Safety

Engineering

CHAPTER 1

SAFETY ENGINEERING

SAFETY ENGINEERING
Is the planning and executing
of the safeguarding of workers
from personal injuries and
industrial property from
damages arising out of accident.

ACCIDENT- is the sudden mishap that interrupts a

normal operation or activity.

Hierarchy of Causes of Accident

Accident

Preventable
Direct or Contributory

Not Preventable

Causes

Human failing
Unsafe conditions
Error
Mechanical

Ignorance
Physical Chemical
Underlying cause

Environmental
Human failing

SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES

ACCIDENT - is a sudden mishap that interrupts the normal

operation or activity.

SAFETY - is the control of the hazards to attain an

acceptable level of risk.

HAZARDS are unsafe practices or conditions that if not

controlled may result into the occurrence of an accident.

UNSAFE ACTS are behaviors which could permit the

occurrence of an accident or incident. ( deviation from
standard procedures or practices )

UNSAFE BEHAVIOR are circumstances which could

permit the occurrence of an accident or incident.
( deviation from standard conditions equipment, material
or environment )

RISK is a chance of a physical and personal loss.

HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Represented by an iceberg

DIRECT
COST
INDIRECT &
HIDDEN COSTS OF
ACCIDENTS

penalty payment
before complete recovery

0 Medical
0 Compensation
0 Time lost from work by the injured
0 Lost time by fellow workers
0 Cost of damaged tools and equipment
0 Time damaged equipment is out of service
0 Lost time by supervision
0 Production loss
0 Litigation costs
0 Damage to corporate image
0 Production lost, unfilled orders &
0 Full wages of employee upon his return
0 Loss of profit on the injured and idle equipment

ACCIDDENT RATIO STUDY

Major or
Serious
Minor Injury
Property damage/ Loss
Near Misses

Human Factors in Accident

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Men below 5 ft. 9 inches tall, in a dispatch department

handling large packages, had significantly higher accident
rate.
Older workers in a machine shop had lower accident rates
than younger workers.
Talkative people have higher accident rates than the less
talkative.
Extroverts showed a higher accident frequency rate than
introverts in most situations.
Employees with longer service in a shop had fewer
accidents than those with shorter service.
Boredom and monotony in repetitive tasks which were
thought to influence accident frequency were not firmly
established.

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT

Contributing Factors
1.
2.

unsafe personal acts

unsafe conditions

Unsafe Personal Acts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Working unsafely
Performing operations for which supervisory permission has not
been granted
Removing safety devices or altering their operation so that they
are ineffective.
Operating at an unsafe speed
Using unsafe or improper equipment
Using equipment unsafely
Teasing, abusing and so forth
Failing to use safe attire or personal protective equipment

Workers commit unsafe acts because of the

following:
1.

Disregard of instruction- the basic remedy for this is discipline, placing and psychology.

2.

Recklessness- remedy is discipline, placing and psychology.

3.

Improper attitude for violent temper- remedy is placing, psychology and medical
treatment.

4.

Absent-mindedness- remedy is placing, psychology and medical treatment.

5.

Willful intent to injure- remedy is discipline, placing and psychology.

6.

Nervousness and Excitability- remedy is placement, psychology and medical treatment.

7.

Failure to understand instruction, those who are illiterate- remedy is education.

8.

Unawareness of safe practice- remedy is education.

10.

Unconvinced that practice is unsafe- remedy is education

11.

Unpracticed or unskilled- remedy is education.

11.

Defective eyesight- remedy is placement and medical treatment.

12.

Muscular weakness- remedy is placement and medical treatment

13.

Defective hearing- remedy is placement and medical treatment.

Unsafe Conditions
1. Improperly guarded machines, equipment, etc.
a.
No guards provided
b.
Inadequate guard provided
c.
Lack of, or improper shoring in excavation, etc.
2. Defects in machines, structures, etc.
a.
Law material strength
b.
Poorly constructed
c.
Inferior composition
d.
Rough
e.
Slippery
f.
Sharp-edged
g.
Poorly designed
h.
Decayed, aged, worn, frayed, cracked, etc.

3. Hazardous arrangement, procedures, etc.

a.
Misarranging
b.
Overloading
c.
Unsafe processes
d.
Inadequate aisles space, exits, etc.
e.
Unsafely stored or piled tools
f.
Unsafe planning and/or layout of traffic or process operation
4. Improper illumination
a.
Insufficient light
b.
Glare
c.
Unsuitable location or arrangement of lights producing
excessive shadows and
contrasts
5. Improper ventilation
a.
Insufficient air change
b.
Unsuitable capacity, location, or arrangement of system
c.
Impure air source

6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Unsafe dress or apparel

Lack of or inadequate eye protection
Lack of or inadequate hand protection
Lack of or inadequate body protection
Lack of or inadequate foot protection
Lack of or inadequate respiratory protection
High heels, loose hair (women)
Loose clothing, jewelry

7.
a.
b.

Lack of, or inadequate, warning system

Warning system inoperative
Warning device is obstructed or not audible

TYPES OF ACCIDENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Being struck by an object or substance, or other persons

Being struck against
Being caught in, or in between
Falling to a lower level
Falling on the same level [ tripping]
Over- exertion
Exposure to temperature extremes
Inhalation, absorption or swallowing of harmful or toxic
substances
9. Contact with electric current
10.
Exposure to electric welding flash or other harmful rays
11.
Entry of foreign bodies in the eyes, either loose or
imbedded
12.
Radiation

OBJECTS OR SUBSTANCES CLOSELY

ASSOCIATED WITH ACCIDENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Hand tools
Electrical equipment
Machines
Prime mover
Hoisting equipment
Boiler and pressure vessel
Vehicles

8. Animals and insects

9. Transmission equipment
10. Chemicals
11. Hot substance
12. Dust, mist and fumes
13. Radiating substances
14. Working surfaces

CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES
FATALITY It covers all reported deaths resulting from
injuries occurring within
the calendar year. It is
chargeable to the date of accident rather than the date of
death.
PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY- this accident class includes
loss of arms, legs or eyesight or other conditions
permanently incapacitating the injured from performing
gainful work.
TEMPORARY DISABILITY it covers all injuries which cause
disability to the injured employee for more than the
remainder of the day in which the accident occurred.
PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY this class covers loss of
a member of the body or impairment in the use of some
parts of the body or any other injury from which complete
recovery may not be expected.

TYPES OR NATURE OF INJURIES

The types of injuries commonly encountered in

industry include:
1. Incisions 9. Lacerations
2. Burns or scalds
10. Fractures
3. Abrasions
11. Dislocations
4. Puncture 12. Foreign body in the eye
5. Infection 13. Poisoning
6. Contusion
14. Amputation
7. Asphyxia 15. Hernia
8. Strain or sprains

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY TO WORKERS

Prevent Disability
No loss of wages
No loss of earning capacity
Family does not suffer
No pain ( mental or physical )
Prevent death

IMPORTANCE TO COMPANY
1.Prevent direct losses such as expenses for medical
hospitalization, compensation and burial.
2.Prevent Indirect Losses

METHODS OF COMPUTING ACCIDENTS RATE

1. ACCIDENT FREQUENCY RATE = No. of disabling Injury/Illness x

1,000,000
--------------------------------------------------Employee hour of exposure

2. ACCIDENT SEVERITY RATE

= Total days lost x 1,000,000

-------------------------------------Employee- hour Exposure

SCALE OF TIME LOSSES FOR WEIGHING

DEATHS AND PERMANENT INJURIES SO AS
TO SHOW THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURIES
Nature of Injury

Degree of disability
In percent of PTD

Deaths
6,000
Permanent total disability
6,000
Arm above elbow, dismemberment or loss of use
Arm at or below, dismemberment or loss of use
Dismemberment or loss of use of hand
Dismemberment or loss of use thumb
600
Dismemberment or use of anyone finger
Dismemberment or use of two fingers
750
Dismemberment or use of 3 fingers
1,200
Dismemberment or use of 4 fingers
1,800

Days lost

100
100
75
60
50

4,500
3,600
3,000
10

300
12
20
30

Thumb and 1 finger

20
1,200
Thumb and 2 fingers
25
1,500
Thumb and 3 fingers
33
2,000
Thumb and 4 fingers
40
2,400
Dismemberment or use of leg above knee 75
4,500
Dismemberment or use of leg at or below knee
50
3,000
Dismemberment of great toe or any 2 or more fingers
5
300
One toe, other than great toe
0
Loss of sight, one eye
30
1,800
Loss of sight, both eyes
100
6,000
Loss of hearing , one ear
10
600
Loss of hearing, both ears
50
3,000

CHAPTER 2

MANAGEMENT AND ITS

SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES

Top management participation in safety is a must; otherwise, no

amount of endeavor by the safety engineer in carrying out an
accident prevention program will succeed. Without
managements support a conscientious safety engineer will be in
a constant state of frustration. Under such a condition the best
he could do will be to look for a job somewhere.
Avoidance of accidents requires a sustained, integrated effort by
all employees, department and activities of the firm. The safety
engineer may indicate what this effort constitutes and then may
determine whether they are being carried out properly.
Managers are, however, the only ones who can direct that the
safety effort be carried out and the only ones who can provide
the authority for its proper, coordinated and integrated
implementation.
Managerial influence must be apparent in the safety policies it
sets. The extent to which it ensures those policies is observed,
and the concern with which it treats any violation, manifest its
interest in safety. Management must permit no doubts in the
minds of employees that they are concerned about accident
prevention. This concerned in accident prevention and injury or
damage must be sustained continuously, instead of a temporary
involvement when accidents occur.

Without managements support accidents will take place. A

safety engineer working in such an unfortunate situation may do
well by documenting all his efforts to carry out a well-planned
and integrated accident prevention program. Changing legal
attitudes towards liabilities of injuries in accident lead to a
concept that managers and safety engineers are responsible for
workers safety. In the event that an accident occurs, he must be
able to show all concerned that he was not at fault.
Maintaining a file can have beneficial results other than just
safeguard the safety engineer from criminal or personal liability
in suits involving injuries. When all factors, conditions and
actions are written and filed in logical sequence, it will facilitate
review and studies in any situation. Under such a case,
management will respond more readily to presentation of
pertinent facts in a more coherent manner.

Some methods a manager can do to achieve an effective

safety program are:
Put in writing and disseminate specific and firm safety
policies and ensure they are observed.
2. Order participation of all his subordinate heads with specific
responsibilities assigned to each.
3. Organize a safety element which report directly to him to
ascertain that safety program is carried out properly and
effectively.
4. See to it that every reported hazard and accident is
investigated.
5. See to it that safety training is carried out on a continuing
basis for supervisors and workers, especially new employees.
6. Institute a program to monitor and audit operational
activities for their safety aspects.
7. Furnish budget adequate for achievement of all safety
objectives.
8. Ensure that accurate and complete records of accidents and
injuries are faithfully done.
9. Form a safety review board to evaluate, discuss and take
action on safety problems.
10. Maintain an active and effective interest in the safety effort.
1.

Departmental Role in a Safety Program:

Personnel- See to it that personnel are trained and physically capable of

conducting their duties.
Plant Engineering- See to it that all equipment which could affect health or
safety or personnel is selected, installed and maintained to eliminate or
minimize potential hazards.
Production- See to it that unsafe practices are not violated, even at the
expense of increase output.
Plant Maintenance- See to it that good housekeeping is maintained at all
times.
Purchasing- See to it that safety equipment and materials are purchased
expeditiously, and that parts, materials and equipment that can be hazardous
be obtained with applicable safety requirements.
Research and Development- See to it that new products requiring the use or
testing of hazardous materials be brought to the attention of management
and personnel whose operation may be affected.
Security- See to it that emergency accesses and exits are not blocked,
unauthorized persons do not use company equipment or enter restricted
areas that all company vehicles and equipment be operated properly.
Employee Relations- See to it that employees suggestions and complaints
regarding safety are evaluated and need for safety practices be continually
published in bulletin boards and other media.
Legal- See to it that all managers are aware of the latest laws and judicial
interpretation of laws relating to safety.
Records- See to it that data regarding safety are recorded, collated and
analyzed for legal purposes and to spot adverse trends in accident
occurrence.

Security Personnel Safety Checks:

Blocked lanes for emergency vehicles

Blocked emergency exits and passages to exits
Unlocked doors or gates to hazardous areas
Obstructed fire doors or escapes
Blocked accesses to firefighting equipment
Loose wires, piping, metal or materials and equipment which pose
tripping hazard
Wet, oily or heavily waxed floors which pose slipping hazards
Bales, boxes, cartons and other items piled so high making
sprinkle system ineffective
Boxes, crates, bales, drums, cartoon and other packages piled too
high that they may fall over
Loose object or obstruction on stairs or poorly lighted stairs
Missing or inoperative egress or exit lights

Loose or broken stair tread, hand rails or guards

Lights on barriers and protective devices missing
Presence of oily rags or highly inflammable materials
Open solvent and fuel containers
Cigarette butts, matches and other evidence of smoking
Failure of welders to have fire extinguishers or drums of water
nearby
Missing fire extinguishers or overdue inspection
Steam, oil, water, fuel and chemical leaks
Unusual odors or fumes
Improperly stored or inadequately secured gas cylinders
Unprotected sharp points, edge or broken glass
Broken electrical fittings, outlets, plugs and other devices

Safety in Operation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Supervisor should ensure that hazardous operations are done in

designated areas.
Establishment of policies and guides by managers of controls of
access areas to hazardous operations.
Notification of all personnel and organization affected by
hazardous operation.
Areas where hazardous operations are conducted must be
conspicuously marked and controlled by guards where possible.
Personnel allowed in hazardous operational areas must wear
necessary protective equipment.
Escape routes, exits and stairway area of operation must be
clearly marked and cleared.
Operation should be stopped where winds and other
meteorological condition may affect inhabited areas.
Open flame or unprotected electrical equipment should not be
permitted in areas where flammable or explosive materials are
present. Employees smoking in prohibited operational area must
be disciplined.

Guides on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

First alternative is to eliminate hazardous environment, instead of

using personal protective equipment.
Protective equipment and devices approved and suitable for specific
hazards encountered must be used. Supervisor must not permit the
use of such equipment and devices that are faulty.
Rescue equipment and devices approved by concerned agencies
must be used during emergencies. They must be in sufficient
quantities, properly maintained and in working condition.
Locations of first aid, emergency and personal protective equipment
must be in accessible places fully identified.
All concerned employees must be familiar with the capabilities,
limitation and proper methods of fitting, testing, using and
maintaining protective equipment.
All persons entering hazardous environment must use prescribed
protective equipment.
Devices that detect, warn and protect workmen form impending or
existing dangerous conditions must be installed in appropriate areas.
Detection and warning devices should be installed in dangerous
places, tested, calibrated and maintained properly.
Operating instructions and procedures should specify actions that
concerned personnel must take in times of danger or emergencies.
Exercise or practice in the proper use of such personal protective
equipment must be done from time to time.

Safety Personnel

1.

Safety Man- The safety man is a living reminder of all employees

to be safety conscious.

2.

Safety Engineer- This frequently describes the person assigned

accident prevention duties, even though he may not be technically
educated.

3.

Safety Professional- A person who has become knowledgeable and

highly expert in some cases, trough experience and self-education
who has been accredited as Certified Safety Professional.

4.

Safety Manager- It refers to a person responsible for a safety

organization and its activities.

5.

Risk Manager- This is the person who is responsible for the

functions of a safety manager, and also for the insurance
programs and related activities to minimize accidental losses.

General Safety Functions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

Sees to it that all national, provincial and local laws and regulations
included codes are observed.
Top managers must prepare safety policies with the assistance of the
firms safety staff and see to it that they are carried out.
Monitors all activities where accidents could occur that could cause
injury to personnel, damage equipment, facilities or materials.
Operations or activities that constitute an eminent hazard must be
halted.
Establishment of suitable liaison and working arrangements with other
activities concerned with accident prevention.
Formation of safety committees and their assistance in carrying out
their activities.
Establishment and monitoring of programs for detecting and
correcting hazardous conditions. Ensures that some of toxic or
hazardous materials are properly controlled and that proper safeguard
be installed.
Reviews and approves the safety aspect of plant facility, layouts and
designs of equipment being procured.
Makes certain that hazardous areas, entrances and exits identified and
proper warning signs installed.
Controls selection, acquisition and use of hazard monitoring, detection
and warning equipment.

Conducts safety training of personnel at all levels.

12. Performs investigation of accident, near misses and hazardous
conditions.
13. Measures and records any test made of environmental hazards and
presence of toxic gases, etc.
14. Disseminates information on safety of all personnel to activate them
of specific hazards.
15. Approves and establishes procedures for hazardous operation, such
as tank entry and ensure that personnel engaged in these job
understand the hazard involved and the use of proper protective
equipment and further know what to take in cases of emergency.
16. Makes on-site reviews of activities and determines whether
procedure and methods used effectively prevents accidents and to
recommend changes whenever needed.
17. Accompanies inspectors from government agencies and insurance
companies on surveys and audits of the plant. Reviews report and
initiates correction of necessary discrepancies.
18. Inspects periodically emergency supplies to be sure they are in good
operating conditions and ready for its intended use.
19. Be informed of latest developments in job safety, safety equipment,
regulations, laws, codes and new methods of accident prevention.
20. Keep an accurate and complete record pertaining to safety activities.
11.

CHAPTER 3

SAFETY ORGANIZATION

General Objective of Safety

Organization

To contribute to the profitability and growth of

the business, by installing a safety organization that
clearly defines and implements the action, steps to be
taken and the safety measures that need to be
implemented to protect the health and safety to
personnel.

Specific Objective

1.

To define the companys organization for safety at various

levels and to specify the responsibilities of members of safety
committees.

2.

To identify the reporting relationships and requirements.

3.

To define what operational and administrative activities need

to be developed and implemented at each company location.

4.

To specify the educational and training activities that need to

be implemented throughout the company

5.

To prescribe the procedure in the scheduling and conduct of

safety audits and inspection

6.

To emphasize the importance of including an evaluation of the

safety performance of subordinates in the annual
performance appraisal.

ORGANIZATION FOR SAFETY

Health and Safety Committee
Health and Safety Committee is a group of employees
and management that plans and makes policies in all
matters pertaining to safety and health in the
workplace.
Health and Safety Committee shall be organized
according to the number of workers in a workplace.
A. Type A: (more than 400 workers)
Health and Safety Committee:
Chairman - Manager or his authorized representative who
must be a top operating official
Members - Two department heads
Four (4) workers (must be union members, if
organized)
The company physician
Secretary - The safety man

B. Type B: (over 200 to 400 workers)

Health and Safety Committee:
Chairman - Manager or his authorized representative who must
be a top operating
official
Members - One supervisor
Three (3) workers (must be union members, if organized)
The company physician or the company nurse
Secretary
- The safety man
C. Type C: (100 to 200 workers)
Health and Safety Committee:
Chairman - Manager or his authorized representative
Members - One foreman
Three (3) workers (must be union members, if organized)
The company physician or the company nurse
Secretary
- The part-time safety man

D. Type D: (less than 100 workers)

Health and Safety Committee:
Chairman - Manager
Members - One foreman
Three (3) workers (must be union members, if organized)
The nurse/ the aider
Secretary
- The part-time safety man
E. Type E: (Joint Committee)- Two or more establishments
housed under one building:
Health and Safety Committee:
Chairman - The chairman of an establishment committee
Members - Two (2) supervisors from two different establishments
- Two (2) workers from two different establishments
(Union members, if organized)
Secretary
- Appointed by the Chairman
(In high rise bldg., the secretary shall be the building
administrator.)

Duties of the Health and Safety Committee:

a. Plans and develops accident prevention programs in the
workplace.
b. Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions.
c. Reviews results of accident investigation and implementation of
accident prevention.
d. Conducts safety meetings at least once a month.
e. Submits report to the manager/owner on its meetings and
activities.
f. Provides necessary assistance to government inspecting
authorities in the proper conduct of activities relating to
enforcement of the provisions of the Standards.
g. Trains workers in safe work habits and procedures.
h. Develops and maintains a disaster contingency plan and
organizes such emergency service units as may be necessary to
handle disaster situations pursuant to the Emergency
Preparedness Manual for Establishments of the Office of the
Civil Defense.

Duties of the Employer

a. Adopts the administrative policies on safety in accordance

with the provisions of the Standards.
b. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and
the safety organization established.
c. Submits report to the enforcing authority once in every
three months on the safety performance, safety committee
meetings and its recommendations and measures taken to
implement the recommendations.
d. Acts on the recommendations of the Safety Committee.

Duties of Workers

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Follow safety policies.

Report unsafe conditions and practices to the supervisor.
Serve as members of the Safety and Health Committee.
Cooperate with the Safety and Health Committee.
Assist government agencies in the conduct of health and
safety inspection.

General Safety Committee Organization

Chart
CHAIRMAN

SECRETARY

Fire Training and

Brigade Education

Accident/
Health and Bomb Threat Pollution
Incident HousekeepingSub-committee
Sub-committee
Investigation

CHAPTER 4

SAFETY PROGRAM AND

PLANT INSPECTION

A safety program is a plan or outline of

activities conducted to promote safety
consciousness among management and
workers at work places in order that
accidents and/or illnesses can be eliminated
or minimized to the lowest reducible level.
Safety program organization is the
method employed by management to assign
responsibility for accident prevention and to
ensure performances under that
responsibility.

SAFETY PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITY

SUPERVIS
OR

EMPLOYEE

MANAGEMENT
Instructio
Training,
n,
Leadershi
p

Policy

Learn and use

safe work
methods
observe rules

Program
direction and
Planning
Promote Employee
Interest and
Cooperation

UNION

SAFETY
DIRECTOR

Role of Management in Safety Programming

An effective safety program permits a

company to have a working environment in
which operations are conducted
economically, efficiently and safety.

This can be achieved basically through

control of the working environment and
control of peoples actions. Only top
management has the authority to implement
such controls.

Basic Elements of a Successful Safety

Program
There
are seven (7) basic
elements-for
a successful
1.
MANAGEMENT
LEADERSHIP
(assumption
of
safety
program:
responsibility;
declaration of policy)
Management should make a written statement of
its attitude towards safety in the workplace. This
can be set forth in a policy, which must be brief and
clearly define management attitude.
MANAGEMENT ATTITUDE

enforce safe practices and conditions

comply with company policy
follow safety instructions
obtain good preventive maintenance of equipment
or selection of proper equipment when purchased

SAFETY POLICY- a document stating the top managements objectives,

the
Level of safety that can be performed by the organization
and the
Responsibility of the organizations members for executing
the policy
And ensuring safety.

A GOOD SAFETY POLICY WILL

Be a statement of principles stating what, not , how;
Promote consistency throughout the organization and across
projects;
Provide an explanation to outsiders of how the organization views
safety;
Provide specific guidelines fo3r important safety matters;
Provide provision for changing / updating the policy.

A Policy should basically states that:

The safety of employees, the public and the company operations

are paramount
Safety will take precedence over expediency or shortcuts.
Every attempt will be made to reduce the possibility of accident
occurrence, and
The company intends to comply with all safety laws and
ordinances.

SAMPLE OF SAFETY POLICY

ABC construction is committed to provide every employee to work
under the safest possible conditions. To this end, every
reasonable effort will be made in the interest of accident
prevention, fire protection and health preservation

2. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY- (to operating officials, safety

directors, supervisors, health and safety committees).

When safety policy has been set, the management delegates the
everyday task of carrying out said policy to the supervisors, foreman, foreladies
and /or health and safety committee.
The head of an operating unit can set the example for placing health and
safety
in equal emphasis and weight with matters of production, cost and quality by
actively
supporting the companys health and safety policy. He/ She can do this by
seeing to it
that:
A. Each of his/her employees (workers) understand the chemical and physical
properties of the materials stored, handled or used by him/her and
B. The necessary precautions are observed when using equipment, including
the use
of proper safeguards and personal protective equipment.
The establishment of a health and safety committee is another excellent
means of developing, implementing and maintaining safety and accident
prevention measures in the work area.

3.

MAINTENANCE OF SAFE WORKING

CONDITIONS- (inspectors- engineering revisionspurchasing- supervisors)

Some protective measures to maintain safe working conditions

within the plant are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

operational methods revision to eliminate risks

mechanical guarding
isolation of operation or storage
use of personal protective equipment
proper ventilation
proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment
sufficient and proper lighting
sanitation
fire control measures

The plants health and safety conditions can be appraised by

keeping track of the following:
a.
b.
c.

regular outline inspection

special inspection and
follows-ups to see if recommendations for health and safety
maintenance are met or are carried out.

4. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY TRAINING

Conduct of training courses should be both for supervisors
and employees.
There are different kinds of training courses. They are:
a. for new employees- to orient and/or familiarize newly hired
personnel
b. on-the-job training- for those already under the service of
the company for some time
c. refresher service to reacquaint old personnel
d. supervisory training
e. participation in safety work
1.
2.
3.

off the-job
conferences
workshops

Six (6) Must in Training

1. Tell the employees WHAT the safety program is.
2. Encourage them to learn, teach and practice safety every
WHERE in the plant and off-the job.
3. Answer question so they will know WHY safety pays.
4. Teach WHEN you know they need training.
5. Make them conscious of WHO benefits all the way.
6. Show them HOW to do things the safe way.

5. AN ACCIDENT RECORD SYSTEM- (accident analysis

reports on injuries- measurement of results)

Records are written account of accidents. They:

a. provide the safety director with the means for an objective
evaluation of his program
b. identify high-injury rate plants or departments; and
c. provide information on the causes of the accidents which
contribute to high-injury rate
Rule 1050 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards
states that establishments are required to submit reports of work
accidents and occupational illness is which resulted in disabling
injuries.

6. MEDICAL AND FIRST-AIDE SYSTEM- (placement

examination- treatment of injuries- first aid services- periodic
health examinations)
The medical department of a company is tasks with the
following pertinent activities.
a. conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper
physical check-up and proper placement of workers
b. conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to
harmful of toxic substances
c. arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what
exposures are detrimental to health that may be present
d. establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of
job they can handle in spite of their condition

7. ACCEPTANCE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF

EMPLOYEES- (training- maintenance of interest)
Employees too have obligations for a safety program to
succeed. Here are some of them:
a.
b.
c.
d.

observe safe practices and procedures

have regard at all times for the safety of fellow employees
use his knowledge and influence to prevent accidents
report to proper authorities any unsafe condition that may call his
attention
e. contribute his ideas, suggestion and recommendations for the
improvement of working conditions to achieve maximum safety
f. participate actively, whenever appointed as full pledge member of
the health and safety committee

SOME PROMOTIONAL METHODS

SAFETY MEETINGS
a. executive and supervisors meeting- to formulate policies, initiate
safety
programs and plan special safety activities.
b. Mass meeting
c. Departmental meeting- for special problems, plan campaigns or
analyze accident record
d. Small group meeting

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

SAFETY CONTEST
injury rate contest
interdepartmental contest
inter group contest
personalized contest
non injury rate contest- safety slogans, poster, housekeeping and
community contest

PLANT INSPECTION

Why Inspect
In safety inspection we are primarily interested in identifying
potential accident causing. We need to know the facts as they are
today. In many cases, these facts, by themselves, can be basis of
intelligent action to prevent an accident from occurring.

How to Inspect
Because safety inspection involves so many things and so many
people, it is a tremendous task. If done inefficiently, it could cause the
waste of millions of dollars. To prevent this waste and to be sure that
this large and important job is done properly, it is essential that the
process be systematized.

When to Inspect
The answer is WHEN NEEDED. The list of inspection points
developed in step one of this systemizing processes must be
evaluated point by point. Responsible management personnel must
determine how often to inspect each item on this long list.

Inspection Checklist Suggested by Roland

A. Blake
a Safety Engineer of the U.S. Dept. of Labor
1. Housekeeping
2. Material handling methods
3. Adequate aisle space
4. Guarding of transmission machinery
5. Point-of-operation guard
6. Maintenance
7. Hand tools
8. Ladders, portable steps, hoses, etc.
9. Hand trucks, power trucks, wheelbarrows, buggies, etc.
10.
Floors, flat forms, stairs, railways
11.
Cranes, hoists, derricks, plant railways
12.
Lighting

13.
Electrical equipment, particularly extension cords
14.
Elevator
15.
Eye protection
16.
Other personal protective equipment
17.
Dusts, fumes, gases vapors
18.
Pressure vessels
19.
Any other explosive hazards as volatile, gases and
chemicals
20.
Other dangerous substance
21.
Oiling methods
22.
Inspection of chains, cables, slings and other lighting
tackle
23.
Access to overhead equipment
24.
Exit
25.
Yards, roofs and roadways
26.
Any other conditions suggested by the accidental
records

INSPECTION REQUIRES FOLLOW-UP ACTION

Inspect What
The answer, in a word, is of course everything.
Who Inspects
The answer is EVERYBODY!
Safety Inspections
Some of the advantages of conducting safety inspections are:
1. Locating unsafe conditions and promptly correcting them. This is an
indication of managements interest and sincerity in accident
prevention.
2. It sells the safety program to the employees.
3. It encourages workers and supervisors to inspect their immediate
work areas.
4. It affords contact between safety man and other workers.
5. It brings into focus sections that are doing their share in safety works.

Types of Inspection
1. Periodic Inspections- These are inspections made at periodic
intervals. Schedules should be made for the entire plant at least
on a monthly basis; for machines, operations and certain
equipment at least as often as required by law. Some practices
followed by many companies are:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

General plant inspection- annual

Fire inspection- monthly
Elevators and pressure vessels- yearly
Chains, cables and ropes- monthly
Safety inspection for unsafe acts and conditions- monthly
Tools- upon return to crib
Electric portable- monthly
Cranes, hoists, ladders, power trucks- monthly

2.

Intermittent Inspections- When indicated by accident

analysis, unannounced inspections are conducted by the safety

department. This keeps the supervisor and workers alert to the
hazards.

3. Continuous Inspections- This is mostly tied up to the system

of preventive maintenance wherein the workers are continuously
on the look out for detects in the machines and equipment they
are operating. Safety equipment should be included in the
practice of continuous inspection.

4. Special Inspections- Special inspections are in the form of

investigation for special information purposes. They are:

a.
b.
c.
d.

To check the installation of new equipment or processes

To conduct health survey
To eliminate normal unseen hazards such as overhead hazards
Points of operation inspection

5. One Call- This type of inspection is done in accordance with a

regularly scheduled visit at definite periodic intervals usually,
yearly.

Step in One Call Inspection

1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Planning
Review files for previous inspection data.
Study hazards connected with the kind of plant in question.
Prepare a checklist of items to look for.
Check inspection equipment to take with you.
Develop inspection itinerary.

2.
a.
b.
c.

Entering the Plant

Call on the Chief Executive.
Get description of plant safety program.
Review plant injury records.

3.
a.
b.
c.

Factory Inspection Procedure

Ask for a guide and determine route of inspection.
Examine everything and ask plenty of questions.
Discuss all your suggestions with the department head.

Reports and Recommendations

For fast results, the list of the accompanying
supervisor should serve as the areas guide in correcting
on the spot hazards identified. In addition another copy
should be sent by the inspector to the department who
does corrective action through a work order system.
Inspection reports made by the safety department are
usually forwarded to managers with set deadlines for the
corrective action desired.

Job Safety Analysis

Safety Analysis are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Select the job to be analyzed.

Breakdown the job into successive steps.
Identify the hazards and potential accidents.
Develop ways to eliminate the hazards and prevent potential
accidents.

In selecting the job for JSA, the most hazardous or those

that may result in the worst accidents should be
tackled first. Basis of selection is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Frequency of accident
Production of disabling injuries
Severity potential
New jobs

After the steps have been determined, the hazards and potential
accidents should be identified. For each basic step, the
following questions should be answered:
1. Can the worker strike against, be struck by, or be injured by contact
with the object as associated with the step?
2. Can he be caught in, on or in between objects?
3. Can he slip or trip? Fall?
4. Other questions relative to other unsafe practices and unsafe
conditions should be asked.
When the hazards are determined, the solutions should be
developed by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Substituting an entirely different way to do the job, if necessary.

Changing the physical conditions that create the hazards.
Revising job procedures.
Reduce exposure to the hazards.

JSA benefits everyone- the safety man gets to know the potential
accidents, the supervisor is able to review his mens work from the
safety point of view, and the workers know the steps where hazards
exist.

SAFETY PROGRAM
ELEMENTS OF SAFETY PROGRAM
1. Objectives
2. Policy
3. Rules and Regulations
THE SAFETY PROGRAMS FUNCTIONS
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.

They study the most common types of accidents.

What the causes of accidents.
How to eliminate such accidents.
Safety codes to workers or employees.
Housekeeping check-up regularly.
Train workers in case of emergency.
Provide or improve condition.

PURPOSE
1.
2.
3.

For development and progress.

Allow personnel to participate in accident prevention program.
Prevent loss of money, material, human life and human resources.

REPORTS
1. Complete responsibilities in formulating, administrating and making
necessary changes in the accident prevention program.
2. Plan and coordinate trimming division.
3. Conduct monthly inspection.
4. Follow-up on corrective action taken.
5. Plan and tighten safety inspection and supervision.
6. Plan and supervise fire prevention and protection.
7. Provide and supervise activity that will stimulate and the interest of
employer in safety.
8. Evaluate and recommend safety equipment and personal protective
equipment.
9. Issue ground safety newsletter.
10.
Plan and supervise activities of division safety committee.

REPORTING OF ACCIDENT

If Safety Engineer is not around during the accident, security guard

must take charge.

FIRE SAFETY FEATURES OF THE PLANT

A.

Fire Resistive Construction

Concrete, fiberglass, acoustic panels (ceiling), asbestos, vinyl floor tiles,

gypsum boards/walls (asbestos) solid core.
B. Fire Protection
-

fire extinguishers, sprinkler system, fire hydrants and usual alarms

fire safety seminars
fire safety inspection

Accident: Key Elements

1. What unexpected occurrence.
2. How they are contacted.
3. Why work is interrupted.

Causes
1. Individual differences.
2. Unsafe acts.
3. Unsafe condition.
Direct and Proximate Causes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Unadequately guarded machines.

Unguarded
Defective condition
Unsafe design
Hazardous arrangement
Unsafe illumination
Unsafe ventilation
Unsafe dress

Nature of Accidents
A. Personal Accidents
B. Equipment Accidents

Safer to Safety
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Top requirement organize safety committee

Supervisor
Safety director
Accident record
Safety committee
Training
General inspection
First aid facilities

Duties of Safety Engineer

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Plan the safety program.

He must supervise the safety program.
He must coordinate the safety program with production.
He must inspect- study addition for safety.
He must be responsible for obtaining, recording and using
accident data and statistics.
He must investigate accident.
He must advertise safety.
He must be informed on the accident experience of others.
He must participate in community safety.

Chapter 5

SAFETY EDUCATION AND

TRAINING

Safety Education
Most injuries occur to workers who are
new on the job and are poorly trained.
Experienced workers assigned to operate
new equipment or work with new
processes must likewise undergo further
briefing and training.

Safety Seminars and Promotion

One of the most effective ways of
imparting safety consciousness among
employees is a safety seminar. Such
seminars may be done on a year-round
basis by qualified personnel within the
firm or the Ministry of Labor.

SUGGESTED SEMINAR TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL

SAFETY
Topic

Duration

1. Overhead crane operator and rigger

- 2hrs/session/dept.
semi-annual
2. Welding and cutting (For Mechl. Maint.
and Engg. Services Dept.) -3hrs/session/quarterly
3. Firefighting technique
-4hrs/session/dept. semi-annual
Fire drill
-quarterly
4. Disaster control
-2hrs/session/dept. semi-annual
Disaster drill -quarterly
5. Occupational health hazard -10 hrs/session/dept. semi-annual
6. Material handling and storage
-2 hrs/session/dept. quarterly
7. Industrial hygiene -2 hrs/session/dept. semi-annual
8. First Aid
-2 hrs/ten sessions annually
9. Safety seminars for supervisors
-2 hrs semi-annual
10.
Safety seminars for line operators
-2 hrs/session/dept.
quarterly
11.
Mechanical and electrical hazards
-2 hrs/session/dept.
quarterly
12.
Family planning
-2 hrs/session annually

GENERAL INSPECTION OF:

Topic

Duration

1. Machine guards -2 hrs/line/work

2. Storage tanks
-Monthly
3. Railings
-Monthly
4. Building structure -8 hrs/month
5. Firefighting equipment -12 hrs/week
6. Slings and other lifting equipment
-12 hrs/week
7. Ladders and life lines
-6 hrs/week
8. Plant housekeeping
-2 hrs/day
9. Safety paraphernalia and/or equipment
-2 hrs/day
10.
Ground and overhead equipment -8 hrs/day
11.
Lighting facilities
-1 hr/day
12.
Draining facilities
-1 hr/day

MAINTENANCE OF FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT

1.

Refilling/maintenance of empty fire extinguishers:

a. 10 lbs. capacity dry chemical

-5 cylinders/day
b. 50-100 lbs. capacity dry and liquid -Refilling is done outside
2.

Cleaning/maintenance of fire hoses and boxes:

a. Inside the plant building

-4 hrs/day accord. to frequency of use
b. Outside the plant building -2 hrs/week
c. Maintenance/test run of high
pressure fire pump
-3 times/week( 2 min/test )
d. Check on standard fire hydrant
-3 hrs/week
GENERAL EVALUATION OF:
a.
b.
c.

Accident frequency and severity rate

Firefighting equipment
-4 hrs/week
Safety equipment
-2 hrs/week

-3 times/week

SAFETY IMPLEMENTATION
a.
b.
c.

12 hrs/week

Safety rules and regulation

Safety standard practices
Safety uniform

SAFETY INVESTIGATION - 12 hrs/ week

a.
b.
c.

Accident investigation
Incident investigation
Violation investigation

SANITATION AND HYGIENE FUNCTION

week
a.
b.
c.
d.

Availability of potable water supply

Proper and satisfactory ventilation
Adequate disposal of sewage and garbage
Toilet and canteen proper maintenance

- 6 hrs/

Safety Training
The increase use of power-driven machines and the
employment of new materials in industry which involve
technical hazard that has been hitherto unheard of makes it
imperative to embark on a program to train people and
prepare them for new technological development.

Selection of Safety Personnel

The Safety Department must be staffed with competent men,
with capacity to grow professionally on the job. A Safety
Engineer must not only be a technical man acquainted with
every phase of operation and conversant on a wide range of
hazards, he must be a teacher and a salesman.

Safety Education and Training Program

Responsibility for Safety and Health should certainly rest with
top management, whose thinking characteristically centers on
principles and policies. But if responsibility stops at the policy
level, it could be of no benefit to the employees.

Education and Training of Safety Administrators

Training and knowledge required of Safety Directors, Professionals
and Advisers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Relevant legal requirement

Principles and practice of accident prevention
Accident investigation and safety audits
Methods and requirement of inspection
Specific hazards met in the work of the firm
Emergency procedures and situations

Main Areas of Safety Training

1.
2.
3.
4.

General safety
Firefighting, escape and rescue
First aid
Specific job training

Standard Operating Procedures

One way of promoting safety and minimizing accidents in any organization
is the establishment of safety standard operating procedures. These
standard procedures are criteria for determining root causes of accidents
when they happen.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

Office Safety
1. Office furniture should be inspected when received and burrs or
corners should be removed immediately.
2. Keep desk drawers closed to prevent tripping over them.
3. Pull out from the power source the plug of electric machine or
equipment during work break and after office hours.
4. Running in office is prohibited.
5. All electric office machines should be provided with equipment
grounding before use.
6. Doors should not be pushed often abruptly or slam when closing.
Dont stand within the path of the door swing.
7. When carrying a stock of materials be sure you can see over when
walking trough the office.
8. Employees shall not crowd or indulge in horseplay on stairs.
Commonly, fall on stairs occur when the person is talking, laughing
and turning to friends while going downstairs.
9. Do not congregate on stairs or landing and do not stand outside
doors at the head or foot of stairways.
10.
Scooting across the floor while sitting on a chair is prohibited.
Leaning out from the chair to pick up objects on the floor is also
dangerous and should be discourage.

11.
When a floor mounted telephone or electrical outlet box is
exposed after moving furniture, mark the box with the tripping
sign.
12.
Don not use spike or pointed rod for filling or similar
purpose.
13.
Do not place pencils in any corner. Or place it in a container
with its point outwards.
14.
Put away in a safe place any pointed or bladed instruments
immediately after use. Do not hand any such instrument to
someone with the point toward him.
15.
Do not leave the knife blade of the paper cutter in the
raised position.
16.
Only authorized persons should operate machines and
equipment.
17.
Do not place a lighted cigarette or cigar on any place other
than the ashtray.
18.
Do not place matchsticks or cigarette butts on the
wastebasket. Do not place the contents of the ashtray in waste
baskets.
19.
Tripping hazards such as defective floors, rugs, floor mats,
electric or telephone cord should be reported immediately.
20.
Razorblades, thumbtacks and other sharp objects should be
carefully boxed.

21.
Materials should be stored where heavy traffic does
not have to be crossed to reach them and they should be
stored where they are not likely to fall on anybody.
22.
Inspect equipment and facilities regularly and keep
them in good condition.
23.
Be sure you are in proper physical conditions and well
trained in the fundamentals.
24.
Hang up coats and keep umbrellas out on the way.
25.
Report broken seats, desk and other damaged
equipment.
26.
Put away materials you are not using.
27.
Do not tip chairs back.
28.
Keep feet out of desks.
29.
Keep office desks and cloakrooms clear of obstacles.
30.
Report all dangerous conditions.
31.
Report any injuries of yourself or others at once,
whether or not they seem serious.

Safety Rules and Regulations in the Shop and

Factory
1. Organize shop and laboratory safety procedure along the same
lines as those in industry.
2. Use the proper safety equipment and wear the proper clothing.
3. Employees should learn how to handle machinery and equipment
before they use them.
4. Inspect tools and equipment regularly. Worn or damaged
equipment should be repaired or replaced immediately.
5. Be sure the equipment is in good condition.
6. Report any accident or injuries to the personnel in-charge.
7. Put any warning device if work is dangerous.
8. Always have first aid equipment handy and know how to use it.

Safety Rules and Regulation on the Job

1. Wear safety equipment while working in the laboratory or
in the shop.
2. Do not take any adjustment when the machine is in motion.
3. Use gloves in handling heavy materials.
4. Learn the right way to use any cutting tools before starting
to work with them, the right way is always the safe way.
5. Never handle electric cords, wires or fixtures if your hand,
feet or shoes are damp.

PERSONNEL SAFETY RULES:

Work clothing -Company issued uniform must be worn properly at all times
when on duty.

Safety Shoes Company-issued safety shoes or company-approved shoes

must be worn properly at all times when on duty.

Safety Hats/Caps/Helmets Company-issued or company-approved head

protectors must be worn in areas where danger from failing objects or
bumping hazards exist.

Working Gloves Company-issued or company-approved working gloves

must be worn when performing work hazardous to hands and fingers.

Eye and Face Protection Protective devices for the eyes and face such as
goggles, spectacles and face shields must be worn when performing work that
may cause hard, sharp or small objects to fly or cause chemicals to splash.

Safety Belts When working in elevated hazardous locations except where

specially built railed-scaffolds are provided safety belts attached to a nearby
solid support must be worn.

Smoking Strictly NO SMOKING within the factory compounds except in

assigned locations inside offices and canteen.

Open Flames Strictly NO OPEN FLAMES shall be allowed inside the

company compound except inside the canteens for cooking purposes, the
laboratory for testing purposes and locations where authorized repairs and
projects are necessary.

Electrical Heating Devices Electrical heating devices shall not be

used inside the factory compound except inside the laboratory,
canteens, shop offices and building offices.

Work Permit All work in the factory except in the Maintenance

Shop must have a corresponding work permit issued and signed by the
required authorities.

Entering Confined Areas When entering confined areas and

enclosed areas such as vessels, tanks and drums that contained or
have contained toxic vapors, proper breathing apparatus should be
used and someone should be on watch outside of the enclosed areas.

Hand Jewelrys Finger rings, bracelets and other dangling hand

ornament shall not be worn while using tools or working around
machinery or electric equipment.

Driving Factory Vehicles Only licensed drivers who are properly

authorized shall be allowed to drive factory/company vehicles.

Vehicle Entry Permit Drivers of non-company owned vehicles on

official business must secure a vehicle entry permit before entering
the factory area. Traffic rules inside the factory must be observed
strictly.

Improper Use of Gasoline Gasoline should never be used for

cleaning purposes. Approved cleaning solvents shall be properly
stored and kept away form fires or welding work.

Safety Signs and Devices Safety signs and devices must not be
removed from their designated area unless properly authorized;
do not deface or tamper with them.

Reporting Unsafe Conditions Repot any unsafe condition or

practice to your supervisor immediately.

Housekeeping Every employee is responsible for keeping the

plant safe, clean and tidy.

SAFETY IN THE FACTORY

Dressing Safely Dress for your job sensibly so that you are
comfortable and well protected against normal hazards
associated with your work. Avoid loose clothing.

Personal Hygiene Whenever there is contact with irritating

compounds, the affected areas should be immediately and
thoroughly washed with water.

Hair Care When working near machinery, loose long hair

should be completely enclosed in a cap or hat.

Using Tools and Equipment Safely You cant do a good job

safely unless tools and equipment are in good conditions and
right for the job.

CARE WHEN USING HAND TOOLS

Using Machine Safely Less than 10% of all accidents in

industry are caused by machines in motion but these accidents
usually result in the more serious injuries such as amputations,
crushed and broken limbs or severe lacerations.

Guards and Safety Devices Guards and safety devices are

provided to protect people. Guards must be removed except
under very special circumstances and only when authority has
been given and all precautions taken.

Using Electrical Equipment Safely Never tamper with

electrical equipment. Never risk making your own repairs. You
may not know them to be faulty. The electrician is a killed
tradesman.

POWER LEADS
When connecting or disconnecting power lead always make
sure the switch is OFF. Grasp the plug, not the cord.
Jerking a plug out by the cord will damage the end and may
set up a death trap for the next user.

Be Safe from Steam Steam burns are painful, often

crippling. All steam pipes should be lagged if you are
working near them. Report any unlagged pipes or steam
leaks and valves which wont close properly.

Be Safe from Compressed Air Extremely dangerous

when misused. Workers have died as a result of foolish
practical jokes with compressed air. They experienced
agonizing rupture of internal organs.

Working Safety in Cold Stores You cannot continue

working safely for unlimited periods in very cold
conditions. Always wear the special clothing provided.
Seek medical attention immediately if you find the cold
affecting your movements or your vision.

Handling Materials Safely Manual lifting and handling.

About 30% of all accidents are caused by carelessness or
improper methods of manual lifting and handling.

PERSONNEL SAFETY
Personal Responsibility Common cause of accidents are lack of
knowledge, inattention
and thoughtlessness.
Injuries and Sickness Report and gets first aid treatment for
injuries immediately no
matter how trivial they may appear.
Always notify your supervisor before leaving your job on account
of sickness and injury incurred on the job.
Footing Watch your step while walking about the job to avoid
tripping. Spills or other
slippery spots should be reported and
cleaned.
Safe Clearance Never walks or stand under suspended loads.
Stand well to the side and in the clear.
Working Overhead Never attempt to work at elevations if your
physical condition is
such that this work makes you
nervous or ill.
Be Safe from Fire Know the position of fire escapes. And be able to
reach them in an
emergency.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND

DEVICES
Every employer shall, at his own expenses,
furnish his workers protective equipment whenever
necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of work
that may cause injury or impairment in the function
of any part of the body.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

a. Eye and Face Protection:
Hazards

-flying objects, liquids, injurious radiation, glare

Example- spectacles, goggles, face shields, welding helmets

b. Respiratory Protection:
Hazards
sprays

-harmful dust, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes,

Example- dust respirators, gas respirator

c. Head Protection:
Hazards
electric

-impact penetration, falling and flying objects, blows,

shock and burns.

Example-safety helmet, hard hats

d. Hair Protection:
(provided to persons with long hair assigned around the
machinery).
Example-well fitting caps
e. Hand and Arm Protection:
Hazards
-handling sharp edges, abrasive object, hot metals,
corrosive substances and performing electrical works
Example- gloves, mittens, gauntlets and sleeves
f. Safety Belts, Life Lines and Safety Nets:
Hazards
-falling due to work in unguarded surfaces, 6 meters
or more above the ground or water
g. Safety Footwear:
Hazards

-impact, electrical charge, protruding nails, water

Example-safety shoes, boots, rubber overshoes

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazardous materials mean substances in
solid, liquid or gaseous forms known to
constitute poison, fire, explosion or health
hazard.

Rules to Eliminate Hazards

a.) When practicable, harmless substances shall be substituted for
hazardous substances or the process shall be revised to reduce
workers exposure to the hazards.
b.) Control of process by general ventilation to provide continual of fresh
air to keep the concentration of contaminants within safe limits.
c.) Workers shall be provided with, and shall use personal protective
clothing and equipment.
d.) All containers with hazardous substances shall be properly labelled
indicating category of hazard, and proper handling procedures.
e.) The atmosphere of workrooms shall be tested periodically at such
interval s as may be necessary but not longer than annually.

f.) Ventilation and exhaust equipment shall be inspected and tested

periodically.
g.) Dust accumulation on all floors or rooms shall be prevented.
h.) Where toxic and irritating substances are being handled,
manufactured or used, the floors, walls, structural surfaces, work
benches, tables and equipment shall be throughly cleaned daily.
i.) In all workplaces where hazardous substances are manufactured,
handled or used, suitable warning device shall be installed.
j.) Spillage of irritating or toxic dry substances shall be removed as
quickly as possible by the best technical and scientific means
possible and available.
k.) All workers shall be thoroughly informed of the health hazards
connected with their work.
l.) The introduction, preparation and consumption of food, drink and
tobacco in workroom shall be prohibited.

Safety Requirements
a.) Stock of lead materials shall be kept in special storage rooms
outside the workrooms.
b.) Properly designed exhaust system to maintain or control the
threshold limit value of lead in the atmosphere.
c.) Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overalls,
head covering, goggles, gloves, aprons and respirators must be
used.
d.) Smoking, cleaning and eating are prohibited in workrooms where
lead is used.
e.) Workers exposed to lead should have a medical examination every
six (6) months or every three (3) months if danger of contamination
is greater.