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Definitions of Keywords
B. Mendels Law of Inheritance: Law of Segregation; Law
of Independent Assortment
Offspring phenotypic
C. Mendelian Genetics
ratio can be predicted
1. Monohybrid Inheritance
following Mendels
2. Dihybrid Inheritance
Laws
D. Non-Mendelian Genetics
1. Codominance and Incomplete dominance
2. Multiple alleles
Offspring phenotypic
3. Sex Linkage
ratio deviates from
expected Mendelian
4. Epistasis
ratios
5. Autosomal Linkage
6. Polygenic inheritance
p3
Mendels
Laws
Mendel's observations from these
experiments can be summarized in two
Laws:
1. the Law of Segregation
1. Monohybrid
Inheritance
p5
3: 1
2. Dihybrid
Inheritance
Inheritance of two genes
Two genes on different chromosomes
Gene for two traits eg. Seed Colour
and shape
Gene
for
Seed
colour
Gene
for
Seed
shape
2. Dihybrid Inheritance
Example:
Gene 1 - seed colour : yellow vs green
Gene 2 seed shape: round vs wrinkled
p6
Double
heterozygote
LawofIndependentAssortment
resulting in the various possible
combination of alleles (from the 2
genes).
Totalpossiblecombinationof
gametes=2nwherenisthehaploid
number.
Parents
Phenotype
Round,Yellow
Genotype
RRYY
Gametes
R
Y
R
Y
R
Y
Wrinkled, Green,
rryy
R
Y
ry
ry
ry
ry
F1
generation
Phenotype
Double
heterozygote
F1
generation
Phenotype
Gametes
F2
generation
Self the F1
smooth, yellow
smooth, yellow
RrYy
RrYy
RrRr
YYyy
RrRr
YYyy
LawofIndependentAssortment
Different combinations
of alleles in the gametes
LawofIndependentAssortment
Different combinations
of alleles in the gametes
p6
Double
heterozygote
LawofIndependentAssortment
resulting in the various possible
combination of alleles (from the 2
genes).
Totalpossiblecombinationof
gametes=2nwherenisthehaploid
number.
F2 offspring:
9 Yellow, round:
3 Yellow wrinkled :
3 Green, round :
1 Green, wrinkled
p6
Phenotypes
Round
yellow
Round
green
Wrinkled
yellow
Possible
genotypes
RRYY
RRyy
rrYY
RRYy
Rryy
rrYy
RrYY
RrYy
2. Dihybrid
Inheritance
p7
Situations not covered by Mendel's Laws
(defies Mendelian ratios):
1. Not all organisms are diploid.
2. Gene may have more than 2 alleles/ multiple alleles
(Eg: ABO Blood group has 3 alleles)
3. Not always a dominant-recessive relationship
(Eg. codominance)
4. Alleles may not assort independently
(Eg. Linked genes)
Inheritance of genes
and alleles still occur
as per normal .
Difference is ..
cannot get
Mendels
p8
(1)Codominance&IncompleteDominance
The phenomenon in a heterozygote in which both
alleles of the pair under consideration are
expressed in the phenotype.
Incomplete
Dominance
Phenotypeofheterozygote
(different from either parent)
CoDominance
Red flower
x
White
flower
Intermediatetrait
between homozygous dominant
and homozygous recessive
Characteristicsof
boththealleles
Incomplete dominance
R:alleleforred
colourflower
W:alleleforwhite
colourflower
Parental Genotype
F1 Genotype
F2 Genotype
RR
RRWW
Q: How are
the offspring
different
from the one
showing
codominanc
e?
RWRW
RWRWWW
p9
(2)MultipleAlleles
Definition
- where a character is controlled by a gene
which may appear in 3 or more alleles of which
only 2 may occupy the same locus on a pair of
homologous chromosomes.
Example: 1 gene with 3 alleles A1, A2 and A3
A1
A2
A1
A3
A2
A3
A2
A2
p9
Dominance Series
Most dominant
ch
recessive
3. Sex-Linked
Inheritance2 types of
p10
chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Autosomes = all
other chromosomes
Phenotype - Male
Genotype - XY
Phenotype Female
Genotype - XX
Sex-linked inheritance
p11
Whats a carrier?
Individual who has the
mutated/disease causing allele but
not expressing it in the phenotype.
Hh
H
X
Y
XX
XY
XY
HH
XX
Hh
XX
p12
Sex Linkage in Man - Red-green colour blindness
Generalisation1:
Sex- linked
recessive traits are
more common in
men than women.
Reason:
No corresponding allele on Y
chromosome to mask the effect on
the X chromosome;
therefore a male will manifest the
trait even if only 1 recessive allele is
present.
(NB: differential segment or non-pairing segment)
Advanced Biology - Simpkins
phenotype
genotype
Generalisation 2:
Sons receive sexGametes
linked trait
from
the
C
X
Y
mother.
F1
genotype
Reason:
phenotype
Son
receive their X
chromosome from
their mother.
NOTE: A mother to
son inheritance.
CB female
Normal male
XcXcXCY
meiosis
Xc
XCXc
Normal
Carrier
female
Xc
XcY
Colourblind
Male
Let C= allele for normal vision and c = allele for colour blindness and C is
dominant over c
Generalisation3:
Example 1: Normal female, colourblind male
Sons do not inherit father's sex-linked trait.
Let C= allele for normal vision and c = allele for colour
Reason:
blindness
is dominant
over c (with sex-linked trait)
Father
passand
theirConly
X chromosome
to their daughters and Y chromosome to their sons.
Parents phenotype Normal female x CB male
MalesobtaintheirXchromosomesfromtheirmother.
genotype
F1
Daughter
Gametes
receives
c
X
Y X
fathers only
genotype
chromosome
meiosi
s
C
X C XcXCY
Female
normal vision
(carrier)
phenotype
When
will
sons
inherit
their
fathers
condition?
XcY
X C XC
Ratio:
1
1
Male receives
Son
normal
his
only X
vision
chromosome
from his :
mother
Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree
A family tree/
pedigree
shows the various
relationships
within a family.
Can be used to study
the
inheritance of trait.
p13
Different modes of inheritance
1) Autosomal dominant
2) Autosomal recessive
3) Sex-linked dominant
4) Sex-linked recessive
p13
F1andF2resultsdifferentfor
reciprocalcrosses
NEW!
Not in
the
notes
ReciprocalcrossofwhiteandredeyedDrosophila
R=allele for red eye r = allele for white eye
Need to
distinguish
between
males and
females
RR
F1
rr
All Rr
(all red-eyed)
female,whiteXmale,white
eyedeyed
RR
rr
All Rr
(all red-eyed)
NEW!
Sex-linkedCodominant
Let B = allele for black fur and
G = allele for ginger fur
where B & G are codominant and XBXG = tortoise-shell
a) How many classes of coat colour would you find in the
females? In males? (b) Why?
ThreeXBXB(black)XGXG(ginger)XBXG(tortoise-
shell)
TwoXBY(black)XGY(ginger)
Sex-linkedCodominant
c) Is it possible to find a tortoise-shell male? Why?
Tobetortoise-shell,requiresbothalleles(BandG)to
bepresent.Maleshaveonly1Xchromosome,socan
onlyhave1alleleatanyonetime.
But.IfcatisXBXGY???
X inactivation
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../BioBookgeninteract.h
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/calico.html
Tortoiseshell cat
Calico cat
4. Epistasis
p14
Gene 1:
Controls the color of the
pigment
B/b locus:
B = black pigment,
b = brown pigment
Gene 2:
Controls the expression
of B/b locus gene
E/e locus:
locus
E = allows the deposition
of pigment,
e = prevents deposition
of pigment
p14
Why
recessive
epistasis?
p14
Presenceofadominantalleleatonelocuseg.
A
Presenceofadominantalleleatonelocus
allele will inhibit the expression of alleles at the B
locus.
Think
Time
p15
GeneP
EnzymeP
EnzymeQ
Compound
B
(purple)
GeneQ
As long as any one of the enzyme is functioning, phenotype is purple
Think
Time
(iv)Complementarygeneaction
gene P
C om pound A
(w h ite )
enzym e P
p16
gene Q
C om pound B
(w h ite )
enzym e Q
C om pound C
(p u rp le )
Think
Time
Is this 9an
example
of
gene
Walnut:
3 Rose: 3
Pea:
1 Single
interaction?
5. Autosomal
Linkage
Inheritance of 2 genes found
on the same chromosome.
p17
Only 2typesofgametesformed if
nocrossingoveroccurs
p17
Highe
Parentaltypegametes r in
no.
4typesof
gametesformed
Recombinant
gametes
Lowe
r in
no.
Double
heterozygote
Whatistheexpectedtestcrossratioforadihybrid
inheritance?
1Gray body, normal wings: 1 Gray body, vestigial wings:
1 Black body, normal wings: 1 Black body, vestigial wings
No.!
Expected
No.!
p 19
RightwayofdenotingLinkedgenes
Parental phenotype
red round
Parental genotype
Gametes
F1 genotype
F1 phenotype
long
F
L
All
F
L
f
l
f
l
meiosis
F
L
All
F
L
f
l
f
l
All purple
F1 X F1
F
L
F
L
Gamet
es
F
L
f
l
F
L
F
L
f
l
F
L
F
L
f
l
f
l
F
L
f
l
f
l
f
l
l
Totallinkage 3 Purple, Long
i.e.nocrossing
over
: 1 Red, Round
F1 X F1
Gamet
es
F
L
F
L
f
l
Recombinan
ts
F
l
F
L
f
L
f
l
f
l
Parental gametes
Recombinants are a
result of crossing over.
Solve by Punnet Square
F
L
F
l
f
L
f
l
Summary SO far
Dihybrid Inheritance
2genes;2characteristics
2pairsof
homologous
chromosome
1pairof
homologous
chromosome
Independent
assortment
NOIndependent
assortment;
Geneslinked
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
Nofixratio;
Moreparental
types;less
recombinants
2genes;1characteristic
2pairsof
homologous
chromosome
Independent
assortment
Gene
Interaction,
new
phenotype
Epistasis
Eg.15:1;
9:3:4;
9:7
6. Polygenic
Inheritance
p21
Genotype RatioinF2
AABB
AABb
AAbb
AaBB
AaBb
Aabb
aaBB
aaBb
aabb
1
2
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
Metric
value
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
6
Shortes
t
Tallest
1920
1997
A. Definitions of Keywords
B. Mendels Law of Inheritance: Law of Segregation; Law
of Independent Assortment
C. Mendelian Genetics
1. Monohybrid Inheritance
2. Dihybrid Inheritance
D. Non-Mendelian Genetics
1. Codominance and Incomplete dominance
2. Multiple alleles
3. Sex Linkage
4. Epistasis
5. Autosomal Linkage
6. Polygenic inheritance
Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium
Based on a principle that:
NEW!
Not in
the
notes
Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium
Shows the relationship between
frequencies of alleles and genotypes
in a population. (Population Genetics)
Relationship can be represented by a
mathematical formula:
(p + q) =1
where p= frequency of the dominant allele
q= frequency of the recessive allele
NEW!
Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium
To get the genotypic frequencies:
(p + q)2 =1
p2 + 2pq +q2 =1
Genotypic
frequencies of AA
(homozygous
dominant)
Genotypic
frequencies
of Aa
(heterozygote
s)
Genotypic
frequencies of aa
(homozygous
recessive)
Example: Albinism
A = Allele that codes for normal pigmentation
a = allele that codes for no pigmentation
NEW!
Example: Albinism
A = Allele that codes for normal pigmentation
a = allele that codes for no pigmentation