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Using Telephone
and Cable Networks
for Data Transmission
1
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
92DIALUPMODEMS
Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies
between 300 and 3300 Hz, giving them a bandwidth of
3000 Hz. All this range is used for transmitting voice,
where a great deal of interference and distortion can
be accepted without loss of intelligibility.
Topics discussed in this section:
Modem Standards
Note
Modem
stands for modulator/demodulator.
A modulator creates a bandpass analog signal from binary
data.
A Demodulator recovers the binary data from the modulated
signal.
Modem standard
V.32
Uses a combined modulation and encoding technique called trelliscoded modulation.
Data stream is divided into 4-bit stream.
A pentabit (5-bit pattern) is transmitted
The extra bit is used for error detection.
V32 calls with a baud rate of 2400 = 4 X 2400 = 9600 bps.
V.32bis
Uses 7 bits/baud 1 bit for error control.
V.32 calls with a baud rate of 2400 = 6 X 2400 = 14400 bps>
V.32bis enables the modem to adjust its speed upward or downward
depending on the quality of the line or signal (fall-back and fallforward).
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Modem standard
V.34bis
Bit rate of 28,800 bps with 960-point constellation to 1664-point
constellation for a bit rate of 33,600 bps.
V-90
Traditionally modems have a limitation on data rate (max. 33.6 Kbps)
V-90 modems (56k modems) can be used (up to 56Kbps) if using
digital signaling.
For example, Through an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
V-90 are asymmetric
Downloading rate (from ISP to PC) has a 56 Kbps limitation.
Uploading rate (from PC to IST) has a 33.6 Kbps limitation.
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Modem standard
V.92
Modems can adjust their speed, and if the noise allows, they can
upload data at the rate of 48 Kbps. The downloading rate is still 56
Kbps.
Modem can interrupt the Internet connection when there is an
incoming call if the line has call-waiting service.
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93DIGITALSUBSCRIBERLINE
After traditional modems reached their peak data rate, telephone companies
developed another technology, DSL,
to provide higher-speed access to the Internet.
Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most promising for supporting
high-speed digital communication over the existing local loops.
DSL technology is a set of technology
ADSL
VDSL
HDSL
SDSL
The set is often referd to as xDSL, where x can be replaced by A,V,H, or S.
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ADSL
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
Is like a 56k modem provides higher speed (bit rate) in the downstream direction than in the
upstream direction. ( Why called Asymmetric)
Designers of ADSL divided available bandwidth of the local loop unevenly for the
residential customer.
It is not suitable for businesses who need a large bandwidth in both direction.
The existing local loops (twisted-pair) can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz.
Filter installed at the end office of the telephone company where each local
loop terminates limits the bandwidth to 4 KHz (voice communication).
If filter is removed, the entire 1.1 MHz is available for voice and data
communication.
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ADSL
Adaptive Technology
1.1 MHz is theoretical bandwidth of the local loop.
Numbers of factors affect the bandwidth:
Distance between the residence and the switching office
The size of the cable,
The signaling used.
The data rate of ADSL is not fixed; it changes based on the condition and
type of the local loop cable.
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However, the data rate is normally below 500 kbps because some of
the carriers (channels) are deleted at frequencies where the noise
level is large (some of channels may be unused).
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(DSLAM)
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ADSL Lite
ADSL can be expensive and impractical enough to discourage most
subscribers:
The installation of splitters at the border premises
New wiring for the data line.
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HDSL
HDSL (high-bit-rate digital subscriber line)
Alternative for T-1 line (1.544 Mbps)
The T-1 uses alternate mark inversion (AMI) encoding which is very
susceptible to attenuation at high frequencies.
This limits the length of T-1 to 1 km (3200 ft) (repeater is needed for
longer distance)
Increase the cost.
SDSL
The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one twisted-pair
version of HDSL.
It provides full-duplex symmetric communication up to 768 kbps in each
direction.
Could be considered an alternative to ADSL because !!!!
Although this feature meets the need of most residential subscribers, is not
suitable for business
because send and receive data in large volumes in both direction.
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VDSL
The very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL)
Similar to ADSL, uses coaxial, fiber-optic, or twisted-pair
cable for short distances.
The modulating technique is DMT:
25 to 55 Mbps for upstream at distance of 3000 to 10,000
3.2 Mbps for downstream
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94CABLETVNETWORKS
The cable TV network
started as a video service provider,
but it has moved to the business of Internet access.
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The fiber node splits the analog signals, so the same signal is sent to
each coaxial cable.
Each coaxial cable serves up to 1000 subscribers.
The fiber-optic cables reduce the need for amplifiers down to eight or
less.
The reason to move fro traditional to hybrid infrastructure is to make
the cable network bidirectional.
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95CABLETVFORDATATRANSFER
Cable companies are now competing with telephone companies for the
residential customer who wants high-speed data transfer.
DSL uses unshielded twisted-pair cable, which is very susceptible to
interference.
Which impose an upper limit on the data rate.
Another solution is the use of the cable TV network.
Each TV channel
occupies 6 MHZ,
how many
channels we can
accommodate?
80
. From the
Internet to the
subscriber
premises.
. Each
channels is 6
MHz.
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Note
33
Note
34
Note
Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK modulation technique.
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Note
The theoretical upstream data rate is 12 Mbps.
in QPSK, 2 bits/baud is used.
(2 bits/Hz X 6 MHz)
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Sharing
Both upstream and downstream bands are shared by the subscribers.
Upstream Sharing
Bandwidth is 37 MHz, there is 6 MHz channels.
How can six channels shared in an area with 1000, 2000 or 100,000
subscribes.
The solution is time sharing by dividing the band into channels using FDM.
One channel is allocated for upstream for one subscriber.
Downstream sharing
Has 33 channels of 6 MHz.
Each channel must be shared between a group of subscribers.
Here we have a multicasting situation.
Subscriber with the matched address receives the data and the other subscribers
discard the data.
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CM and CMTS
To use a cable network for data transmission, we need two key devices:
1.
A cable modem
2.
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The CM checks the downstream channels for a specific packet periodically sent by the
CMTS. The packet asks any new CM to announce itself on a specific upstream channel.
The CMTS sends a packet to the CM, defining its allocated downstream and upstream
channels.
The CM then starts a process, called ranging, which determines the distance between
the CM and CMTS. This process is required for synchronization between all CMs and
CMTSs for minislots used for timesharing of the upstream channels.
The CM sends a packet to the ISP, asking for the Internet address.
The CM and CMTS the exchange some packets to establish security parameters.
The CM sends its unique identifier to the CMTS.
Upstream communication can start in the allocated upstream channel: the CM can
contend for minislots to send data.
Downstream Communication
The CMTS sends the packet with the address of the receiving CM, using the allocated
downstream channel.
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