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sensitive skin
Argyria (blue skin) is a permanent condition
caused by ingestion of silver.
Human Pappiloma
Virus (HPV) infection
(warts)
Structure of Skin
Epidermis (including cuticle)
Dermis
Accessory structures
Above, beneath or within are special
function organs
Sweat and sebaceous glands
Hair
Nails
Subcutaneous layer
Integumentary
system functions:
Protection
Excretion
Temperature maintenance
Nutrient storage
Vitamin D3 synthesis
Sensory detection
Skin Characteristics
Heaviest single organ of the body (16% of total
body weight)
1.2-2.3 m2 of surface area contacting external
environment
Variable skin thickness - on the back 4mm thick;
scalp 1.5mm thick
Skin is heterogeneous (multiple substructures),
anisotropic (directionally dependent) and a nonlinear viscoelastic material
Ross, Michael. Histology: A text and Atlas. Pensylvania: Wojciech Pawlina, 2003.
Temperature and
Skin
Xu, F., Lu, T. J., & Seffen, K. A. (2008). Biothermomechanics of skin tissues.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56: 1852-1884.
The epidermis
Provides mechanical protection
Prevents fluid loss
Keeps microorganisms from invading the body
Characteristics of
Epidermis
Molded layer of dermis
Avascular
Varies in thickness like dermis
The thickness of the epidermis ranges
from 0.05 mm on the eyelids to 1.5 mm
on the palms and soles. (Habif: Clinical Dermatology, 3rd
ed., Copyright 1996 Mosby-Year Book, Inc.)
Figure 5.2
Layers of the
epidermis:
Stratum Basale
(germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Integument Layers
Pigmentation
Melanin
Closely packed
granules within
cells
Color varies
from reddishorange to black
Epidermal Ridges
Figure 5.3
Fingerprints
In 1929, Harold Cummins published a paper "The Topographic
History of the Volar Pads In The Human Embryo". In his paper he
describes how the growth of epidermal (friction) ridges is
dependant on "two major development circumstances, namely,
variations in the histology of different regions and differential
growth incident to the production of irregular reliefs of the volar
surfaces".
He goes on to say...
Separating the
Layers
Martini, F. (2004)
Dermis
Durable, flexible and elastic
( there are 29
Thickness varies
Thicker on palms and soles
The dermis varies in thickness from 0.3 mm on
the eyelid to 3.0 mm on the back
(Habif: Clinical Dermatology, 3rd ed.,
Copyright 1996 Mosby-Year Book, Inc.)
Highly vascular
Contains the lymphatics and sensory nerves of
epidermis pass through
Dermal
Organization
Papillary layer
Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerves of epidermis
Reticular layer
Contains network of collagen and elastic fibers to resist tension
Dermal Circulation
Dermal Circulation
and innervation
Cutaneous plexus arteries found in subcutaneous
layer/ papillary dermis
Cutaneous sensory receptors (light touch, pressure)
Marieb, E. N. (2001). Human Anatomy & Physiology (5th Ed. ). San Francisco:Benjamin Cummings.
Xu, F., Lu, T. J., & Seffen, K. A. (2008). Biothermomechanics of skin tissues.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56: 1852-1884.
Stretch marks
Langers Lines
Illustrated
Skin Tension
Cleavage lines correspond to creases in
the skin surface for most of the body
Patterns are typical but not exact from
person to person but are more similar for
individuals with comparable body
morphology
Age-Related
Changes in Skin
Overall structural changes
skin dryness
roughness
wrinkling
laxity and decreased skin elasticity
Merck Manual of Geriatrics, 3rd ed. (2000). Keryn Lane (Ed.) Ch. 122, pp. 1231-1237
Hypodermis
Martini, F. (2004)
Extent of Injury in
Wound Healing
Partial disruption of the integument requires
only epithelialization [Prathiba & Gupta. Cutaneous wound healing:
Significance of proteoglycans in scar formation. Current Science, 2000; 78(6): 1-5]
Wound Healing
Wound Healing
Wound
Healing
PMN =
polymorphonuclear =
WBC = neutrophil
Differentiating
Tissue Types
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/6-wound-healing/deck/3378600
Evolution
of a Clot
and Scab
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/6-wound-healing/deck/3378600
Temperature and
Skin
Xu, F., Lu, T. J., & Seffen, K. A. (2008). Biothermomechanics of skin tissues.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56: 1852-1884.
Needle Puncture
Force
Hollow
microneedles
required an average
puncture force of about
1.65N
Solid mocroneedles required
less force (1.29N)
Appendages of the
Skin
Nails
Hairs
Sudoriferous glands
Sebaceous glands
Nails (Ungues)
Grays (1985) defines nails as, flattened,
elastic structures of a horny texture placed
upon the dorsal surfaces of the terminal
phalanges of the fingers and toes (p.
1350).
Nail Structure
Nail body covers the nail bed
Nail production occurs at the nail root
Eponychium (cuticle) overlies root
Free edge of nail extends over hyponychium
Figure 5.13
Hair Structure
Root (radix pili)
Hair bulb & papilla
Hair follicle
FYI: Hair lacking the medulla tends to be short and curly (wooly)
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab15/EXAMPLES/Exhair02.htm
Hair Growth
Pilosebaceous Unit
Follicle
with hair
shaft
Sebaceous
gland
Arrector pili
muscle
(smooth
muscle)
Sebaceous (Oil)
Glands
Holocrine (Oil)
Gland
Cellular
substance is
released
through
complete
cellular
breakdown
Oil gland
Sebum
Sudoriferous Gland
Structure
Single tube
Deep part
irregularly coiled
into an oval ball
(body)
Superficial duct
Passes through
dermis and cuticle
and opens onto
surface of skin
Pheromones?
In a study published in Neuroscience Letters, Prehn, et al.
(2006), reported that subjects were unable to discriminate the
chemosensory stimuli of the human sweat samples from room
air.
Chemosensory anxiety signals (EMG of the eyeblink response)
were increased, as compared to the amplitude recorded in the
context of chemosensory stimuli from either exercise
(p = 0.018) or cotton pad (p = 0.012) control groups.
The study concludes that chemosensory anxiety signals may
pre-attentively prime defensive behavior.
Other studies
Ceruminous Glands
specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat
glands) located subcutaneously in the
external auditory canal
Produce earwax that cleans and protects the
ear canal
Merocrine (Eccrine)
Gland
Secreted
substance is
accumulated
below the cell
surface and
then released.
Sweat glands
on general
skin surface.
Apocrine (Special
Sweat or Scent)
Glands
Secreted substance is
Contains proteins
and fats
Predominant Areas
Axillary
Anogenital
Mammary
Conditions Related to
the Skin
Acne vulgaris (pimples)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
http://www.skinsite.com/info_basal_cell_carcinoma.htm
Surgical Wound
from Melanoma
Herpes Simplex
Type I and 2
Herpes is
estimated to
affect some 80
million people
in America.
lmpetigo
What is lmpetigo ?
http://www.nsc.gov.sg/commskin/Impetigo/impetigo.html
Psoriasis
What is Psoriasis?
Psoriasis is an inflammatory
skin disease characterized by
an increased rate of skin cell
turnover resulting in thick
scales appearing on the skin.
The affected skin becomes dry
and unsightly. Itching is often
experienced in our hot and
humid climate.
As part of our skin, nails also
show changes like "pitting" of
their surface in up to half of
people with psoriasis. Joint
pains and swelling are
associated in 5% to as much
as 40% in more extensive
psoriasis.
http://www.nsc.gov.sg/commskin/Psoriasi/psoriasi.html
Vitiligo
What is vitiligo ?
Vitiligo is a skin disorder
which presents as white
spots and patches on
the skin. This is due to a
progressive loss of the
pigment, melanin, which
gives us our skin colour.
The loss of pigment
occurs when pigment
cells (melanocytes) are
destroyed and melanin
cannot be produced.
Vitiligo is not
contagious.
THE PROOF OF
GLOBAL WARMING