Freq reuse (7 cell cluster)

Hand-of
When a MS goes from one cell to anther then it needs to
change to the BS of current cell cite and probably needs to
be assigned diferent set of frequency channels. This
phenomenon is called ``Handover'' or ``Handof'' (HO)

Sectored antenna(directional ant)

Multipath-leads to fading

Diversity techniques
To improve the performance of those fading channels, diversity techniques

are used
In diversity technique, communication channel is supplied with multiple
Transmitting and Receiving antennas. The signal is transmitted and
received through multiple paths

Polarisation div:Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received

via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is

applied on the receiver side.

Div combining techq: selection combining(selecting

highest SNR signal)

INTRODUCTION
Antenna is electrical device which converts electric

power into electromagnetic waves or vice versa.

Omni directional and directional antennas.

Figure A:Omni directional antenna

coverage pattern

B. Directional antenna
coverage pattern

Multipath and Co channel Interference.

What is SMART ANTENNA ?

A smart antenna consists of an antenna array,

that changes the array pattern in response to

signal environment to improve the performance of
a communication system.

Figure : Smart antenna analogy with human

THE AIM OF SMART ANTENNA

SYSTEM
To maximize the antenna gain in the

desired direction.
To minimize the gain in directions of

interferers.

TYPES OF SMART ANTENNA

SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA
ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA

SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNAS

This systems form multiple fixed beams with

heightened sensitivity in particular directions.

When incoming signal detected it determines the

beam which is best aligned based on SOI and

switches to that beam to communicate with user.
As the mobile unit moves throughout the cell, the

switched-beam system detects the signal strength

and continually switches the beams as necessary.

Contd

Figure- Switched Beam System Coverage Patterns

(Sectors)

It subdivides sector into many narrow beams, then

each beam is
considered as individual sector serving user or
group of users.

Contd...

Figure : Block diagram of Switched beam systems

PSN, which forms multiple beams looking in

certain directions.
RF Switch actuates the right beam in the desired

Contd
The selection of right beam is made by control

logic which is governed by an algorithm.

The algorithm which scans all the beams and

selects the one strongest receiving signal based

on a measurement made by the detector.
The overall goal of the switched-beam system is to

increase the gain according to the location of the

user.

ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNAS

Systems are really smart because they are able

to dynamically react to the changing RF
environment with its infinite scenario based
patterns.

They can direct the main beam toward the

SOI(Signal Of Interest) while suppressing the
antenna pattern in the direction of the
interferers.

It can customize an appropriate radiation pattern

for each individual user.

Dynamically adjust the antenna pattern to

enhance reception while minimizing or fully
rejecting interference .

Contd

Figure- Adaptive Array System Coverage Pattern

This provides optimal gain while simultaneously

identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering

signals.

Contd

Figure : Block diagram of Adaptive array systems

D/C : Converts from RF to IF.

ADC : Converts Analog to Digital for further

processing.
Ws : It contains amplification and phase

COMPARISION OF SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA

AND ADAPTIVE ARRAYS
CRITERIA

SWITCHED BEAM

ADAPTIVE ARRAYS

INTEGERATION

Easy to implement

Transceiver
complexity

Low cost
High cost
RANGE/COVERAGE

More coverage
compared to
conventional
systems
Less coverage
compared
to adaptive array

More coverage
compared to
switched
beam system

INTERFERENCE
REJECTION

Difficulty in
distinguishing
between desired
signal
and interferer
Does not react to

Focusing is narrower
Capable of nulling
interfering signals

ADVANTAGES OF SMART ANTENNA

Enhance coverage through Range extension.
Fully controllable by software so less manual

operations.
Reduction in transmitted power.
Reduce co-channel interference (CCI) and
multipath interference.
Provides high security.
Improve system capacity.
Compatibility, it can be applied to various multiple

access techniques such as TDMA,FDMA ,and CDMA.

APPLICATION
Cellular and wireless networks
Electronic warfare (EWF) as a

countermeasure to electronic jamming

Satellite systems

Whip antenna

Base station antennas

Non-adaptive
Antenna diversity
Adaptive base station