Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth.

he is the only
one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both
biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted
all the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is
essential for us to know about environment & its pollution.
In this presentation we will be able to know about-

Environment

Primary & secondary pollutants

Biosphere

Acid rain

Ecosystem model

Ozone depletion

Atmosphere

Green house effect

Atmospheric pollution

Noise pollution

That which surrounds, the total sum of the

condition of the surroundings within which an
organism, or group, or an object,exists(including
the natural as modified by human activity & the
artificial).

Atmosphere

Sea

Biotic Environment

Abiotic Environment

Atmosphere

Biosphere

The entire part of

earth's land, soil,
water & atmosphere in
which living organism
are found is called
biosphere
Or

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Biosphere Model

The combined area

lithosphere,
hydrosphere of &
atmosphere is known
as biosphere.

Abiotic
Component

Solar Radiation

Component

Animals

Vegetation

Climate

Biotic

Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis

Amount of solar radiation varies with
latitude & hence effects climate. solar
radiation also power weather systems
Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc.
can also affect climate
Climate interacts with geology in soil
formation provides water for solar climate.

Geology
Soil

Soil provides water & nutrients for plants

together with a physical base in which plants
can root themselves.
Plants provides food for animals

Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly

altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.
Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.
Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a
particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.
Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil.
Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.
Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals
have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.

 Our current atmosphere is a

mixture of many different
gases & suspended particles. It
is almost same every where up
to an altitude of 80 Kms.The
atmosphere is divided in to 4
layersName of
sphere or
layer

Heigh
t in
Kms.

Temperatu
re

Troposphere

0-8

15 to 45

Important
Chemical
Species (Gas)
N2,O2,CO2,
H2

Stratosphere

8-50

-55 to 05

O3,O2

Mesosphere

50-80

-2 to -90

N2+O2

Ionosphere

80400

O2,O+,NO+

Exosphere

4001600

H2,He

Constituent

Symbol

Average concentration

Source

Volume

Nitrogen

N2

780900

Biotic

7.809 101

Oxygen

O2

209400

Biotic

2-094 101

Argon

Ar

9300

Radioactive

9.3 10-1

Carbon dioxide

CO2

318318

Biotic & industrial

3.18 10-2

Neon

Ne

18

Internal

helium

He

5.2

Radioactive

5.2 10-4

Methane

CH4

1.3

Biotic

1.3 10-4

Krypton

Kr

1.0

Internal

1.0 10-5

Hydrogen

H2

0.5

Biotic & photochemical

5.0 10-5

Water

H2O

0.25

Physical

2.5 10-5

Carbon monoxide

CO

0.1

Photochemical & industrial

1.0 10-5

Ozone

O3

0.02

Photochemical

2.0 10-6

Ammonia

NH3

0-01

Photochemical

1.0 10-6

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

0.001

Biotic & industrial

1.0 10-7

Sulpher dioxide

SO2

0.002

Photochemical

2.0 10-8

Is an unwanted change in the

quality of earth's earths
atmosphere caused by
emission of gases caused by
emission of gases due to
burning of fossil
fuel,transportation,industrial
institution etc.

42%

21%

21%
18%

Source

Pollution

Transportation

42%

Fuel

21%

Industries

14%

Solid waste
disposal

05%

Other

18%

14%

05%

Transportation

Fuel

Industries

waste

Other

Different Pollutants
1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.
2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.
3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers,
pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides,
rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides
6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.
7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.
8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.
9. Noise waste

Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural

sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of
organic matter & natural radioactivity.
Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the
air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation
burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.
Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions
between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2

2SO3

2SO3+H2O

H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)

Solar radiation

CO,CO2,NO,Most
Hydrocarbons,
Most SPM
Primary Pollutants

NO2,SO3,HNO3,
H2SO4,H2O2,O3,
PANs,MostNO3-- & SO4-2
Secondary Pollutants

Volcano

Factory

Environmental challenges
Green house effect: Increasing global temperature.
Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase
by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase
at the same pace.
Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now
getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating
different disease like cancer& eye problems.
Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog
for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,&
SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of
this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not
directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed
that 6,000 more people.
Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases
acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The
majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

Solar
Radiation

H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)

HNO3

water

Acid Rain

(Nitric Acid)

SO2 &
NOX

Factories,
Transportation

Sea
SEA

Lake

Methane
Earth

Carbon
Dioxide

A
Earth

Nitrous oxide
Ozone
Green house gases in natural
condition insulates the earth against
extreme of temperature by limiting
both incoming solar radiation &
escape of reradiated heat in to
space.

Some reradiated
heat escapes in
to space

sun
Infra-red
radiation
Surface
Temperature
normal

This natural balance may be

distorted by Green House
Effect as gases such as
carbon dioxide have built up
in the atmosphere trapping
more heat

Carbon
Dioxide

50%

Methane

18%

Chlorofluoroc
arbons

14%

Ozone

12%

Nitrous oxide 06%

Contribution of different gases
to cause green house effect
Less reradiated
heat escapes in
to space

sun

Some reradiated
heat reflected
back to earth
Atmosphere

Atmosphere

More reradiated
heat reflected
back to earth
Surface
Temperature
increases

Ultraviolet
Radiation

NO
Oxide

NO2
Nitrogen
dioxide

H2O
Water

Nitric

O2
Molecular
Oxygen

Atomic
Oxygen

Hydrocarbons

HNO3
PANs
Nitric Acid Peroxyacyl
nitrates

Aldyhydes
(e.g. Formaldehyde)
Photochemical Smog

O3
Ozone

Ultraviolet rays
from Sun
The Ozone layer in
stratosphere
blocks these
harmful UV rays

Oxygen

Chlorofluorocarbons
are entering in to
atmosphere releasing
chlorine. The chlorine
than break down the
ozone

ozone
Whole in
Ozone layer

chlorine

The chlorine released from CFCs break

down the ozone molecule.

More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths

surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.

Noise pollution
This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy
industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around
us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern
life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise
pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop&
Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
.

Noise produces following health problems1)Auditory fatigue

2)Deafness or impaired vision
3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
rate
4)Headache
5)Nausea
6)Disturbed sleep
7)Emotional disturbances

Very High above than

High Approximate 80db

100db

Jet take off

Loudspeaker

Space vehicle
launch

Heavy Traffic

Loud Conversation

Sports car

Pleasant below than

80dB

Quit Conversation

Ticking Clock

Quit Raining

Noise Source

Noise Source

Breathing

Noise
Scale
10db

Traffic noise

Noise
Scale
60-90db

Winds in trees

20db

Sports car

80-90db

Quit conversation

20-30db

Heavy truck

90-100db

Ticking clock

10db

Motor cycle

105db

House in quiet
street
Radio music

35db

Thunder storm

110db

50-60db

120db

Loud conversation

60db

Beat music (Electrically

amplified)
Air craft noise

Office noise

60db

Jet take off

120db

Children play

60-80db

Jet engine

140db

Lawn mower

60-80db

Space vehicle launch (From

a short distance)

140-170db

Vacuum cleaner

80db

90-120db

Conclusion
We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food
are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their
quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural &
acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has
brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise
pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-

we do not inherit the environment from our

forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major
issue which affects the well being of people & economic development
throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to
common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment
for the benefit of all people & their prosperity