Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
Div 03
CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01
LIME
One of the oldest manufactured building materials used
as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic
ash for the first real cement.
Manufactured by the
calcination of limestone
(carbonates of calcium
and magnesium).
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01
LIME
The carbonates decompose
into carbon dioxide, which is
expelled, and calcium oxide
(CaO) called quicklime.
Before quicklime can be
used, it must first be mixed
with water in the process
called slaking or hydration.
The lime has now become
calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
lime or hydrated lime.
Quicklime
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.01
LIME
Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used
as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with
cement mortar or concrete to:
increase its workability
decrease its permeability
to water
reduce cracking due to
shrinkage
A type of lime which will
set under water is
hydraulic lime, used only
where slow underwater
setting is required.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.02
GYPSUM
Gypsum, like lime, was used
as a plaster by the Egyptians,
Greeks and Romans.
Plaster from the Greek
word for both the raw material
and calcined product. In
architectural terminology the
words Plaster and
gypsum are often used
interchangeably.
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between
325 F. to 340 F. when it loses about three-fourths of its
combined water.
The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is
used, or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or
added to retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard
wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and
thoroughly.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.02
GYPSUM
Gypsum plaster is rendered
more plastic by the addition of
hydrated lime.
Fiber or hair is also sometimes
added for greater cohesiveness.
The fiber may be hemp, sisal or
jute; the hair is generally
cleaned goat or cattle hair.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.03
CEMENT
First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with
pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water.
With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making
was lost and for several centuries.
In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
English bricklayer and mason,
invented and patented Portland
cement.
Today, the word cement generally
refers to Portland cement which is the
principal type of cement in use.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1.
CEMENTING MATERIALS
1.03
CEMENT
Portland cement is obtained
by finely pulverizing clinker
produced by calcining a
proportioned
mixture
of
argillaceous (silica, alumina)
and
calcareous
(lime)
materials with iron oxide and
small amounts of other
ingredients.
Types of Portland cement:
slow-setting cement
quick-setting
high
early
strength cement
sulfate-resisting cement for
applications where alkaline
water and soils occur
white cement (or stainless
cement which is free of iron
impurities).
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
2.
STORAGE OF CEMENT
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.01
DEFINITION
Concrete is:
a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
predetermined size or shape
upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness
and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than
6mm () is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large
aggregate of more than 6mm () in size produces
concrete.
when strengthened by
reinforced concrete.
embedded
steel,
is
called
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.02
Strong
Durable
of uniform quality, and
thoroughly sound.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
a.
Cement
in reinforced-concrete construction should be highgrade Portland cement conforming to the Standard
Specifications and Test for Portland Cement of the
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
The kind of tests usually made are:
soundness, or constancy of volume
time of setting
fineness
tensile strength
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately
1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
b.
Aggregates are:
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
concrete, should be particles that are durable strong,
clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
substances.
Fine aggregates
(aggregates smaller than
6mm () in size) consist of
sand, stone screenings or
other inert materials of
similar characteristics.
Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass
a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No.
50 sieve.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
b.
Aggregates
Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than in size)
consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert
materials of similar characteristics.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
b.
Aggregates
Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace
slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and
sawdust, may produce:
- lightweight, nailable concrete
- thermal insulating concrete.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
c.
Water
- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter,
or other deleterious substances
- should be reasonably clear and clean.
- The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
- Water combines with the cement to form a paste which
coats and surrounds the inert particles of aggregates.
- Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
- The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly
upon the strength of the paste. If there be an excess of
water the paste becomes thin and weak and its
holding power is reduced.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.03
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
c.
Water
- The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used
per bag of cement.
- This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5
gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The
less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
concrete.
- The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It
should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to
place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
ingredients result.
WATER CEMENT RATIO
Assumed 28-day
Compressive strength
(lbs. per sq. inch)
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,750
7.00
6.50
5.75
5.00
62.0
57.5
51.0
44.5
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.04
SLUMP TEST
- used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.
- Consistency may be defined as the state of fluidity of
the mix, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from
the wettest to the dries possible mixtures.
In this test the tendency of a mix to slump, or reduce its
height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus
consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8)
in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4), and the
height exactly 300mm (12).
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
3.
CONCRETE
3.04
SLUMP TEST
In making the test, the slump tester is
placed on a flat, smooth surface and is
filled with newly mixed concrete from
mixer. In filling the mold with concrete,
the latter is tamped in with a 12mm ()
rod pointed at one end and the top of
the concrete is smoothed off exactly
level. The mold is then slowly raised
vertically and the height deducted from
the original height of 300mm (12)
represents the slump.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
Collapsed
slump
Bucket
TOO WET
SLUMP
SUITABLE
No
slump
TOO DRY
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.04
SLUMP TEST
A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass
concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
desirable.
The following table gives the permissible slump for various
types of concrete in relation to their uses:
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
Maximum
Minimum
and
125mm (5)
50mm (2)
and
100mm (4)
25mm (1)
150mm (6)
75mm (3)
75mm (3)
25mm (1)
75mm (3)
25mm (1)
Reinforced
footings
foundation
Plain
footings,
substructure walls
walls
caissons,
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as
follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the
water-cement ratio.
The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
a.
b.
c.
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
a.
1 foot
1 foot
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
1 foot
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of
cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Class AA
1 : 1.5 : 3
Class A
1: 2 :4
Class B
1 : 2.5 : 5
Class C
1: 3 :6
Class D
1 : 3.5 : 7
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
b.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.05
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
c.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.06
MIXING OF CONCRETE
Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine
Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more uniform
quality than that mixed by hand and is generally less
expensive when in large volume.
The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon
the thoroughness of mixing.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.06
MIXING OF CONCRETE
a.
MACHINE MIXING
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of
the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
The entire contents of the drum should be discharged
before recharging the mixer. The mixer should be
cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.06
MIXING OF CONCRETE
a.
MACHINE MIXING
drum mixers
trough mixers
gravity mixers, and
pneumatic mixers.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.06
MIXING OF CONCRETE
b.
HAND MIXING
- hand-mixing must be
done on a water-tight
platform.
- cement and fine
aggregate shall first
be mixed dry until the
whole is a uniform
color.
- water and coarse
aggregate shall then
be added and the
entire mass turned at
least three times, or
until a homogeneous
mixture of the
required consistency
is obtained.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.06
MIXING OF CONCRETE
b.
HAND MIXING
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours
after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before
initial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic.
- Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been
allowed to stand more than hour is not to be
permitted.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.07
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.07
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.07
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.08
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
Concrete must be allowed to cure or harden after it is
placed.
Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
Three main factors that affect hardening are:
- age or time
- temperature, and
- moisture.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
from, excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too
rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere
with the chemical action.
The strength of the concrete increases with age when the
curing conditions remains favorable.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
The increase in strength is rapid during the early
ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of
its own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
about 80% at an age of 3 months.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying
out too rapidly. This may be done by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
Parts of Structure
FOOTINGS
a. Massive footings
b. Cantilever footings
c. Slab footings
WALLS AND a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day
cms. thick or more
(24 hours) for every additional meter or
PLASTERS
fraction thereof.
c. Cantilever walls,
buttresses,
counter
forts,
diaphragms.
COLUMNS
a. Ratio of height to
least diameter up
to 4
b. Ratio of height to
least
diameter
from 4 to 15.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
3.
CONCRETE
3.09
CURING OF CONCRETE
Parts of Structure
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
SLABS
a. 3 to 7 ft. spans
BEAMS
AND
GIRDERS
a. Sides
a. 3 days
b. Bottoms
ARCHES
a. Spandrel walls
b. Spandrel arches
c. Main arches
BALUSTRADES,
COPINGS,ETC.
a. Sides.
b. Bottom
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
Substances added to cements, mortars, and
concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
particular properties, such as:
To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
To improve durability by entertainment of air
To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
calcium chloride
To retard setting (retarders).
To improve wear resistance
To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CELITE.
To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
METALICHROME.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:
those for mixing into concrete
those for mixing into mortar
those for surface application or finish.
Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
Concrete admixtures include:
a.
b.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
c.
d.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
e.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
f.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.10
ADMIXTURES
Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:
Accelerators
color pigments
Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
hardeners
color pigments
special aggregates
sealers
abrasive materials
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
Lumber used in form
construction should only
be partially seasoned.
Kiln-dried lumber has a
tendency to swell when
soaked by the concrete,
and this swelling causes
bulging and distortion of
the forms.
Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
boards thoroughly saturated with water.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
When using natural, well
seasoned lumber, care
should be taken not to
drive the work up too
close, since forms
should always be left in
a position to experience
some slight swelling
without any undesirable
results.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
both edges even are used where the removal and
cleaning of the forms are necessary for re-use .
Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
be used in face work, where smooth and true surface
is important.
Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form
square of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams,
and girders.
Sizes of lumber frequently used :
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
Use nails sparingly in
the construction of
forms because
unnecessary nailing
not only adds to the
labor of wrecking but
also renders the
lumber unfit for
continued use. Where
nails must be used,
leave the head
protruding so that
they may be
withdrawn without
injury to the lumber.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant
to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus
make a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and
petroline preserve the forms against damage by
alternate wetting and drying. The forms should preferably
be oiled before they are set in place. Oil should not be
used, however, on forms against surfaces which are to
be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of the plaster. In
such cases, wetting with water will be sufficient.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
a.
LUMBER FORMS
The inside of forms which have been used once and
are to be used again shall be coated an approved
soap or other approved material, or thoroughly wetted
before concreting. No application of soap or other
material should be made to forms after the
reinforcements are in place.
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur.
The joints should be made tight enough to prevent
leakage of the mortar.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
3.
CONCRETE
3.11
FORMS
b.
PLYWOOD FORMS
Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
plywood should be waterproof, Grade A and at least
12mm () thick.
c.
STEEL FORMS
Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
d.
PLASTIC FORMS
Polystyrene forms are now
available for concrete work.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
AEROCRETE
This is a lightweight, expanded structural concrete
produced by adding a small amount of metallic
aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
and sand of cinders.
On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
throughout the material.
It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
floor and roof slabs.
In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fireresistive qualities.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
GUNITE
This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under
high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
required supply of water is added just before the dry
constituents emerge from nozzle.
GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
for swimming pool construction.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
PORETE
A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam
is added to generate gases in the process of
deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shopmade unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
siding of industrial buildings.
d.
HAYDITE
This is processed concrete added with lightweight
aggregate .
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
Micaceous minerals
Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
volume.
Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees
heat for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to
12 lbs. per cubic ft.
It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing
steel, for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and
fireproof plaster.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
By-product Aggregates
Expanded Slag or foamed slags are made by treating
molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water
or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in
the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of
steam is very important because too much granulates the
slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy
aggregate.
Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-inplace walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
buildings.
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
4.
PROCESSED CONCRETE
Gravel
Sand
Crushed Stone
Crushed Bank Slag
Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale)
Foamed Slag
Cinders
Pumice
Diatomite
Perlite
Vermiculite
Aggregate
Weight per
Cubic Foot
(Lbs.)
120
90-100
100
80
40-60
40-60
40-50
30-60
28-40
6-16
6-10
150
150
145
110-130
100-120
90-100
110-115
60-90
55-70
40-65
25-50
End of
Div 03 CONCRETE