CLAUSE

Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a

verb.

It is a bird.
s v
It flies away from one tree to another
tree.
s v
The girl who wears the pink dress
is my sister.
TESTS
v
!Shehappy.
University that I will take ..Esa
Unggul.

TENSES
I was a
baby.
I crawled.

PAS
T
Simple past tense
Past
progressive/continuou
s
Past perfect
Past perfect
progressive

I will be an
adult.
I will get
married.

I am a
teen.
I go to
school.

PRESEN
T

FUTURE

Simple present tense Simple future

tense
Present progressive
Present perfect

Present progressive

Present perfect
progressive

Future perfect
Future perfect
progressive

Simple Present 1. Fact/ general

truth
2. Habit
1. Be (is/am/are)
John is a student.
He is very happy.

Adverb of time:
every
day/week/month/year/etc

They are
students.
They are happy.

She/he/i
is
t
I
a
m
You/they/
are
we
They are not sad.
(arent)

2. Verb
She/he/it
doe
s

Positive
Sentence

Negative
Sentence
Interrogative
Sentence

-s

-es

-ies

(for verb ending -o,

-ch,-sh,-s,-x)

(for verb ending y and

preceded by consonant
letter)

He wakes up every morning.

(wake)

He goes to school every

day. (go)

He tries hard every

week. (try)

She eats a burger every day.

(eat)

He watches TV every
night. (watch)

A baby cries every night.

(cry)

She plays PS 2 every night.

(play)

She mixes the cake. (mix)

The bird flies away. (fly)

He doesnt wake up every

morning.

He doesnt go to school
every day.

He doesnt try hard

every week.

2. Verb
I/you/they/we

No s/-es/-ies for the

verb
do

Positive
Sentence

Negative Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

I wake up every
morning.

We do not drink juice

every day.

Do they speak Japanese

every day?

TEST
!Hehis car every Sunday morning.
a. wash

b. washes

c. is washing

I..some fish every morning.

a. buys
b. dont buy
c. is buying
doesnt buy

d. washed

d.

Present Progressive

Activity in
progress

Be (is/am/are) + VerbJohn is going to school

ing
now.

She/he/i
t
I
a
m
You/they/
we

Adverb of time:
Right now/now
They are walking around together
now.

is

are

TEST
!Peter..noodle right now.
a. eats

b. eat c. is eating d. are eating

Samantha and Dave football now.

a. is playing
b. are playing
c. play
d. played

Adverb of time:
Yesterday, last week/month/year, one minute
ago/etc.

Activity began and ended in the

Simple Past
past

1. Be (was/were)
John was a
student.

They were
happy.

She/he/it/I

was

You/they/
we

were
loved

2. Verb
She/he/it/I/you/they/w
e

Simple past form

(verb 2)

did

Regular form (-d/ed/-ied)

Irregular
form

Positive
Sentence

Negative Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

I woke up yesterday
morning.

We did not drink juice

yesterday.

Did they speak Japanese

yesterday?

go went

watche
d
tried
(try)

Regular Verb
Simpl
e
form

Simpl
e past

Presen
t
partici
ple

hope

hoped

hoped

study

studied

studied

Irregular Verb
Simpl
e form

Simpl
e past

Presen
t
partici
ple

becom
e

becam
e

become

bite

bit

bitten

go

went

gone

buy

bought

bought

eat

ate

eaten

Find the other irregular

verbs!

Activity in progress in past

Past Progressive
time

Be (was/were) + VerbJohn was going to school

ing
yesterday.

She/he/it/I

was

You/they/
we

wer
e

TEST
!

Adverb of time:
Yesterday, last week/month/year, one minute
ago/etc.

They were walking around together last

night.

Jack..noodle yesterday when I came to his

house.
a. was
b. ate c. was eating
d. were eating

Activity happened at
Present Perfect
unspecified time

Has/have + Present participle

form (V3)
She has called her since 7

Adverb of
time:
Since and for
They have drank juice for 30 minutes.

oclock.
She/he/it/
I/you/they/w
e

has
hav
e

Positive Sentence

Negative
Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

I have woken since 5

oclock.

She has not woken

up.

Have you eaten this

morning?

TEST
!

Jack..noodle since 2 hours ago.

a. ate b. has eaten
c. have eaten
d. were eating

Present Perfect
Progressive

Duration of an activity began in past and continues

to the present

Adverb of
time:
Since and for

Has/have + been+ Verb-ing

She has been biking since 8
oclock.
She/he/it/
I/you/they/w
e

They have been singing for two hours.

has
hav
e

Positive Sentence

Negative
Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

She has been biking since

8 oclock.

They havent been

singing for two
hours.

Have you been waiting

me?

TEST
!

Jack..noodle since 2 hours ago.

a. ate b. eats
c. has been eaten
d. were
eating

Activity completed before another

Past Perfect
activity

Had+ Present participle form

(V3) She had called me before

Adverb of
time:
Before and after

They had drunk before I arrived there.

Kesit came.
She/he/it/I/you/they/we

had

Positive Sentence

Negative
Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

Sisca had slept before John

came.

Sisca hadnt slept

before John came.

Had Sisca slept before John

came?

TEST
!

Jack..noodle before my friends called him.

a. eat b. is eating c. has eaten
d. had eaten

Duration of the activity in progress before

Past Perfect Progressive
another activity

Had+ been+Present participle

form (V3)
She had been calling me since 30 minutes ago
before Kesit came.
She/he/it/I/you/they/we

had

Positive Sentence

Negative
Sentence

Interrogative
Sentence

Sisca had been sleeping

for two hours before John
came.

Sisca hadnt been

sleeping for two
hours before John
came.

Had Sisca had been

sleeping for two hours
before John came?

TEST
!

Jack..noodle since 8 oclock before my friends

called him.
a. had been eating
b. eat c. has eaten
d. had eaten

Adverb of
time:
Before and after

Adverb of time:
Tomorrow, two days later, next
week/month/etc.

Activity in future
Simple Future
time

1. Will/shall+ simple form

I will swim tomorrow morning.

2. Be (is/am/are) going to +
simple form
They are going to swim tomorrow
morning.

She/he/it/I/you/they/
we
I/we

will
shall

Positive Sentence

Negative Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

Pete will go to Bali next

week.

Pete will not go to Bali next

week.

Will Pete go to Bali?

Pete is going to go to
Bali.

Pete is not going to go to

Bali.

Is Pete going to go to Bali?

TEST
!
My brother and I .to the park two minutes
later.
a. will go
b. went
c. have gone
d. had gone

Future Progressive

Activity will be in progress in

future

Adverb of time:
Tomorrow, two days later, next
week/month/etc.

Will/shall+ be+Verb-ing
I will be swimming. Be
patient.
She/he/it/I/you/they/
we
I/we

will
shall

Positive Sentence

Negative Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

She will be swimming.

She will not be swimming.

Will she be swimming?

Future Perfect
Activity will be completed before another
even in future

Adverb of
time:
By the time

Will/shall+ have+ Present participle (v3)

I will have finished my homework by the time I go out with
my boyfriend.
She/he/it/I/you/they/
will
we
I/we
shall

Positive Sentence

Negative Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

She will have finished

her homework

She will not have finished

her homework

Will she have finished her

homework?

Future
Duration of an activity that will be in progress before another event in
Perfect
future
Progressive
Will/shall+ have+ been+verb-ing
When Mrs.Brown retires next month, she will have been teaching for 20
years.

Structure Practice-1
1. Last week Ifishing nearby mountain late.
a. go
b. goes
c. went
d. had gone.
2. The North Plate Riverfrom Wyoming into Nebraska.
a. flowed b. flows
c. flowing
d. had flown
3. The functions of cerebellum are to maintain and move the body.
A
B
C
D
4. Blood Plasma it is the transportation system for all of organs in
human body.
A
B
C
D
5. Political demonstrations on American
campuses..since 1970.
a. abate
b. will abate
c. have abated d. is abating

REFERENCES
Azar, Betty. Understanding and using English grammar. Third Edition. Longman
Sharpe, Pamela. 2011. TOEFL. Seventh Edition. USA: Barron