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SYSTEM
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BASIC ELEMENTS
For good speech intelligibility, the direct signal from the
loudspeaker to the listeners ears must be louder than
any competing sound and be free from distortion.
Competing sounds include intruding noise from
outdoors or within the building, mechanical system
noise, noise from the audience, or reverberant sound
energy.
In highly reverberant rooms, the sound-reinforcing
system must increase the direct sound field more than
it increases the reverberant sound field.
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MICROPHONES
Microphones convert sound energy in air into
electrical energy.
To avoid feedback, they normally should be located
out of the loudspeaker coverage, and their
frequency response should be as smooth as
possible.
Microphones are also identified by their directional
sensitivity.
If multiple microphones are used, their signals must
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ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
Electronic controls are used
to increase the magnitude of the electric signal
(amplifiers);
to distribute electric energy to high-frequency
and low-frequency loudspeakers at the proper
level and frequency (crossover networks);
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LOUDSPEAKERS
Loudspeakers convert electric energy into
airborne sound.
They should be positioned so as their direct
sound will be evenly distributed at the proper
sound level to all listeners in the room.
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FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAMS
AND
LOUD SPEAKERS
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LOUDSPEAKER CLUSTER
A loudspeaker system cluster takes up a great
deal of space and the area in front must be
completely open or be hidden behind a grille that
is transparent to sound (called transondent)
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MICROPHONE PLACEMENT
The condenser microphone is usually preferred for
reinforcement of choirs.
To estimate the number of microphones needed, use the 3to-1 rule, which means the distance d2 between adjacent
microphones must be at least 3 times the distance d1
each microphone is from its nearest source.
Shown below is an example microphone layout for a
conventional choir, three rows deep.
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