Land Plants Review -objectives

Outline the characteristics of the terrestrial environment

and the challenge these present to plant life
Identify features/characteristics of the land plant best
suited to life on land (concept of the ideal land plant)
Link those features to a particular challenge posed by
the physical environment
Evaluation of the extent to which members of the major
plant groups are best suited to life on land.
Identification the major plant group best suited to life on
land

Characteristics of land and aquatic

environments
Land
Diphasic- atmospheric
and ground/soil phase
Atmosphere-dry
Light abundant
Gravity no support
Soil water
Lots of mineral
nutrients

Aquatic
Monophasic

Lots of water
Limited nutrients
Limited light
Lots of support

Plant forms in land and aquatic

environments
Land
Plant body must have
a portion of its body in
the soil and a portion
in the atmosphere in
order to obtain what it
needs for growth

Aquatic
Open ocean
Motile unicellular plant body
able to move to nutrient rich
areas stays near the surface
diffusion of water, nutrients,
gases across the cell
membrane
Simple multicellular plant
body- plant body always well
watered-all of the plant body in
one phase therefore no need
for transport system

Challenges of and solutions to land

existence
Challenge
Desiccation water
available only as water
vapour

1. not coping cheap

but plant dies
2. Toleranceexpensive plant
grows slowly
3. stress tolerant
spores
4.Desiccation
avoidance

Challenges of and solutions to land

existence
Challenge
Desiccation

Solution
Desiccation avoidance
A-Retaining water in the
plant waxy cuticle on
plant surface
B-Obtaining a supply of
water-achieved by
production of rhizoids or
roots which absorb water

Challenges of and solutions to land

existence
Challenge
Need to transport
water and food
between parts of the
plant which occupy
the atmospheric and
soil phases

Solution
Vascular tissues
xylem transport
water and phloem
transports sugars

Challenges of and solutions to land

existence
Challenge
Gravity the plant
body which occupy
the atmospheric
phase must be
supported

Solution
Collenchyma,
sclerenchyma, xylem,
turgid parenchyma

Challenges of and solutions to land

existence
Challenge
Medium for dispersal
of reproductive units
(seeds, spores)

Solution
Wind dispersal
Animal dispersal

Factors affecting plant evolution

Physical environment
Competition
Defense
Exploitation
Parasitism
Carnivory
Mutualism
Co evolution

Review -Gametophyte form

CharoLiverHornMossesFerns...Seedplants
axial
thalloidthalloidaxialthalloidreduced

Notethetrendingametophytestructure

Comparison of sporophyte and gametophyte form

http://images.google.tt/imgres?imgurl=http://universereview.ca/I10-68-cots.jpg&imgrefurl=http://universereview.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htm&usg=__dicots%26gbv
%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

Review adaptations of nonvascular plants

CharophytesLiverwortsHornwortsMossesVascularPlants

Axialgametophytes

Hadrome&leptome
Stomata
embryo,truegametangia,multicellularsporophyte,sporangium,
cuticle,sporopollenininsporewalls

Review adaptations of vascular

plants
Microphyllophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Coveredseed,flowers,fruit,
doubleferilisation

Nakedseedfertilisationnolonger
dependentonswimminggametes
Megaphylls,greatersporeproductioncapacity,protection
forsporangiaachievedinvariousways,heterosporyand
homospory

Vasculartissuetruestems,leavesandroots,microphylls,heterosporyinsome
species,homosporyinmost,sporangiainconesforgreaterprotection

Evolution of the seed habit

Heterospory
Endosporic development of gametophytes.
Female megaspore and therefore
gametophyte retained
Male gametophyte released male
gametes not released reduced to nuclei.
Pollen tube takes male nuclei directly to the
egg. Need for water eliminated