2H4)
46
Hydrogen-containing
Nonmetal hydrides
Compounds
Molecule containing nonmetal + hydrogen
Number of hydrogens that combine with
nonmetal = number of spaces from nonmetal
to noble gas in periodic table
N O F
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
N
e
47
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Organic Compounds
Carbon compounds
Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
Hydrocarbons
Simplest organic compounds
Contain only C & H
Always have ratio of atoms CnH2n+2
Named using prefix designating number of C
atoms
All have ane suffix
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Table
Hydrocarbons Belonging to
the Alkane Series
3.8
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Alkanes
Boiling point increases as number of
carbon atoms increases
Space filling models of alkanes
Black = carbon
White = hydrogen
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for C4H10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
methane
ethane
propane
pentane
butane
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Other Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with two less Hs than alkanes
CnH2n
Name = number prefix + ene
Ex.
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with four fewer Hs than alkanes
CnH2n 2
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54
Your Turn!
What is the name of C4H9OH?
A. hexanol
B. propanol
C. pentanol
D. tetranol
E. butanol
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Structural formula
Indicate how carbon atoms are connected
Ethane = CH3CH3
Propane
= CH3CH2Chemistry:
CH3 The Molecular Nature of
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
Octane is a hydrocarbon with 8 C atoms
that is the major component of gasoline.
What is the correct molecular formula for
octane?
A.C8H14
B.C8H16
C.C8H18
D.C8H17OH
E.C8H15OH
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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Your Turn!
What is the correct structural formula for
octane?
a)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
b)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
c)C8H18
d)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
e)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
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Nomenclature of Molecular
Goal is a nameCompounds
that translates clearly into
molecular formula
Format:
First element in formula
Use English name
Second element
Use stem & append suffix ide
Use Greek number prefixes to specify how
many atoms of each element
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1.
2.
3.
1 H 1 Cl
HCl
phosphorous pentachloride
1 P 5Cl
PCl5
triselenium dinitride
3 Se 2N
Se3N2
Mono always omitted on 1st element
Often omitted on 2nd element unless more
than one combination of same 2 elements
Ex. Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide CO2
CO
60
AsF3
HBr
N 2O 4
N 2O 5
CO=
CO2
=
=
=
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
hydrogen bromide
dinitrogen tetroxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
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Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A.N3I
B.NI3
C.NIO3
D.N(IO3)3
E.none of the above
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
phosphorus oxide
phosphorous decoxide
tetraphosphorus decoxide
tetraphosphorus oxide
decoxygen tetraphosphide
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
H2O
Ammonia
NH3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Sucrose
Phosphine
C12H22O11
PH3
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Summary of Naming
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
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