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Contents
Introduction
Heat and mass transfer rates from a
droplet
Effect in forced convective turbulent flow
Effect in zero-mean velocity turbulent flow
Concluding remarks
Main reference: Birouk M, Gkalp I, Current status of droplet
evaporation in turbulent flows, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science 32 2006; 40823.
Introduction
Droplet evaporation involving heat and
mass transfer have significant engineering
applications
Sprays produced by disintegration of
liquids:
Turbulence in the liquid jet
Cavitation in nozzle
Interfacial forces
Introduction droplet
vaporization rate
Droplet vaporization rate is the controlling factor
for combustion
Depends primarily on:
Pressure, temperature and transport properties of the
gas medium, and whether it is stagnant, laminar or
turbulent
Temperature, volatility and size of droplets
Relative velocity between droplets and medium
Introduction droplet
vaporization rate
Practically studied by considering a single
droplet, which is the case for the far field region
of the spray
Extensive research carried out for laminar flow
around a droplet, but studies of evaporating
droplet in turbulent flow are rare
Experimentation difficulties
Usage of the Frssling correlation to relate to laminar
flows
Non-dimensional numbers
Sherwood number
Nusselt number
Schmidt number
Prandtl number
Early studies
[2]
[2]
a
Galloway TR, Sage BH. Thermal and material transfer in turbulent gas streams
method of prediction for spheres. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1964;7:28391.
Early studies
1a
1b
Early studies
Discrepancies existed between the different
published data
Most of these studies did not report detailed
information
The reported maximum turbulence intensities
seemed to be very low
The mean convective flow effect may overlap or
overshadow the turbulence effect at this low
level of turbulence.
Recent studies
Two categories:
I. Effect of turbulence on droplet evaporation in
forced convective turbulent flows
II. Effect of turbulence on droplet evaporation in
zero-mean velocity turbulent flows
[4]
Gkalp et al. [4] examined effects of turbulence on vaporization of nheptane and n-decane
Red
100-450
Droplet diameter
1.5 mm
1.5-44 %
1-7
Wu J-S, Hsu K-H, Kuo P-M, Sheen H-J. Evaporation model of a single hydrocarbon fuel droplet due to
ambient turbulence at intermediate Reynolds numbers. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2003;46(24):47415.
[7]
liquid
[8]
Using
Using
Approximating 16/9 as 2,
and
simplifies to
Concluding remarks
Further,
Additional experiments at high temperatures and wider range of Re
and turbulent integral length scale.
Experiments at high pressures:
Reduction of diffusion coefficient of fuel vapor, decrease in kinematic viscosity
Vanishing of droplet latent heat and surface forces, resulting in explosive
vaporization
References
1. Birouk M, Gkalp I, Current status of droplet evaporation in turbulent flows, Progress
in Energy and Combustion Science 32 2006; 40823.
2. Galloway TR, Sage BH. Thermal and material transfer in turbulent gas streamsa
method of prediction for spheres. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1964;7:28391.
3. Park J-K, Farrell PV. Numerical study of free-stream turbulence effects on a single
droplet vaporization. SAE Technical Paper Series 901607 1990.
4. Gkalp I, Chauveau C, Simon O, Chesneau X. Mass transfer from liquid fuel droplets
in turbulent flow. Combust Flame 1992;89:28698.
5. Hiromitsu N, Kawaguchi O. Influence of flow turbulence on the evaporation rate of a
suspended droplet in a hot air flow. Heat TransferJapan Res 1995;24(8):689700.
6. Wu J-S, Hsu K-H, Kuo P-M, Sheen H-J. Evaporation model of a single hydrocarbon
fuel droplet due to ambient turbulence at intermediate Reynolds numbers. Int J Heat
Mass Transfer 2003;46(24):47415.
7. Ohta Y, Shimoyama K, Ohigashi S. Vaporization and combustion of single liquid fuel
droplets in turbulent environment. Bull JSME 1975;18:4756.
8. Birouk M, Go kalp I. New correlation for turbulent mass transfer from liquid droplets.
Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2002;45:3745.
Thank you