1 Detection and Troubleshooting of GSM RF Tunnel Faults Principle + Tools + Cases + Deliverables 20121031

Security Level:
09/12/16
Detection and Troubleshooting of GSM RF

Tunnel Faults:
Principle + Tools + Cases + Deliverables
Prepared by: Zhang Xianghua, Hanwei
Reviewed by: Qi Haofeng
www.huawei.com
Oct 31, 2012
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Revision History
Date
Versio Description
n
Reviewer
Author
2012-0131
Jan 2012
version
1 How to use M2000 Antenna Fault

Detection Function is added.
2 Add cases of output power is
mismatch after swap sites.
3 Add cases of how to use power meter.
4 Description about Wireless Air
Interface and RF Maintenance & Testing
function is added .
5 Add cases of how to resolve VSWR
and Intermodulation in the indoor
coverage system.
Wang Chun,Chen
Wei,Liu Xiuyu,Jiang
Ying,Yan Yafeng
,Liang jian, Zhao
jingjing,Qi
Haofeng,Gao
Shuliang,Guo
Hongliang,Ni
Hongxiang,Zhu
Kan,Chen
Ruiqun,Chen Kai,Li
Wenhui,Zhang
Zhenhua,Li Peng,Liu
Fang,Jiang Xueyi.
Zhang Xianghua
(Staff ID: 51668)
2012-1031
Oct 2012
version
1 Optimize support capability diagram.

2 Add checklist about Antenna fault
detection.
3 Add checklist about uplink
interference.
4 Add cases about VSWR and
interference.
5 Add new function description of R14.
6 Add priority of each fault mode about
antenna fault.
7 Modify description about crossing
connection of CPRI.
Huawei Confidential
Wang Chun,Chen
Wei,Liu Xiuyu,Jiang
Ying,Yan Yafeng
,Liang jian, Zhao
jingjing,Qi
Haofeng,Gao
Shuliang,Guo
Hongliang,Ni
Hongxiang,Zhu
Kan,Chen
Ruiqun,Chen Kai,Li
Wenhui,Zhang
Zhenhua,Li Peng,Liu
Fang,Jiang
Xueyi.
Page
2
Zhang Xianghua
(Staff ID: 51668)
Han Wei
(Staff ID:45967)
Abstract
This slide describes the following information:
Principles, schemes, and tools for detecting and troubleshooting GSM radio frequency (RF) path faults
Version information about the host system
Cases involved
Required deliverables
Problem resolution standards and requirements (Path faults must be rectified completely)
In addition, this slide describes the necessities of fixed-length jumpers, tools and requirements for making jumpers at
the site, and the method for installing jumper connectors. This information helps field engineers in preventing
intermodulation interference and site revisiting.
Obtain the relevant guides and tools from the following URL:
http://3ms.huawei.com/hi/group/5803/files.html?html=index2
Note:
The tools mentioned in this document are attached to the corresponding guides. Therefore, you
can obtain these tools from the corresponding guides.
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Terminology
Terminology
Inter-cell crossed pair
Description
The main or diversity antenna feeder
for two cells under a BTS is crossed.
Trunk amplifier
A signal amplification system used to

amplify signals for an indoor distributed
base station.
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
Deliverables and Closed-Loop Requirements

Requirements for Deliverables:
1. Provide the output of problem cells and sites, location results, and location experience
summary for a project based on the following attachment.
2. Handle voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) alarms and locate antenna
intermodulation interference when base stations are swapped.
Requirements for Problem Resolution:
The actual location result is provided for each problem cell and site.
Examples for Tes t Report on RF Chan.rar
Report Sample for Checking VSWR and Intermodulation Interference.rar
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
R&D Support
For detecting and troubleshooting RF tunnel faults, we provide trainings and
7*24 hour technical support. For any problem, contact us and we can
process it on site.
List of R&D technical support engineers
Name
ID
Han Wei
45967
Zhang Xianghua
51668
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
Contents
Detection Schemes
Antenna connection fault
Actions must be implement
Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels
Crossed Pair Connection Detection During Base Station Deployment
Reverse Connection of Antennas Between Cells
Determining Path Faults Based on Traffic Statistics Related to Balance Between

Uplink Signal Level and Downlink Signal Level
Downlink Channel Fault
Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Power
Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Downlink Level
Settle problem about VSWR alarm
Power match
Uplink Interference Detection and Tools
Intermodulation interference
Intra-net frequency interference
External interference
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Fault Modes of RF tunnels and Current Support Capability

- Diagram
1 Crossed pair of antennas between
External interference and

Intra-net frequency
interference
1)CDMA interference
detection
cells: difference between the main

antenna level and the diversity antenna
level
2 Inverse connection of antennas
between cells: inter-cell handover
counters
2) Frequency Spectrum
Scanning
1 Fault of an antenna:
Difference between the main antenna level
and the diversity antenna level
2 VSWR alarm:
1)VSWR test
2)Multiple frequency VSWR test
3)DTF test
3 Intermodulation interference:
1 Crossed pair of
CPRI between cells:
1)Intermodulation interference detect base

on traffic frequency
2)Intermodulation performance test
difference between the main

antenna level and the
diversity antenna level
2 Inverse
connection of CPRI
between cells
Fault of the connecting

line between modules:
difference between the
main antenna level and
the diversity antenna
level
inter-cell handover counters
BBU
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
RF Channel Fault Modes and Current Supporting Capabilities

Fault Mode
Faulty connection between DPU/DFCU and
TRX
Testing Method
Data Source
Impact
Tool
Connection fault of antenna

Downlink channel fault
Uplink interfern
TX line Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Power.
DDPU/DFCU power query results
RX line Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels
Traffic measurement about the main and

diversity
OMStar
Faulty connection between antenna and

antenna port on the top of the BTS

diversity
OMStar
Faulty connection between RXUs

diversity
OMStar
Crossed pair connection of antennas

between cells

diversity
OMStar
Cross feeder test(R14 or later version)
MML STR BTSCROSFEEDTST
Reverse connection of antennas between

cells
Analyze handover counter
Crossed pair connection of CPRI between

cells

diversity
Reverse connection of CPRI between cells
Analyze handover counter
Faulty connection between DPU/DFCU and

TRX
DDPU/DFCU power query results
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
VSWR alarm
VSWR test One frequency VSWR test
MML:STR BTSVSWRTST, and select

NON_FDR for test type
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
VSWR test Multiple frequency VSWR test(R13 or later version)
MML:STR BTSVSWRTST, and select

MULTI_ARFCN_NON_FDR for test
type
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
Settle VSWR alarm DTF test(R14 or later version)
Start the function from WEBLMT
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
PIM test base on traffic frequency(R13 or later version)
MML:STR BTSRFST, and select

PIMONLINE for test type
Test PIM performance of antenna system PIM performance test (or

later version)

PIMOFFLINE for test type
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES
CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
CDMA interference CDMA interference test(R13 or later version)
Page 9

CDMAINTEF for test type
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
Revers
eAnalys
e
Revers
eAnalys
e
Service will be
interrupted
during the test.
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
Antenna connection fault Checklist of Actions must be

implement
Step No
Actions must be
implement
1 Channel Fault
Detection with the Main
and Diversity Levels
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Condition
unconditional
Find antenna
2 Crossed Pair
connection fault when
Connection Detection
Newly-built or swap
During Base Station
sites.
Deployment
3 Reverse Connection of
unconditional
Antennas Between Cells
Goal
The most important means to find antenna
connection fault , it can detect 9 fault modes.
To find if there is crossed pair connection

between cells when newly-built or swap sites.
To find if there is reverse connection of
antenna between cells.
4 Determining Path
Faults Based on Traffic
Statistics Related to
Balance Between Uplink
Signal Level and Downlink
Signal Level
There is abnormal
about traffic
To analyze if there is other antenna connection
statistics related to
fault expect the fault that has found in step 1
balance between uplink
and step 2.
signal level and
downlink signal level
5 summary
unconditional
Solve the problem that has found in the step

before and summarize how to improve.
Huawei Confidential
Page 11
Step to analyze antenna connection

Step1 Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity
fault
Levels and Crossed Pair Connection Detection During Base
Station Deployment
1 To find if there is antenna connection fault by by analyze the measurement counters
that main level and diversity level of MR
2 When newly-built or swap a site, we can use Crossed Pair Connection Detection During
Base Station Deployment to find if there is crossed pair connection and solve the problem on site ,
then can reduce the times of go to site.
Step 2 Reverse Connection of Antennas Between Cells

1 We can find if there is reverse connection of antennas between cells by analyze handover
counters and project parameters, then decide if we should go to site solve the problem by KPI.
2 We can find if there is reverse connection of antennas between cells by making call
test on site when newly-built or swap a site.
Step 3 Determining Path Faults Based on Traffic Statistics

Related to Balance Between Uplink Signal Level and Downlink
Signal Level
When we find there is abnormal of traffic statistics related to balance between uplink
signal level and downlink signal level , first we can analyze by step 1 and step 2, if the problem is
still exists, we can analyze if there is problem of the tower amplifier or the configuration of tower
amplifier is wrong, or find if the power configuration is incorrect.
Step 4 Summary:
Solve the problem that has found in the step before and summarize how
to improve.
Huawei Confidential
Page 12
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Detection Scheme for Channel Fault

Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels
Principle
Normally there should be no great difference between the main and diversity levels of each TRX. By analyzing the difference
between the main and diversity levels, sort out the TRXs with comparatively great difference between main and diversity levels.
Then detect specific fault points of an antenna feeder by referring to the data configuration and distribution rules of the TRXs that
have great difference between the main and diversity levels. It is not support when the cell is Multi-Site Cell.
Important Notice
1 For a single antenna feeder, the main and diversity levels differ greatly. In this case, no troubleshooting is required.
2 If a repeater is used, since the repeater has no diversity reception, there must be a great difference between the main and
diversity levels. In this case, no troubleshooting is required.
3 If it is difficult to find the root cause because of the traffic of TRX is low, we can use SET GCELLCHMGBASIC to switch on
the FACTORYMODE and analyze again.
4 When we resolve the crossing pair connection of antenna, we suggest to do some test on site to find which antenna is
crossing pair connection first.
Tools and Guides
MainDivAnalyse Antenna Faults check item of OMSTAR Antenna Fault detection function of M2000
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Obtaining Data Source

Traffic measurement systems vary with NE types (such as BSC6000 and BSC6900) and
sources.
NE
Version
Source
Traffic
Calculation
Measuremen
t System
BSC600
0
All versions
Traffic
measurement data
of the entire
network from the
M2000
S4501, S4502 and

S4503
Main level (dBm) = 10 *

log10 (S4502/S4501) - 120
Diversity level (dBm) = 10
* log10 (S4503/S4501) 120
Description because
the unit of s4502 s4503
is 0.1mW, after
operation, the result is
-120.
BSC690
0
All versions
Traffic
measurement data
of the entire
network from the
M2000
S4556 and S4557
Main level (dBm) = 10 *

log10 (S4556) - 120
Diversity level (dBm) = 10
* log10 (S4557) - 120
Huawei Confidential
Advantages/Disadvantag
es
If the count is too small, you may judge

incorrectly.
Page 15
OMSTAR Tool
OMSTAR has the function of exporting fault points based on the difference between the main and diversity levels. OMSTAR are
recommended for automatic analysis of antenna feeder faults.
OMSTAR V500R001 is recommended for BSC6000, and OMSTAR V500R006 is recommended for BSC6900.
The release of OMSTAR is as follows:
Fault information in
details, we
can
OMSTAR inspection results are displayed in the "81 Antenna Faults" inspection item, as shown in the following figure:
resolve the fault by
this information.
For tools and detailed instructions, see Guide on How to Detect Faults in the Antenna System.
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Tool Instructions
Basic Steps
Step 1 Analyze the data by running the macro in the tool after collecting busy hour traffic measurement data in the
last one or two days.
Step 2 The analysis results indicate the difference between the main and diversity levels of each TRX based on BSC cells,
and mark TRXs with a greater difference by using different colors, as shown in the following figure.
Step 3 To analyze a specific fault point, refer to data configuration and summarized rules.
For tools and detailed instructions, see Guide on How to Detect Faults in the Antenna System.
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Mode of Channel Fault Detection with

the
Maintable
and
Diversity
Levels
The following
describes
the fault points
and accuracy rate that can be
detected in the current channel fault detection with the main and diversity levels.
BTS Type
Fault Mode
No of Fault Mode
Accuracy Rate
BTS3012
Faulty connection between TRX and

DFCU/DDPU
Fault Mode 1
Higher than 90%
BTS3012
Fault of main/diversity antenna feeder
Fault Mode 2
Higher than 90%
BTS3012
Crossed pair connection of main/diversity of two

cells
Fault Mode 3
Higher than 90%
BTS3900
Crossed pair connection of main/diversity of two

cells
Fault Mode 4
Higher than 90%
BTS3900
Fault of antenna feeder connected to a module
Fault Mode 5
Higher than 90%
BTS3900
Incorrect configuration of RXU

transmitting/receiving mode
Fault Mode 6
Higher than 90%
BTS3900
Faulty connection between RXUs
Fault Mode 7
Higher than 90%
BTS3012/BTS3900
There is a small difference between the main and

diversity levels of the TRXs, but both main and
diversity levels of the TRXs are very low.
Fault Mode 8
This is an auxiliary
judging method that fails
to locate precisely.
BTS3900
Crossing connection of CPRI This issue is

only happened when there is more than 2
RXUs in one cell.
Fault Mode 9
Higher than 90%
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
Fault Mode 1: Connecting Line from BTS3012 to the

DFCU/DDPU Fails
Summary: For some TRXs on the DFCU/DDPU, the main antenna level is more than 6 dB higher than the diversity
antenna level (for dual-antenna sites). ---Main is higher means RXD is fault, Diversity is higher means RXM is fault.
Normal
Main is
Diversity id higher
higher
Typical case: No.30 TRX in cell B of the A site, The fault occurs because the RF connector
on the DFCU that is
connected to No.30 TRX comes off.
Cell: =XXXB,
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO.,
TRX:
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
=501
- 11.3529374 11.3529374
TRX:
84.1285807 95.4815181
5
5
=502
2.23120318
2.23120318
TRX:
82.7684919 84.9996951
8
8
=503
- 0.61555216 0.61555216
TRX:
-83.795518
84.4110702
8
8
=509
- 1.40037547 1.40037547
TRX:
-83.311275
84.7116505
2
2
=510
TRX:
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
=511
LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Page 19
RXD is
fault
Fault Mode 2: Feeder from BTS3012 to an ANT Port on the

DFCU/DDPU Fails
Summary: On all TRXs, the main antenna level is higher than the diversity antenna level. Or, on all TRXs, the diversity
antenna level is higher than the main antenna level (for dual-antenna sites). The difference between the main antenna
level and diversity antenna level is greater than 6 dB. ---Main is higher means Diversity is fault, Diversity is higher
means Main is fault.
Main is higher
Normal
Diversity is
higher
Typical case: Cells 4 and 6 in A Site. All faults are caused by too large standing waves on the joint between the
jumper and feeder of the diversity antenna. No standing wave alarm is reported because the BTS version is too low.
After the BTS version is upgraded, the VSWR alarms can be reported normally.
Cell: =XXX2
TRX:
=636
TRX:
=637
TRX:
=669
TRX:
=670
- 23.0609893 23.0609893
68.5333659 91.5943552
7
7
- 18.2957597 18.2957597
68.6124426 86.9082023
2
2
- 17.5689420 17.5689420
61.2771685 78.8461106
9
9
- 18.6456478 18.6456478
61.6098383 80.2554861
2
2
Huawei Confidential
Page 20
Diversit
y is
fault
Fault Mode 3: Crossed Pair of Main and Diversity Antennas

in two Cells of BTS3012
Summary: In the same site, the problem that the main antenna level is higher than the diversity antenna level or the
diversity antenna level is higher then the main antenna level exists in at least two cells (for dual-antenna sites). The
difference between the main antenna level and the diversity antenna level is greater than 6 dB.
Typical case: Cells 5 and 6 in the A site. After confirming with field engineers, we find that the fault occurs because
the jumpers in sector 5 and jumpers in sector 6 are inversely connected.
Cell: =XXX5
TRX: =688
TRX: =689
TRX: =692
Cell: =XXX6
TRX: =694
TRX: =695
TRX: =696
Main is higher
#DIV/0!
-71.945
-73.5111
-77.23
-76.1717
-74.179
#DIV/0!
-80.5929
-79.931
-84.4321
-82.2533
-80.2387
Diversity is
higher
Huawei Confidential
#DIV/0!
8.647901
6.419927
7.202051
6.081665
6.059695
#DIV/0!
8.647901
6.419927
7.202051
6.081665
6.059695
Normal
Page 21
Fault Mode 4: Crossed Pair of Main and Diversity Antennas

Summary:
1. When two MRFUs are available in the cell and the cell is not concentric cell: Great difference between the main antenna level and
diversity antenna level exists in at least two cells in the site. On one MRFU, the main antenna level is higher than the diversity antenna
level for all TRXs. On the other MRFU, the diversity antenna level is higher than the main antenna level for all TRXs (for dual-antenna
sites). The difference between the main antenna level and diversity antenna level is greater than 10 dB.
LABEL=XXX5
LABEL=XXX6
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Index=694
Index=695
Index=696
Index=697
Index=698
Index=699
Index=700
Index=701
Index=702
Index=703
Index=704
Index=705
-75.357
-73.3164
-72.3318
-74.9627
-74.2168
-76.2578
-76.0838
-74.1798
-73.9436
-80.0928
-80.7734
-80.693
-88.748
-86.6357
-85.0377
-63.1661
-62.4526
-64.2335
-90.3464
-89.4889
-88.1454
-70
-69.7056
-68.5507
13.391
13.3193
12.7059
-11.7966
-11.7642
-12.0243
14.2626
15.3091
14.2018
-10.0928
-11.0678
-12.1423
13.391
13.3193
12.7059
11.7966
11.7642
12.0243
14.2626
15.3091
14.2018
10.0928
11.0678
12.1423
2. When only one MRFU is available in the cell and the cell is not concentric cell: Great difference between the main antenna level
and diversity antenna level exists in at least two cells in the site. In addition, for all TRXs in the problem cells, the main antenna level is
higher than the diversity antenna level or the diversity antenna level is higher than the main antenna level (for dual-antenna sites).The
TRX than 6 dB.
difference between the main antenna level and diversity antenna level is greater
LABEL=XXX5
-82.64 -100.89 18.251 18.251

Index=471
TRX
-69.19 -91.865 22.672 22.672

Index=472
TRX
-76.01 -87.784 11.77 11.77

Index=473
TRX
LABEL=XXX6
-67.31 -80.324 13.015 13.015
Index=474
TRX
-69.77 -82.093 12.326 12.326

Index=475
TRX
Typical case: Diversity antennas in cells 5 and 6 of the Chemistry Institute of Chinese Academy
-68.59
-83.918
15.327
of Sciences
site 15.327
are inversely
connected.
Index=476
Normal
Main is higher
Diversity is
higherConfidential
Huawei
Page 22
Fault Mode 4: Crossed Pair of Main and Diversity

Summary:
Antennas
3. When two MRFUs are available in the cell and the cell is concentric cell: Great difference between the main antenna level and
diversity antenna level exists in at least two cells in the site, and there is the same characteristic exists in all these cells that the main
antenna level is higher than the diversity antenna level for all TRXs in the MRFU, The difference between the main antenna level and
diversity antenna level is greater than 10 dB. If the characteristic exists in only one of the MRFUs, that means there is crossed pair
connection under the combiner. If the characteristic exists in all of the MRFUs, that means there is crossed pair connection above the
combiner.
Typical case: There is crossed pair connection between the overlaid subcell of the cells in site A.
Main is higher
Diversity is
higher
Huawei Confidential
Normal
Page 23
Example for Locating the Main or Diversity Crossed Pair

for Two Cells Under a BTS
According to the DT result, there are BCCH frequencies serving cells 30011 and 30012 in cell 30012.
This indicates that the main antenna connected to the BCCH TRX in cell 30011 and the diversity
antenna connected to a non-BCCH TRX in 30012 are crossed.
Correct configuration
Wrong configuration
BCCH
30011
TCH
30012
TCH
30011
TCH
30011
BCCH
30012
BCCH
30012
TCH
30012
BCCH
30011
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Fault Mode 5: One Antenna in a Cell of BTS3900 Fails

Summary:
1.When two MRFUs are available in the cell: Great difference between the main antenna level and diversity antenna level
exists in only one cell in the site. On one MRFU, the main antenna level is higher than the diversity antenna level. On the other
MRFU, the diversity antenna level is higher than the main antenna level (for dual-antenna sites). The difference between the
main antenna level and diversity antenna level is greater than 10 dB.
---Antenna of RXU the TRXs diversity is higher of which is fault.
LABEL=XXX2
TRX Index=694 -75.357

TRX Index=695
73.3164
TRX Index=696
72.3318
TRX Index=697
74.9627
TRX Index=698
74.2168
TRX Index=699
76.2578
-88.748
86.6357
85.0377
63.1661
62.4526
64.2335
13.391
13.391
13.3193 13.3193
12.7059 12.7059
11.7966
11.7966
11.7642
11.7642
12.0243
12.0243
2. When only one MRFU is available in the cell: Great difference between the main antenna level and diversity antenna
level exists in only one cell in the site. In addition, for all TRXs in the problem cell, the main antenna level is higher than the
diversity antenna level or the diversity antenna level is higher than the main antenna level (for dual-antenna sites). The
difference between the main antenna level and diversity antenna level is greater than 6dB.
LABEL=XXX1
Main is higher
TRX
Index=471
TRX
Index=472
TRX
Index=473
-82.64 -100.89 18.251 18.251

-69.19 -91.865 22.672 22.672
-76.01 -87.784
Diversity is
higherConfidential
Huawei
11.77
11.77
Normal
Page 25
Fault Mode 6-1: The Transmitting/Receiving Mode of one Module

of BTS3900 Is Wrongly Configured
Summary: For all TRXs of one module in the cell, the main antenna level is more than 10 dB higher than the
diversity antenna level (for dual-antenna sites).
Typical case: For all TRXs of one module in B cell of A site, great difference exists between the main
antenna level and the diversity antenna level. This problem occurs because the transmitting/receiving mode of
the module is wrong configured. Specifically, the transmitting/receiving mode is configured to 1TX+1RX during
the intermodulation test and this configuration is not rolled back after the test. After modifying this
configuration to Single Feeder (1TX+2RX), the difference between the main antenna level and the diversity
antenna level restores to normal.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
Fault Mode 6-2: The Transmitting/Receiving Mode of one Module

of BTS3900 Is Wrongly Configured
Summary: For all TRXs of one module in the cell, the main antenna level is more than 10 dB higher than the
diversity antenna level (for dual-antenna sites).

Typical case: The difference between the main antenna level and the diversity antenna level is normal, but
after rectifying two M900 RXUs and M1800 RXUs to a COBCCH CELL, the Main level of all TRXs of M1800
RXUs are higher than Diversity level . When analyzing the configuration, we find that the Send Receive
Mode of M1800 RXUs is configured as Double Feeder(1TX+2RX), but from the antenna connect in
practice, the Send Receive Mode should be configured as Single Feeder(1TX+2RX).
M1800 is
abnormal
Sum:s4501:
Sum:s4502:
Sum:s4503:
Cell
TRX
KABSC5B
Cell:LABEL=10A, CellIndex=307
TRX:TRX Index=1313
86439
50720633
864672
-92.3153
-109.999
17.68333
17.68333
TRX:TRX Index=1314
80589
46902270
805977
-92.3508
-110
17.64871
17.64871
TRX:TRX Index=1315
78826
43812850
788784
-92.5507
-109.997
17.44643
17.44643
TRX:TRX Index=1316
80702
48263008
808132
-92.2327
-109.994
17.76132
17.76132
TRX:TRX Index=1317
TRX:TRX Index=1318
TRX:TRX Index=1331
50278
1.23E+08
1.15E+08
1.89E+08
1138746
1036487
2.75E+08
-89.6499
-89.5558
-84.2598
-109.996
-109.996
-82.6239
20.3462
20.44065
-1.63584
20.3462
20.44065
1.635835
TRX:TRX Index=1332
246826
1.45E+09
1.71E+09
-82.3021
-81.5922
-0.70992
0.709921
TRX:TRX Index=1333
298531
1.89E+09
2.26E+09
-81.98
-81.2081
-0.77191
0.771915
TRX:TRX Index=1334
353505
2.17E+09
2.61E+09
-82.1166
-81.3238
-0.79284
0.792842
TRX:TRX Index=1335
298905
1.75E+09
2.08E+09
-82.3223
-81.5708
-0.75154
0.751535
TRX:TRX Index=1336
236176
-82.2905
-81.5754
-0.71507
0.715075
M900
113772
Combiner
103564
M180
1.39E+09
1.64E+09
0
Main Level
Div Level
Dif of Main
and Div
NE
Abs of dif
M900 is
normal
Main is higher
Diversity is
higher
Huawei Confidential
Normal
Page 27
Fault Mode 7: The Connecting Line Between Two MRFUs on the

BTS3900 Fails
Summary: For all TRXs of one MRFU in the cell, the main antenna level is more than 10 dB higher than the
diversity antenna level (for dual-antenna sites). The levels of the main and diversity antennas of the other
MRFU, however, are normal.
Main is higher
Diversity is
higher
Normal
Typical case: Of the two modules in one cell of A site, for all TRXs of one module, the main antenna level is
more than 12 dB higher than the diversity antenna level. For the other module, the levels of the main and
diversity antennas are normal. Through detection, it is discovered that the receiving line between the two
modules is not connected. After connecting the receiving line, the difference between the main antenna level
and the diversity antenna level restores to normal.
Cell: =XXX3
TRX:
=195
TRX:
=196
TRX:
=215
TRX:
=216
2.72419351 2.72419351
-75.844143
73.1199495
1
1
- 0.88489268 0.88489268
75.3536322 76.2385249
9
9
- 33.4174739 33.4174739
75.9703878 109.387862
6
6
- 32.7282933 32.7282933
75.1245195 107.852813
7
7
Huawei Confidential
Page 28
Fault Mode 8: For Some TRXs in the Cell, Both the Main Antenna
Level and the Diversity Antenna Level Are too Low
Summary: For some TRXs in the cell, both the main antenna level and the diversity antenna level are lower
than -98 dBm (for dual-antenna sites).
Note: This can only be used as a supplementary means but cannot be used for precise judgment.
Typical case: In the A site, the RSSIs of both the main antenna and the diversity antenna of No.11 TRX are
lower than -100 dBm. The levels of the main and diversity antennas of other TRXs, however, are normal.
Through data analysis, we find that the problem occurs because the receiving mode of No.11 TRX, which
should be configured to Dividing Receiver, is wrongly configured to Independent Receiver.
Huawei Confidential
Page 29
Fault Mode 9 Crossing connection of CPRI
Summary: There are 2 RXUs in one cells, The difference between the main antenna level and diversity
antenna level of all TRXs in this cell is less than 6 dB, but the difference of uplink level of all TRXs in each
RXU is greater than 5db, and there are more than 2 cells has this situation in the same site.
Typical case: CSSR of one site is very low, After analyze we find there is crossing connection of CPRI
between two cells of this site.
Cell
trx
S4501
S4502
S4566
S4567
Main
average level of
uplink
Diff
Div
19
11137
37985488
181499
178427
-84.6715
-85.3489
0.677394
19
19
19
19
0
1
1
2
13456
14401
16037
18832
199375742
57875823
76259407
90078519
298442
277095
337381
361552
262162
284324
320519
361997
-78.2924
-83.959
-83.2283
-83.2028
-82.3545
-83.7776
-83.9544
-83.692
4.062052
-0.1814
0.726117
0.489248
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
18303
5205
2119
4861
3361
1375
6117
2536
2687
16909
19235
16769
18590
10096
8326
104821997
8133742
5794284
7044340
3063403
1007479
9042924
3138966
5246517
40264875
68183696
65320630
49323181
77480692
64992054
388538
48739
19737
45165
32150
13086
59560
38141
43957
251166
301649
264268
292035
239128
200266
378485
50572
20555
46933
33905
13246
63964
36407
40141
232801
294768
255270
297128
233803
213739
-82.4207
-88.0613
-85.6313
-88.3889
-90.4026
-91.3507
-88.3023
-89.0736
-87.094
-86.2319
-84.5041
-84.0946
-85.7623
-81.1496
-81.0758
-82.4449
-89.1582
-85.3255
-89.4997
-89.6192
-93.2135
-88.26
-90.6934
-88.2346
-88.2078
-85.833
-85.9931
-86.3236
-80.9332
-80.1069
0.024202
1.096921
-0.30583
1.110826
-0.78348
1.862852
-0.04234
1.619771
1.140631
1.975932
1.328896
1.898491
0.561269
-0.21636
-0.96883
20
10
11861
115861451
283698
284495
-80.1018
-80.3455
0.243652
20
10
9596
100897802
240777
247793
-79.7821
-79.2282
-0.55392
20
20
11
11
12103
9461
113365689
70945147
287899
230532
288854
242228
-80.2841
-81.2501
-79.9641
-80.068
-0.32002
-1.18214
uplink level is high
Uplink level is low
Huawei Confidential
Page 30
-79.7037
-85.4599
-82.8401
-77.2946
The difference
between the
main antenna
level and
diversity
antenna level
of all TRXs in
this cell is low.
the difference
of uplink level
of all TRXs in
each RXU is
high.
Case of triggering or recovering alarm automatically by using

threshold alarm function of M2000
Description of setting By setting the threshold of difference between
main and diversity level to trigger or recover alarm.
Application scenario It is recommend that there is somebody on site to

check the fault. For a instance, when adding a new site or troubleshooting on site.
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 32
Introduction about the function of Crossed Pair Connection

Detection During Base Station Deployment(R14 or later
version)
Principle
Alternate and test of TX channel at the same site. Only one TX channel in each round is
test and the other antenna channels receive the transmitted signal through VSWR
channels. Based on the principle that the antenna isolation in the same sector is lower than
that in the different sector, the antenna channel that is connected to the current
transmission channel can be found. By analyzing whether the antenna channel that is
connected to the current transmission channel is the same as the antenna channel initially,
crossed pair connection can be detected.
Attention
1 It can only detect if there is crossed pair connection between send channel
and receive channel when there is only one send channel in the cell.
2 The service will interrupt during the test.
3 This function does not apply to the scenario where RAN sharing or
baseband handover is adopted.
The following RF modules support this function
Module Types
Support crossed pair
Support crossed pair
connection dictation
(one module in one
cell/sector)
connection dictation (two

or more modules in one
cell/sector)
RRU3926
RRU3240/RRU3942
RRU3828/RRU3928/RRU3841
RRU3929/RRU3829/RRU3908 V2
MRFUe/MRFU V2/GRFU V2/ MRFU V2a/GRFU V2a/MRFU V3
No
NO
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
MRFUd/WRFUd/LRFUe
Yes
Yes
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
Operation guide about the function of Crossed Pair

Connection Detection During Base Station Deployment
1 Start the crossed pair connection detection function by running the following MML command: STR
BTSCROSFEEDTST, and usually parameter use the default parameter.If there is a filter installed on site , we
should input the Minimum Frequency and Maximum Frequency.
2 After the detection is complete, it will show if there is crossed pair connection. If there is crossed pair
connection between two cells, the information that which channels are connected in one cell actually is
also be shown.
Huawei Confidential
Page 34
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 35
Introduction to the Solution of Detecting Inverse Connection of

Antennas Between Cells Through Inter-Cell Handovers
Principle
According to the engineering parameter table and GSM Cell to GSM Cell Outgoing Handover Measurement, find the cells where no overlapping coverage area exists but handovers exist.
Attention The easiest and the most efficacious to fond inverse
connection of Antennas between cells is to use MS with test function to
do some test on site. It is recommend to
resolve it on site directly when add
a new site by using MS.
B2
In the coverage of the corresponding

azimuth on the site, you can check
whether the CI values of cells are
consistent with the expected values
using the test MS.
A2B2
For example, the CI and azimuth of three cells are as follows:
Cell 1: CI as 2014 and azimuth as 300
For example

During fault detection, it is found that azimuth values
300, 70, and 140 correspond to CI values 2016,
There are handovers betweenA1 and B2
A1
but there are not overlapping coverage area

between A1 and B2 , and there are overlapping
coverage area between A2 and B2.
2015, and 2014 respectively. Obviously, the antennas

of cell 1 and cell 3 are connected reversely.
There are handovers betweenA2 and C1

but there are not overlapping coverage area
between A2 and C1 , and there are overlapping
coverage area between A1 and C1.
Then we can conclude that there are inverse

connection of antennas between A1 and A2.
C1
Related Tool and Guide
ReverseAnalyse
Huawei Confidential
Page 36
Judgment About Inverse Connection of Antennas Between

Cells
The correctness of the engineering parameters has a great effect on the final calculation result. To reduce
wrong judgment, you are recommended to select the sites that have more Sum reverse adjacent cells.
If two sites have the same reverse neighboring cells, you are recommended to select the site that have
more Sum Handover requests handover to reverse adjacent cells
Huawei Confidential
Page 37
Tool Instructions
Basic Steps
Step 1 Sort engineering parameters into the formats specified in the tool.
Step 2 Collect the busy hour traffic measurement data in one hour. If the format of traffic
measurement is different from the two formats specified in the tool, convert it into the format
specified in the tool.
Step 3 After analyzing data, use the tool to export the inversely connected sites, and sort
these sites according to neighboring cells in the opposite direction.
The correctness of the engineering parameters has a great effect on the final calculation
result. To reduce wrong judgment, you are recommended to select the sites that have more
Sum reverse adjacent cells and more Sum Handover requests handover to reverse adjacent
cells
For tools and detailed instructions, see <<Guide on How to Detect Faults in the
Antenna System>>.
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Typical Case 1
According to the handover counters, the cell1 has eight reverse neighboring cells, four of which are marked in the
preceding figure. Other cells in this site also have reverse neighboring cells. The field engineers troubleshoot the
cells in this site and find that antennas of three cells in this site are inversely connected in counterclockwise manner.
Huawei Confidential
Page 39
Typical Case 2
According to the handover counters, the cell4 has six reverse neighboring cells, four of which are marked in the
preceding figure. Cell 6 in this site also has reverse neighboring cells. The field engineers troubleshoot the cells in
this site and find that antennas of cells4 and cell6 of this site are inversely connected.
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Typical Case 3
According to the handover counters, the cell3 has two reverse neighboring cells. Cell 1 in this site also has reverse
neighboring cells. The field engineers troubleshoot the cells in this site and find that antennas of cells1 and cell3 in
this site are inversely connected.
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Typical Case 4
According to the handover counters, cell4 has two reverse neighboring cells. Cell6 in this site also has reverse
neighboring cells. The field engineers troubleshoot the cells in this site and find that antennas in cell4 and cell6 in
this site are inversely connected.
Huawei Confidential
Page 42
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
Determining Path Faults Based on Traffic Statistics Related to

Balance Between Uplink Signal Level and Downlink Signal Level
Principles
In a favorable system, the uplink signal level and downlink signal level must be balanced under the coverage areas. When the uplink signal level
and downlink signal level are balanced, the maximum path loss for the uplink and downlink is the same. If the uplink signal level and
downlink signal level are unbalanced, the BTS hardware or antenna system may be faulty.
Determining Method and Standards
The counter Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX(MR.BalanceOrig.TRX) for Measurement of TRX Performance(TRX) is used to
analyze whether the uplink signal level and downlink signal level are balanced.
The standards for determining the balance between the uplink signal level and the downlink signal level are described as follows:
The uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced (The downlink signal level is poor or the uplink signal level is strong) when:
Percentage of uplink and downlink balance class 1 + Percentage of uplink and downlink balance class 2 > 15%
The uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced (the downlink signal level is strong or the uplink signal level is poor) when:
Percentage of uplink and downlink balance class 11 > 30%
In normal situations, the uplink and downlink balance class is 6, that is, 0 dB. The statistics of uplink and downlink balance present normal
distribution. The following figures show the balance between the uplink signal level and the downlink signal level and the imbalance between
the uplink signal level and the downlink signal level respectively for reference.
Statistic result of Uplink-and-downlink Balance that is abnormal
Statistic result of Uplink-and-downlink Balance that is normal
Sum:S462A:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 1)
Sum:S462A:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 1)
Sum:S462B:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 2)
Sum:S462B:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 2)
Sum:S462C:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 3)

Sum:S462D:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 4)
Sum:S462C:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 3)

Sum:S462D:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 4)
Sum:S462E:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 5)
Sum:S462E:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 5)

Sum:S462F:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 6)
Sum:S462G:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 7)
Sum:S462H:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 8)
Sum:S462F:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 6)

Sum:S462G:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 7)
Sum:S462H:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 8)
Sum:S462I:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 9)

Sum:S462J:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 10)
Sum:S462I:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 9)

Sum:S462J:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 10)
Sum:S462K:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 11)
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Sum:S462K:Number of MRs (Uplink-andDownlink Balance Level = 11)
Determining Path Faults Based on Traffic Statistics Related to

Balance Between Uplink Signal Level and Downlink Signal
Level---Affecting Factors
Factors Affecting the Balance Between Uplink Signal Level and Downlink Signal Level
Faults in paths and hardware are mainly located on:
a. RF front modules (such as DDPUs) and TRX modules (such as DTRUs). In normal situations, TRX
faults lie in certain hardware version or certain batches of TRX hardware.
b. Repeaters. There are various types of repeaters that bring gains to uplink and downlink. If there is
no gain on the uplink or downlink, the uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced.
c. TMA. Some TMAs amplify only uplink signals. If this type of TMA is installed on a network, the
parameter Antenna Tributary Factor must be configured on the Huawei BSC LMT. If Antenna
Tributary Factor is not configured or if Antenna Tributary Factor is configured but the uplink
amplifier of the TMA is faulty, the uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced.
d. Antenna feeders. There are small jumpers, lightning arresters, conversion adapters, and antenna
between the cabinet top port and the antenna. On some occasions, power splitters and combiners
are also required between the cabinet top port and the antenna system. The installation
engineering quality of the preceding devices may affect data transmission and reception of BTSs,
resulting in imbalance between the uplink signal level and the downlink signal level.
Huawei Confidential
Page 45
Special Case1: After Swapping, Combiner Faults Result in Poor

Downlink Signal Level and High Call Drop Rate
Symptom: Cell B experiences a high call drop rate after BTSs in place A are relocated.
Cause: After swapping, combiner faults result in poor downlink signal level and high call drop rate.
Analysis: According to the analysis of traffic statistics, the uplink signal level is normal and the main and
diversity difference is small, but the uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced seriously
because the uplink signal level is high and the downlink signal level is low. According to the analysis of DT
results, the downlink signal level is low and a large number of calls are dropped when the timing advance (TA)
value is zero. After the problem is located by sites, the problem is caused by combiner faults. After the
combiner is replaced, the call drop rate returns to normal.
Combiner
faults
After change combiner
Call drops
Huawei Confidential
Page 46
Special Case 2: Incorrect Configurations for TMA Results in

Poor Downlink Signal Level
Symptom: After BTS A with a tower-mounted amplifier (TMA), the uplink signal level and downlink signal level are unbalanced
and the downlink signal level is poor.
Cause: The parameter Antenna Tributary Factor is not configured during TMA configuration. As a result, after swapping, the
uplink signal level is much higher than the downlink signal level and the traffic statistics related to balance between the uplink
signal level and the downlink signal level deteriorates.
Analysis: Configure Antenna Tributary Factor based on the TMA gain when configuring the TMA. Typical lose of the line is
4dB. When the TMA gain is 12 dB, Antenna Tributary Factor should be about 8. When the TMA gain is 24 dB, Antenna
Tributary Factor should be about 20. When the TMA gain is 32 dB, Antenna Tributary Factor should be about 28. The
uplink signal level and downlink signal level are balanced after Antenna Tributary Factor is adjusted from 4 to 9 based on the
TMA gain.
Attention: For some special type of TMA, it is bypass for RRU/RUF working on special band. In this situation, the TMA
doesnt work for the RRU/RFU.
Huawei Confidential
Page 47
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 48
Downlink Channel Fault Checklist of Actions must be

implement
Step No
Step 1
Step 2
Actions must be
implement
1 Downlink
Channel Fault
Detection Based
on Power
Condition
When downlink quality of BTS3012
series sites is abnormal.
Goal
To find if the line between TX and
DDPU or DFCU of BTS3012 series
sites is installed normally.
2 Downlink
When downlink quality of BTS3900
Channel Fault
To find if the downlink channel is
series sites that there is 2 RXUs in
Detection Based
abnormal of BTS3900 series sites.
on Downlink Level one cell.
Step 3
3 Settle
problem about
VSWR alarm
It should be implement when newlybuilt or swap a site. And it should

be implement when there is VSWR
alarm.
To find if VSWR is abnormal and

to solve the VSWR alarm.
Step 4
4 Power match
It should be implement when swap

sites.
To avoid the downlink KPI problem

caused by the power between before
swap and after swap is mismatch.
Huawei Confidential
Page 49
Step to analyze downlink channel

fault
Step1 Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Power
For BTS3012 series sites , if there is downlink KPI problem such as downlink HQI is low or
call drop rate is high ,we can use this method to detect if the problem is caused by the fault that
connection between TX and DDPU/DFCU is fault, or DDPU/DFCU.
Step2 Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on

Downlink Level
For BTS3900 series sites that there is 2 RXUs in a cell, if there is downlink KPI problem
such as downlink HQI is low or call drop rate is high ,we can use this method to detect if the
problem is caused by the fault of downlink channel of RXU.
Step3 Settle problem about VSWR alarm

1 When newly-built or swap a site, we should use VSWR test to find if VSWR of each send
channel if normal .If the VSWR is abnormal we can use DTF test function to find the point that
cause the abnormal of VSWR. We can also use SiteMaster to find the point that cause the abnormal of
VSWR if we have SiteMaster . When settle the problem on site , we need to check the connection of
each jumper joint , and check if there is shelter before the antenna. When there is combiner or
hybrid coupler we need to also check if isolation is abnormal.
2 For daily maintenance , we should use the same method which is described as above
to settle VSWR problem when there is VSWR alarm.
Step4 Power match

Before swap sites, we need to do power match to ensure the power after swap is the
same as it is before . And we should check if the power is mismatch when there is KPI problem such
as downlink HQI decrease ,call drop rate increase after swap sites.
Huawei Confidential
Page 50
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
Detecting Downlink tunnel Faults Through Power Query

and Comparison
Principle
Determine whether the output power of each TRX is correct. Or, check whether the insertion loss
between a TRX and the ANT port is consistent with the expected value by querying the power of the
cavity corresponding to the DFCU. In this way, you can determine whether the TRX is faulty, the
connecting line between the TRX and the DFCU is faulty, or the DFCU is faulty.
This function is only used for BTS3012.
Insert loss= the forward transmit
power of the DDPU/DFCU -the
transmit power of a TRX.
For example: If we have

calculated the insert loss from
DTRU to DFCU is 7db, which is
higher than the expected value
3db, then we can conclude that
the connecting line between the
TRX and the DFCU.
<<Guide on How to Detect Faults in the Antenna System>>
Huawei Confidential
Page 52
Insertion Loss and Power Query
Insertion Loss
The insertion loss of DFCU is about 3 dB
The insertion loss of DFCB is about 2 dB
If DTRU uses broadband combining and dcom, the insertion loss is about 8 dB (formula: 3.5 (broadband
combining) + 3.5 (dcom) + 1 (DDPU) = 8 dB.
If the DTRU does not use broadband combining and only uses dcom, the value of insertion loss is about
3.5 (dcom) + 1 (DDPU)=4.5 dB.
If the DTRU has an independent transmitting part and does not use dcom, the insertion loss is about 1
dB.
Instructions
The BSC6000 queries power by using the internal maintenance function "test bts performance " in LMT
The BSC6900 queries power by running the internal MML command " tst btsperf"
For details, see the <<Guide on How to Detect Faults in the Antenna System>>
Huawei Confidential
Page 53
Typical Case: No.11 TRX of A site
No.1 TRX is allocated to No.1 DFCU and No.11 TRX is allocated to No.4 DFCU. When the downlink power control and
downlink DTX is disabled, test the idle timeslots on No.0 TRX and No.11 TRX. According to the test result, the insertion
loss from the DTRU to the DFCU is about 3 dB and the insertion loss of No.11 TRX is 7 dB. This problem persists after
the DFCU is reset. Therefore, the reason for the problem may be that the DFCU or the connecting line between the
DFCU and the DTRU fails.
Huawei Confidential
Page 54
Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
Huawei Confidential
Page 55
Detecting Downlink tunnel Faults Through Average

Downlink Level
Principle
After disabling the baseband frequency hopping, power control, and DTX of the cell, enable TRXs in the cell to transmit signals at full power. Then, in the original measurement report, calculate the average level received by the MS from various TRXs. If great difference exists
between the downlink level of TRXs on tunnel A and the downlink level of TRXs on tunnel B, you can determine that the antenna corresponding to tunnel A or to tunnel B is faulty.
Detectable Faults
You can use this solution to detect the fault of an antenna in the call or crossed pair of antennas between two cells in the same site.
<<Guide on How to Detect Faults in the Antenna System>>
BTS3012
These TRXs are configured on

tunnel A
BTS39
00
These TRXs are configured on

Downlink
level is high
tunnel
B
Huawei Confidential
Downlink level is low
Page 56
Detecting Downlink tunnel Faults Through Average

Downlink Level Remarks
Remarks
The difference between the downlink level of tunnel A and the downlink level of tunnel B can also be shown by the
difference between the uplink main antenna level and the uplink diversity antenna level. Currently, however, the
counters of the main and diversity antennas are first calculated according to the unit of mW and then converted to
the unit of dBm. Counters calculated in this way may be different from that calculated directly according to the unit
of dBm. Sometimes, this difference cannot be reflected by the current calculation method.
Therefore, in most cases you are recommended to detect downlink tunnel faults through the difference between the
main antenna level and the diversity antenna level. For a cell where you doubt downlink tunnel faults may exist, you
can use this tool to analyze the measurement report again to check whether downlink tunnel faults exist in the cell.
Difference between
tunnel A and tunnel B
is great.
Difference between Main

antenna level and diversity
antenna level is great if we
use the unit of dbm.
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Difference between Main

antenna level and diversity
antenna level is low if we
use the unit of mW.
Page 57
Tool Instructions
Basic Steps
Step 1 Trace the RSL signaling of a cell by collecting measurement reports.
Step 2 Save the signaling into a .txt (BSC6000) file or a .csv (BSC6900) file.
Step 3 Specify the file paths to be analyzed and downlink DTX marks, and analyze data with
the tool.
Step 4 After analyzing data with the tool, export average downlink levels of the TRXs and
their main and diversity levels, as shown in the following figure:
Step 5 Locate the fault point by referring to the data configuration.
For tools and detailed instructions, see <<Guide on How to Detect Faults in the
Antenna System>>.
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Typical Case: Cell 4 of ASite

Difference between downlink level of tunnel A and downlink
level of tunnel B in cells 4 and 5 before troubleshooting
level of tunnel B in cells 4 and 5 after troubleshooting
Tunnel A of C
Tunnel A of Cell4.
Tunnel B of Cell4.
Tunnel B of Ce
Tunnel A of Cell5.
Tunnel A of Ce
Tunnel B of Cell5.
Tunnel B of Ce
Conclusion: The diversity antenna of cell 4 and main antenna of cell 5 are inversely
connected.
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Typical Case: Cell 3 of A Site

Difference between downlink level of tunnel A and
level of tunnel B in cell 3 before troubleshooting
downlink level of tunnel B in cell 3 after troubleshooting
Conclusion: The main antenna of cell 1 and main antenna of cell 3 are inversely
connected.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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VSWR test, and multi-ARFCN VSWR test
Description
By VSWR test we can find the accurate VSWR of send channel when newly-built or swap a
site , or there is VSWR alarm. On the other hand , because the VSWR is not the same value
between different frequency , we can use multi-ARFCN test to test the VSWR value of different
frequency.
Attention
Starting a VSWR test for a BTS will interrupt the ongoing services on both the local and peer ends of
the BTS. The more ARFCN we select , the test time is more. A multi-ARFCN-non-FDR VSWR test
may last for hours
Operation guide
Left is NON_FDR VSWR test, right is multi-ARFCN-non-FDR test.
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DTF test(R14 or later version)
Principle
Infuses a signal into the downlink channel of the RRU or RFU. Detects the signal reflected back
on the feedback tributary of the channel. Compares the frequency domain and time domain of
the infused and reflected signals to obtain the VSWRs and positions of the reflection points.
Shows the information about the VSWRs of the reflection points by using a graphical user
interface (GUI) .
attention
The DTF test for the antenna VSWR will interrupt the services on the tested channel. It is
temporarily used only for the RRU3926 in R14 version.
Test result description

The horizontal axis shows the distance from the test port to the reflection points. The vertical
axis shows the VSWR. The spike in the red circle is the fault point.
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DFT testOperation guide
Remote operate on BSC WEBLMT
On the BSC LMT, click Monitor. On the Monitor Navigation Tree, unfold GSM Monitoring and doubleclick DTF Test
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Page 64
DFT
testOperation
guide
Local operate on BTS SMT
On the GBTS SMT, double-click DTF Test
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Page 65
Case-antenna fault cause VSWR alarm
Description
There is VSWR alarm in A site, the VSWR alarm threshold is 1.5, but VSWR is 1.08
when we use VSWR test to test VSWR value.
Root cause
The VSWR value is not the same between different ARFCN, VSWR of some ARFCN is greater
than 1.5 cause VSRW alarm.
Course of settle the alarm

When do NON_FDR VSWR test, the VSWR is 1.08. Because The VSWR value is not the same between different
ARFCN. When do multi-ARFCN-non-FDR test we find some of the ARFCN is greater than 1.5. After check
antenna connection on site and fixed the jumper the VSWR alarm disappeared.
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Case
of troubleshooting VSWR in indoor coverage system site
Description: The VSWR of one indoor coverage system site is normal but there is VSWR alarm in this site. We finally find
that the coupler is broken, and the isolation of the coupler is decrease, it causes power leak between two port and
VSWR increase. After change the 3db coupler ,the VSWR become normal.
Troubleshooting
Antenna feeder system : There is 2 MRRU that is connect to indoor coverage system antenna after combining through a 3dB
coupler. So if the coupler is broken, the isolation of 3dB coupler decrease , the power of one RRU is leaked to another RRU, it cause
the VSWR alarm.
How to check : We modify power level of one RRU to 0,and another RRU is 4, and observe the VSWR after starting TRX idle timeslot
test.
Check the VSWR When the power level of board 0 is 0, the VSWR is 1.8. When the power level of board 1 is 4, the VSWR is 25.
When the power level of board 0 is 4, the VSWR is 25. When the power level of board 1 is 0, the VSWR is 1.8.
Conclusion The VSWR of MRRU power is high is normal , and the VSWR of MRRU power is low is high, we can conclude that the
isolation of 3db coupler become low.
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Case-There is shelter made of metal before the

antenna cause VSWR alarm
Description
There is VSWR alarm in one site.
Root cause
There is shelter made of metal 30cm before
antenna, it cause the VSWR alarm.
Course of troubleshooting
Wire
netting
step1 We use VSWR test function and find
VSWR is 1.90, it is greater than the requirement.

step2 We use DTF test function of
SiterMaster and find the fault point is out of the

antenna, then we find the wire netting before
the antenna and only 30cm near to the
antenna.
step3 To find if the VSWR alarm is caused by
the wire netting we adjust the azimuth of the

antenna and do VSWR test again. Finally find
VSWR alarm is caused by the wire netting.
Original
azimuth
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Azimuth
after adjust
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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Introduction of Power Matching
Objective
keep the antenna power and signal coverage level of each cell unchanged after
GSM network swapping, so that traffic distribution and network performance will not
be affected due to change of the transmit power.
Criterion
0 The antenna power -post swap The antenna power -pre swap 0.2 dB
Attention
1. To perform power matching during swapping, obtain all data related to power
matching, such as module power setting, combiner information, and transmit power
at the top of the BTS cabinet.
2. Measure the transmit power at the top of the BTS cabinet for a typical BTS at the
site and carry out field surveys and verifications for the products, module
information, and combiner information provided by customers during field
measurement.
3. Please operate the step by reference the document and tools as the following
hyperlink:
http://3ms.huawei.com/hi/group/5803/file_423137.html
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Procedure of feedback and auditing for Power Matching

problem:
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Power Testing Procedure without lock non-BCCH TRX

1 Before testing, please prepare the power
meter, the dummy load and sensor of 900M/1800M
you can connect the equipment correctly in advance.
Please note that the sensor of 400-1000MHz
should be chosen when testing the 900M site,
and 1700-2100M should be chosen to test 1800M cell.
2 Lock the cells need to be test.
3 Disconnect the BTS output and the feeder,
then connect the BTS output to the input of
power meter,Note that the output of both
BTS and power meter can't connect to
feeder, just connect to dummy load.
4 Unlock the cell, and read the power value,
and pls note the white arrow of sensor
should point to the power meter output.
5 After get the power value, we can disconnect
the BTS and power meter, and reconnect the
BTS to the feeder.
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Case: Mismatch Power Deteriorates Coverage Effect After

Swapping
Symptom: When a BTS cluster at a site is relocated, the signal level range statistics of the DT result
show that the percentage of high signal levels after swapping is lower than that before swapping. This
problem needs to be resolved for proceeding with swapping.
Cause:
1. When power matching is performed during swapping, the reference power information provided before
swapping contains only transmit power at the top of the BTS cabinet, and does not contain BTS
model, module type, combiner model, combining mode, and relevant information. As a result, power
matching cannot be calculated and verified theoretically because of incomplete information.
2. The transmit power at the top of the BTS cabinet provided before swapping is used for power matching,
and no sampling data is measured for verification. As a result, the reference data is incorrect and is
not found in time.
Subsequent Handling Suggestions:

1. To perform power matching during swapping, obtain all data related to power matching, such as module
power setting, combiner information, and transmit power at the top of the BTS cabinet.
2. Measure the transmit power at the top of the BTS cabinet for a typical BTS at the site and carry out field
surveys and verifications for the products, module information, and combiner information provided by
customers during field measurement.
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Case: Combiner Used After Swapping Results in High Call Drop

Rate
Symptom: After BTSs in place A are relocated, the cell covering two tunnels experiences a high call
drop rate.
Cause: After swapping, the combiner is used but the module power does not change. The insertion
loss of the combiner decreases the coverage areas, and therefore call drops increase.
Analysis: According to the analysis of traffic statistics, call drops are caused by Um interface faults.
According to the analysis of signaling, call drops are caused by no neighboring cell available due to low
signal level. According to the further analysis, the combiner used after swapping decreases the
coverage areas which results in a high call drop rate.
G30321: combiner
was added after
swap
G321: combiner
was added after
swap
G323:
Outdoor
G311: combiner
is added after
swap
The problem is
resolved after
the combiner is
removed.
The entrance of
tunnel
G312: There is repeater in this

cell, and combiner was added
after swap
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G313
Outdoor
G30311: There is repeater in

this cell, and new combiner
was added after swap
The entrance of
tunnel
Page 74
Case : Downlink coverage decrease about 2~3db after swap
Symptom Downlink coverage decrease about 2~3 db was found in DT test after swap.
Root cause
1Reflect expressions offered by customers is incorrect, and we have found the power is 1db greater than its standard but we didnt modify the expression.
2Not equalize the difference cause by line loss and the change of reading data mode.
Course of troubleshooting
1 Not equalize the difference cause by line loss and the change of reading data mode.After equalize the power is correct.
2After doing test , we found power of our module is almost equal

the standard value, but the power of module before swap is
higher than the standard value.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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Classification of Uplink Interference

Uplink interference falls into the following categories:
CDMA BTS interference
Device intermodulation interference
External interference such devices as an interference unit
Repeater interference
Uplink interference is reflected by uplink interference fringes, which are uplink
background noise in the idle state of BTS measurement. The system obtains the
number of idle channels on interference fringes every five seconds. At the end of
the measuring period, the system divides sampling times by the accumulated
values of all data in sampling points in this period, and obtains the average
number of idle channels at all levels of interference fringes during the measuring
period.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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Uplink InterferenceChecklist of Actions must be implement

Step No
Step 1
Actions must be
implement
Step 4
Goal
To find if there is interference
in cells by analyze interference
band performance counter.
1 Analyze interference
band performance counter
It must be implement in
daily maintenance.
2 PIM interference
detection function
It must be implement when

newly-built or swap a site. To find if the interference is
Cells that has been found caused by PIM interference and
there is interference in
solve the PIM interference.
cells in step 1.
3 Method to reduce the

PIM interference when
install antenna.
Establish some rules to deduce the

It must be implement when
PIM interference rate when newlynewly-built or swap a site.
built or swap a site.
4 Analyze intra-net
frequency interference
Analyze the cells there is

To find if there is intra-net
uplink interference after
frequency interference.
processed by step 2.
5 CDMA interference
detection
6 Frequency Spectrum
Scanning and uplink
frequency scanning.
The cells that there is

To find if there is external
possibly external
interference and find the
interference after analyzed
interference ARFCN.
in step 1.
Step 2
Step 3
Condition
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Step to analyze uplink interference
Step 1 Analyze interference band performance counter
Analyze interference band performance counter ,if sum rate is higher than a threshold, for
example , the sum rate from interference band 3 to interference band 5 is higher than 15% or the sum rate
from interference band 4 to interference band 5 is higher than 10%,we will conclude that there is uplink
interference in this cell. Then we analyze if the interference band rate is high in busy time and become
low in idle time or the rate is high the whole day or become high abruptly . If the sum rate is higher in
busy time and become low in idle time , we conclude that there is maybe PIM interference or intra-net
frequency interference. And it maybe a external interference if the sum rate become high abruptly.
Step 2 PIM interference analyze

1 When newly-built or swap sites, on one hand we can establish some rules to deduce PIM
interference when install antenna, on the other hand, we can use PIM interference detection to find if
there is PIM interference and solve it on site.
2 For daily maintenance , we can analyze the cells where there is PIM interference or
intra-net interference that analyzed in step 1. We can analyze these cells by using PIM interference
detection to find PIM interference, if there is not PIM interference, go to step step3.
Step 3 Analyze intra-net frequency interference

We can modify ARFCN to avoiding intra-net interference . Ordinary speaking , we will modify
ARFCN all network , not only one cell or some cells.
Step 4 Analyze external interference

When there is intra-net frequency interference, firstly we can use CDMA interference
detection to find if there is CDMA interference, then we can use Frequency Spectrum Scanning and uplink
frequency scanning to find the character of external interference.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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Antenna Intermodulation Interference
Principles: Intermodulation interference is mainly caused by antenna systems. If the intermodulation products
of transmission signals fall in the receive band and if the level is high, signals within the receive band may
cause interference.
Location method: Identify the cells with large difference between the interference band during off-peak hours
and the interference band during peak hours based on the traffic statistics. During off-peak hours, send idle
timeslots to these cells using the BSC LMT. Compare the interference bands before and after idle timeslots
are sent. If the interference band increases to 3, 4, or 5, the uplink interference may be caused by the antenna
system. In this situation, locate the faults in the antenna system (including repeaters) at the site. If cells are
connected to repeaters, you have to locate faults in repeaters.
For GSM13.0 version or later version, We can use online/offline PIM test function to detect this fault.
For details about how to locate faults in the antenna system at the site, see the GSM Antenna Intermodulation
Fault Locating Guide.
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Online Antenna Feeder PIM Test(R13

or late version) - Function Description
Basic principles
When multiple carriers are transmitted on the same antenna feeder port
with antenna feeder PIM, the intermodulation product (level) is generated
in the receiving band. The intermodulation product is a broadband signal.
You can check whether there is antenna feeder PIM by analyzing the uplink
receiving level difference in cells during off-peak hours between scenarios
with all carriers transmitting full power in the downlink and scenarios with
some carriers transmitting power.
During the online antenna feeder PIM test, perform 10-second sampling of
states for six times in the following sequence: power-transmitting, nonpower-transmitting, power-transmitting, non-power-transmitting, powertransmitting, and non-power-transmitting, as shown in the following figure.
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Online Antenna Feeder PIM Test Operation Method

Operate the Web LMT or M2000 to trigger the test and display the result.
Step 1: Run STR BTSRFTST in the MML window of the BSC6900 LMT to start
the offline intermodulation interference test. Set Test Type to PIMONLINE
(online antenna feeder PIM test).
Note: You can stop the test at any time by running STP BTSRFTS during the
test.
Step 2: The whole test lasts about 60 seconds. The BTS reports the
progress every 10 seconds. When the test is complete, the test result is
displayed in the MML window, and the test result and the original data
for achieving the result are saved in the OMU by the BSC.
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Offline Intermodulation Interference Test(R13 or

late version) - Function Description
Basic principle
When the signals of RF frequencies f1 and f2 are sent simultaneously on the
specified antenna feeder port, check whether the levels of the 3rd order, 5th
order, 7th order and higher-order intermodulation products that fall into the
receiving band in the range from f1 to f2 can meet the requirements.
The counter decision thresholds of 3rd order, 5th order, and 7th order
intermodulation products can be set.
The counter decision threshold of higher-order (higher than 7) intermodulation
products is the same as that of the 7th order.
Restrictions
Carriers in other modes cannot be configured on the corresponding TRX module
of an antenna feeder port.
There is no critical alarm on the corresponding TRX module of an antenna feeder
port.
During the test, the entire cell is out of service. Before the test starts, the BTS
instructs the BSC to trigger the inter-cell service switchover.
The high test frequency f1 and low test frequency f2 must fall into the band that
is supported by the module.
For a multi-carrier module, the bandwidth between f1 and f2 must meet
bandwidth requirements for instantaneous transmission.
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Offline Intermodulation Interference Test

- Operation Method (Remote)
Operate the Web LMT or M2000 to trigger the test.
Step 1: Run STR BTSRFTST in the MML window of the BSC6900 LMT
to start the offline intermodulation interference test. Set Test
Type to PIMOFFLINE (offline intermodulation interference test).
Note:
You can stop the test
at any time by
running STP BTSRFTST
during the test.
Step 2: When the test is complete, the test result is displayed on the LMT. The
test result and the original data for achieving the result are saved in a file by
the BSC.
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Offline Intermodulation Interference

Test - Operation Method (Local Terminal)
Step 1: Run PIM Offline Test on the SMT to start the test.
Step 2: When the test is complete, the SMT displays the test result.
Note: You can stop the test at any time by clicking Stop during the
test.
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Case of troubleshooting indoor coverage system site

Description There is a distinct increase of the rate of interfere band 4 and band 5 in one indoor coverage system
site in busy time, there is intermodulation interfere in this site and we should to resolve this problem on site.
Troubleshooting Because two send signaling is coupled to one signaling by a 3dB coupler, we first connect the
output port of 3db coupler to a low intermodulation load, then observe the real-time interfere band after starting
TRX Idle Timeslot Test, if rate of interfere band 4 and 5 is high, we can conclude that there is intermodulation
interfere before 3dB coupler, and if there is only interfere band 1 and 2, there is interfere after 3dB coupler.
Because there is only interfere band 1 and 2, we do the same action at the following connect point. By this means
that we check the connect point one by one and find the connect point that cause intermodulation interfere.
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Case-Intermodulation interference is caused by the

shelter made of metal in front of the antenna
Description : Sum rate of Interference band from 3 to 5 in a indoor system site is high in busy
time and low in idle time, there is probably intermodulation interference in this site.
Troubleshooting By using PIM test function and find there is intermodulation interference .
Then we found that there is a billboard made of metal on site. The interference band
become normal after we adjust the azimuth of the antenna.
Antenn
a
Billboard made of
metal
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Special description-Intermodulation interfere

between Multi-Mode
Causes
Intermodulation interfere between multi mode is ordinarily caused by the intermodulation products of one
mode affect RX band of other mode when these modules of different mode use the same antenna feeder.
How to detect
If we want to find if the interfere is caused by GSM to UMTS/LTE, we can do TRX idle timeslot test in GSM and monitor
RTWP in UMTS/LTE. If there is a obvious increase of RTWP after we do TRX idle timeslot test in GSM, we can conclude that the
interfere is caused by GSM.
If we want to find if the interfere is caused by UMTS/LTE to GSM, we can do downlink load simulation test
in UMTS/LTE and monitor interfere band in GSM. If there is a obvious increase of interfere band 4 and 5 after
we do downlink load simulation test, we can conclude that the interfere is caused by UMTS/LTE.
Co antenna feeder
by using SDR co
module
Co antenna feeder by Multi

Mode and Multi Frequency
combiner
IM2
G/U/L
900
TripleTriple-band
band
Combiners
Combiners
G/L
G/U
LTE
800
1800
900
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Special description-case of intermodulation interfere between multi mode

Description
The MRRU use two send channel, GSM is configured in channel A and UMTS is configured in channel
B. The RTWP is high in some site, after troubleshooting, we find it is caused by intermodulation
interfere between multi mode.
Procedure of analyse
Frequency 83 and 124 of GSM is configured on channel A, and unlink frequency 2850(910MHz+/-2.2MHz) of UMTS is configured on
channel B. RTWP of main is high and diversity is normal in UMTS. The unlink frequency scan result of GSM is shown as the left
picture, the level of frequency from 98 to 108 is high and bandwidth is 2.2MHz , the 11th order intermodulation product of frequency of
83 and 124 that in GSM is in 910.6M(frequency 103),and bandwidth is 2.2MHz, it is in RX band of UMTS and cause the RTWP
increase. Because the intermodulation product is not in GSM bandwidth, there is no interfere in GSM.
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You are advised to use fix-length jumpers. Jumpers must be

made in compliance with relevant standards.
The standards for making jumpers are as follows. After you make jumpers by following these standards, there
is a low probability that intermodulation interference occurs.
(1) Quality assurance of fixed-length jumpers: According to the feedback from Huawei MPE System
Department, the third-party fixed-length jumpers must comply with VSWR and intermodulation specifications,
that is, the VSWR is lower than 1.15 and PM is lower than -153 dBc. If the jumpers comply with the preceding
specifications, there is a low probability that jumpers with potential faults are made at the site.
(2) If onsite conditions are permitted, use fix-length jumpers as much as possible. If onsite conditions are not
permitted, make jumpers at the site.
(3) Make jumpers at the site by following the slide and guide released at http://support.huawei.com. In
addition, ensure that the VSWR is lower than 1.5. Otherwise, the jumpers made at the site are not qualified.
The reference documents are the DIN Angle and Straight Male Connector Installation Instruction
and Jumper Installation Instruction.
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Experience in Making Jumpers in Norway
In normal cases, it takes 10 to 15 minutes to make jumper connectors at the site. This has a great impact on services.
To resolve the problem, take the following measures:
Determine to use fix-length jumpers with a step of 0.5 m.
Purchase fix-length jumpers of Rosenberger instead of Andrew, which reduces jumper costs by over 35%.
Deliver fix-length jumpers by sites.
During swapping, the swapping team carries the backup material package to ensure swapping schedule and quality.
Ensure the quality of jumper connectors by following the standard operation procedure. The standard operation
procedure not only involves the operations for making jumper connectors, but also involves the project tools and
reasonable determination method as well as a simple test for final verification. In Norway, each subcontractor is
requested to use specified engineering tools. If non-specified engineering tools are used, replace them with the
backup tools and charged by subcontractors. By doing this, engineering quality can be ensured.
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Standards for Installing Jumpers

The standards for installing jumpers are as follows. After you install jumpers by following these
standards, there is a low probability that intermodulation interference occurs.
(1) Hold the external conductor, align it with the DIN connector, manually tighten it, and then tighten it
by using a wrench. The four actions are very important, especially the action of aligning the external
conductor with the DIN connector.
(2) In the previous phase, five to six persons have performed tests of tightening an external conductor
by hands and a wrench, there is only a difference of 10 to 20 N. Therefore, the torque wrench is not
required.
For details, see the Jumper Installation Instruction.
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Assemble step of antenna
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Assemble step of antenna
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Norway Project Experience in Preventing

Site Revisiting
Regarding site service verification in Norway, some operations are

performed by subcontractors at the site, while the remaining operations
are remotely performed by Huawei or partners, such as checking whether
each cell processes services, performing VSWR tests, and performing
intermodulation tests. Partners perform modification at the site only after
any problems are found. This type of test can be performed in the phaseout period, for example, when partners edit site documents. In this way,
site visiting time is not prolonged, the overall site construction quality is
ensured, and frequent site visiting is prevented.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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Intra-Network Co-Channel and

Adjacent Channel Interference
Principles: Based on network planning, a GSM network system multiplexes limited resources within a certain area.
The cells use the same frequency are separated by space distances, preventing mutual interference. In practice,
co-channel and adjacent channel interference cannot be prevented permanently because of insufficient frequency
resources, inappropriate multiplexing protection distance, and complex RF signal propagation. Intra-network cochannel and adjacent channel interference is the main interference of GSM networks.
Location method: Identify the top N cells with high interference bands according to the analysis of traffic statistics
related to interference bands during peak hours. Then, analyze the 24-hour interference band change curve for
the top N cells. If the interference band is high during peak hours and the interference band is low during off-peak
hours, intra-network co-channel and adjacent channel interference or antenna intermodulation interference
occurs. After excluding the antenna intermodulation interference, you can determine that intra-network co-channel
and adjacent channel interference occurs.
Solution: Perform network optimization or frequency replanning.
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Contents
Detection Schemes

Power match
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CDMA Interference
Principle: In most cases, CDMA interference occurs when a BTS of China Mobile is too close to a
BTS of China Telecom and some BTS antennas face each other, or two indoor coverage antennas are
close to each other, as shown in the following figure. It is also possible that a CDMA repeater exists in
the antenna direction.
Positioning method: The level of interference is not related to the busy/idle state of traffic. Sweep
frequencies with a sweeper. The waveform is characterized by very high background noise
within the frequency band below 890MHz.
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CDMA Interference
Troubleshooting Methods for CDMA Interference

Install a CDMA filter (frequency range: 825 MHz to 880 MHz) on a BTS rack.
For a fiber optic repeater with an outdoor antenna, it is recommended that a
CDMA filter is mounted at the antenna port (this is not an easy job when too
many antennas are used).
For an indoor antenna, adjust the mounting position of the antenna to ensure
that the distance between the antenna and the antenna of China Telecom is
not less than one meter.
Use high band frequencies to replace the low band frequency points (including
the E-GSM frequencies) that interfere with cells. Check whether the
interference with the cells changes.
For detailed troubleshooting methods, see <<Guide to Rectifying Uplink
Interference Faults>>.
Huawei Confidential
Page 114
CDMA Network Interference Detection(R13 or

late version) - Feature Description
Basic principles
The CDMA interference to the GSM uplink can be decreased by modifying the
diminution factor of the tower mounted amplifier or adjustable attenuator in
other receiving channels, which is called CDMA interference suppression.
Delta: refers to the uplink receiving level average difference of the operating
frequencies in the idle channels when the CDMA interference suppression is
performed and not performed.
The BTS determines whether the CDMA network interference occurs by
comparing the Delta and the decision threshold.
Operating frequencies for comparison: If the number of operating frequencies
is greater than 8, 8 operating frequencies most adjacent to the CDMA band are
used for the decision. Otherwise, all configured operating frequencies are
used. If an operating frequency Delta exceeds the decision threshold, the
CDMA network intermodulation exists. Otherwise, the CDMA network
intermodulation does not exist.
Huawei Confidential
Page 49
CDMA Network Interference

Detection - Operation Method
Step 1: Run STR BTSRFTST in the MML window of the BSC6900 LMT to start the
CDMA network interference detection.
Note: You can stop the test at any time by running STP BTSRFTS during the test.
Step 2: When the test is complete, the test result is displayed in the
MML window, and the test result and the original data for achieving
the result are saved in the OMU by the BSC for further analysis.
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
External Interference From Such Devices

as an Interference Unit
Principle
External intentional interference is released intentionally. Experience indicates that

intentional interference occurs near a military region, a government agency, a hospital or a
gas station.
Positioning Method
The level of interference is unrelated to the idle/busy state of the traffic, and persists over a
period of time. An interference spectrum has a strong background noise and a wide band,
with the level 1020 dB higher than a noise level during normal operation, and may cover
the frequency band with a range of 860 MHz to 970 MHz.
For GSM13.0 version or later version, We can use Frequency Spectrum Scanning function
to detect this fault.
Huawei Confidential
Page 117
External Interference From such Devices

as an Interference Unit
Troubleshooting Method
By using a network management system, check the influence range and

occurrence time of the interference, and judge the possible location of the
interference source by referring to the characteristics of neighboring devices.
During the period with the strongest interference, carry a portable

spectrometer and a Yagi antenna, and arrive at the top of the building where
the cells are interfered. Set the frequency range of the spectrometer to the
uplink working frequency, and point the Yagi antenna to different directions.
Observe the amplitude of interference signals on the portable spectrometer.
Locate the direction with the strongest interference, and locate interference
source with a three-point localization method.
Report the details to the Radio Administration Department for proper

coordination and solutions.
Huawei Confidential
Page 118
Repeater Interference
Principle
Repeater interference is the most common uplink interference. Repeater
interference includes RF repeater interference and fiber optic repeater
interference.
An RF repeater functions as a broadband amplifier that amplifies the entire
mobile uplink and downlink frequency band to implement signal coverage.
An RF repeater may be legal or illegal. If not configured properly, a legal RF
repeater interferes with a BTS; however, most RF repeater interferences are
generated from a mini repeater or an illegal RF repeater.
A fiber optic repeater is used to extend signals with an optical fiber. This
repeater produces strong background noise that interferes with frequency
spectrums, and affects a wide area. Therefore, a call drop occurs in this
area, and some subscribers cannot use their mobile phones.
Positioning Method: Sweep frequencies with a sweeper. The waveform is
characterized by high background noise within the frequency band below
890MHz.
Huawei Confidential
Page 119
Positioning Method
Occupying the entire uplink, an RF repeater interferes with a wide range of
frequency band and has an unstable amplitude.
The interference spectrum of a fiber optic repeater is 20 dB30 dB higher than
an ordinary noise level. The interference band falls in the uplink bands that
range from 890 MHz to 909 MHz, affects a wide area, and occupies the entire
uplink with a stable amplitude.
For GSM13.0 version or later version, We can use Frequency Spectrum
Scanning function to detect this fault.
Huawei Confidential
Page 120
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting for a wireless repeater
Troubleshooting for an optical-fiber repeater
Huawei Confidential
Page 121
Case for Interference Troubleshooting Repeater Interference

For cells of a BTS (SJGHM328) in a residential area, a busy-hour interference fringe
remained level 5, and the proportion of level 45 interference fringes was close to 100%.
The repeater manufacturer adjusted the uplink gain and checked whether the power of the
repeater matched that of the primary device. After the operation, the level-5 interference
disappeared, and the proportion of level 45 interference fringes was reduced to 0.
Huawei Confidential
Page 122
Analyze interference by using frequency scan

function
Principle Using the timeslot of idle frame to scan the uplink level of
frequency has been set before.
Operating guide
1. By using Set Frequency Scan of WEBLMT or SET
GCELLFREQSCAN MML command to start frequency scan. Select
all frequency of P-GSM and E-GSM when the module is 900M.
2. By using the Require Frequency Scan of WEBLMT to get the
result of frequency scan.
3. Make a chart whose content is the uplink level of each frequency
using the information that get in step 2.
4. Find the interference by analyzing the chart.
Huawei Confidential
Page 123
Online Frequency Spectrum Scanning(R13 or

late version) - Feature Description
Basic principles
When the online frequency spectrum scanning starts, the system measures the uplink
receiving level of the test frequency periodically. The frequency and occasion are
calculated according to the frequency hopping sequence during normal operation. The
scanning result is not affected by the normal operation of other carriers in the same
timeslot in the cell, as shown in the following figure.
Only the tested timeslot of tested carrier is out of service during the online frequency
spectrum scanning.
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Online Frequency Spectrum Scanning

- Operation Method
Attention:
1 The service of test channel will be interrupt during the test and the max task number is
20 that can be started on one time.
2 You can replay the spectrum by frequency chart review tool after install the Offline
tools.
Step 1: Start the BSC6900 LMT for monitor operations, and then choose Monitor > GSM
Monitor > Spectrum Scan Monitoring. The frequency spectrum time domain scanning
starts.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 40
Online Frequency Spectrum

Scanning - Operation Method
(Continued)
Step 2: After the offline spectrum scanning starts, the Spectrum Scan
Monitoring page is displayed on the Monitor Data tab. The maximum and
average levels of main and diversity are displayed. The reported frequency
level ranges from -110 dBm to -47 dBm.
Page 41
Offline Frequency Spectrum Scanning(R13 or late

version) - Feature Description
Basic principles
To periodically measure the uplink receiving level of the specified

frequency in real time, you must specify the band range [f1, fk] to be
scanned and the tested carrier. The test timeslot is optional. If the
timeslot is not specified, the carrier-level scanning is performed. If the
test timeslot is specified, the channel-level scanning is performed.
Channel-level scanning: refers to the scanning of frequencies one

after another of the specified band by using the single timeslot of the
single carrier.
Carrier-level scanning: refers to the scanning of frequencies one

after another of the specified band by using all channels of the single
carrier.
Page 29
Offline Frequency Spectrum Scanning Operation

Method (Remote)
Step 1: On the Monitor tab on the BSC6900 LMT, click GSM Monitoring in the Monitor Navigation
Tree pane, and then double-click Spectrum Scan Monitoring. The Spectrum Scan Monitoring
dialog box is displayed. In the Monitor Item drop-down list, select Off-line Spectrum Scan, and then
specify relevant information as required. Click Submit. The remote offline spectrum scanning starts.
Page 33
Offline Frequency Spectrum

Scanning - Operation Method (Remote)
Step 2: After the remote offline spectrum scanning starts, the Spectrum Scan
Continued
Monitoring page is displayed on the Monitor Data tab. The maximum and average
levels of main and diversity are displayed. The reported frequency level ranges
from -110 dBm to -47 dBm.
Page 34

Scanning - Operation Method (Local)
Step 1: Start the LMT for cell operations, and then double-click the Frequency
Scan command on the right. In the displayed window, specify relevant
information as required, and then click Start. The local offline spectrum
scanning starts.
Page 35

Scanning - Operation Method (Local)
Step 2: After the local offline spectrum scanning starts, the scanning data is
displayed in the Frequency Scan Result Display window. The maximum and
average levels of main and diversity are displayed. The reported frequency level
ranges from 110 dBm to 47 dBm.
Continued
Page 36
Appendix-FAQ
Question Why is the result of intermodulation interfere different between using TRX idle
timeslot test and using intermodulation interfere test tool? What is the rate that the result is the
same between these two method?
Answer These 2 methods are different test method, there is not the possibility that the result
is strictly the same in theory. TRX idle timeslot test is based on the frequency and power of
current configuration, the standard of judgment is the difference after the test. intermodulation
interfere test tool is based on the frequency of 3rd 5th 7th 9th intermodulation interfere and
fixed power, the standard of judgment is the isolation of intermodulation interfere
product dBc or absolute level. There is upper 95% that the result is the same between
these two method.
Huawei Confidential
Page 132
Attachment
Guide to How to Detect Faults in the Antenna Sys tem.rar
Vs wr.rar
Uplink interference.rar
Report Sample.rar
Huawei Confidential
Page 133
Appendix-Tool Efficiency Estimation

Subitem
Tool
Main and
diversity level
analysis and
OMStar
antenna reverse
connection
analysis
Main and
diversity level
analysis
MainDivAnalyse
Inter-cell
antenna reverse
DownlinkAnalyse
connection
analysis
Analysis of
intermodulation
interference
during
deployment
IntferBandAnalyse
Execution Time
30 min/BSC
(The analysis
time varies with
the number of
BSCs)
3 to 5 min/BSC
3 to 5 min/BSC
1 min/BTS
Manual
Intervention
Time
Deliverable
Remarks
10 min
Description of detecting path

faults for main and diversity
levels in the Report Sample
for Detecting RF Path Faults
for XXX Project.
The OMStar is used to collect data

and create analysis tasks. For
OMStar, automatic data import and
data analysis are time-consuming,
but the fault point can be analyzed
automatically.
1 to 3 min/faulty
cell (the analysis
time varies with
the number of
faulty cells)
Description of detecting path

faults for main and diversity
levels in the Report Sample
for Detecting RF Path Faults
for XXX Project.
Compared with the tool, manual data

analysis is time-consuming because
traffic statistics need to be manually
obtained from the M2000 and the
fault point needs to be analyzed
manually.
5 to 15
min/faulty cell
Description of detecting
reverse connection by
performing inter-cell
handovers in the Report
Sample for Detecting RF
Path Faults for XX Project.
Adjusting the traffic statistical format

and engineering parameter format is
time-consuming.
About 30
min/BTS
Description of BTS
intermodulation interference
check result in the Report
Sample for Checking VSWR
and Intermodulation
Interference for XX Project.
Processing the swapped BTS

information and tracing signaling
during problem location are timeconsuming.
Huawei Confidential
Page 134
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Detection and Troubleshooting of GSM RF

Oct 31, 2012

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

1 How to use M2000 Antenna Fault

1 Optimize support capability diagram.

Version information about the host system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

A signal amplification system used to

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Deliverables and Closed-Loop Requirements

Examples for Tes t Report on RF Chan.rar

Report Sample for Checking VSWR and Intermodulation Interference.rar

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Actions must be implement

Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels

Crossed Pair Connection Detection During Base Station Deployment

Reverse Connection of Antennas Between Cells

Determining Path Faults Based on Traffic Statistics Related to Balance Between

Downlink Channel Fault

Actions must be implement

Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Power

Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Downlink Level

Settle problem about VSWR alarm

Uplink Interference Detection and Tools

Actions must be implement

Intra-net frequency interference

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Fault Modes of RF tunnels and Current Support Capability

External interference and

cells: difference between the main

1)Intermodulation interference detect base

difference between the main

Fault of the connecting

inter-cell handover counters

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

RF Channel Fault Modes and Current Supporting Capabilities

Connection fault of antenna

TX line Downlink Channel Fault Detection Based on Power.

DDPU/DFCU power query results

Traffic measurement about the main and

Faulty connection between antenna and

Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels

Traffic measurement about the main and

Faulty connection between RXUs

Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels

Traffic measurement about the main and

Crossed pair connection of antennas

Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels

Traffic measurement about the main and

Cross feeder test(R14 or later version)

MML STR BTSCROSFEEDTST

Reverse connection of antennas between

Analyze handover counter

inter-cell handover counters

Crossed pair connection of CPRI between

Channel Fault Detection with the Main and Diversity Levels

Traffic measurement about the main and

Reverse connection of CPRI between cells

Analyze handover counter

inter-cell handover counters

Faulty connection between DPU/DFCU and