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CHAPTER 3:

WATER WORLD

Learning Objectives:
- recognize how water is distributed on Earth
- identify the various water resources on Earth
- explain how different activities affect for the
quality and availability of water for human use
- suggest ways of conserving and protecting
water resources

How are ground


water and surface
water related to
each other?

In what forms is
water available on
Earth?

How much
freshwater is found
at the Earths
surface?

WATER OCCUPIES MOST OF


EARTHS SURFACE
EARTHS WATER IS THE
SAME THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD

WATER
- (chemical formula:
H2O) is a transparent
fluid which forms the
world's streams, lakes,
oceans and rain, and is
the major constituent of
the fluids of organisms.
As a chemical compound,
a water molecule
contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms that
Wikipedia
are connected by
covalent bonds.

Concepts in a Box
Saline

Fresh
Earths
Hydrosphe
re

Hydrologi
c cycle
-

Domestic
Municipal
purposes
Irrigation
Power generation
Fisheries
Livestock raising
Industrial
purposes
Recreational
purposes

Oceans and
seas
Surface
water
Ground
water
Precipitati
on
Condensati
on
Evaporati
on

Condensation is the change


of the physical state of
matter from gas phase into
liquid phase, and is the
reverse of evaporation.

Evaporation is a type of
vaporization of a liquid that
occurs from the surface of a
liquid into a gaseous phase
that is not saturated with the
evaporating substance.

Precipitation is any product of the


condensation of atmospheric water vapor
that falls under gravity. The main forms of
precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet,
snow and hail. Precipitation occurs when
a portion of the atmosphere becomes
saturated with water vapor, so that the
water condenses and "precipitates".

Earths system is covered with ocean


waters.
Another subsystem of
Earth is the hydrosphere,
which covers 71% of
earths surface. 97%
earths water is occupied
mostly by all oceans or
salt water and the
majority, is locked up in
the glaciers and icecaps,
mainly in Greenland and
Antarctica. Only 3% is
fresh water.

Percentage distribution of water on earth in relation to the volume


of water could be examined more closely in the following table.
Water Source

Water volume in
cubic miles

Water volume in
cubic kilometers

Percentage of
freshwater

Percent of total
water

Oceans, Seas &


Bays

321,000,000

1,338,000,000

96.54

Ice caps, Glaciers


& Permanent
Snow

5,773,000

24,064,000

68.7

1.74

Groundwater

5,614,000

23,400,000

1/69

Fresh

2,526,000

10,530,000

30.1

0.76

Saline

3,088,000

12,870,000

0.93

Soil Moisture

3, 959

16,500

0.05

0.001

Ground Ice and


Permafrost

71,970

300,000

0.86

0.022

Lakes

42,320

176,400

0.013

Fresh

21,830

91,000

0.26

0.007

Saline

20,490

85,400

0.006

Atmosphere

3,095

12,900

0.04

0.001

Swamp Water

2,752

11,470

0.03

0.0008

Rivers

509

2,120

0.006

0.0002

Biological Water

269

1,120

0.003

0.0001

Water exists naturally in


different forms and locations: In
the air, on the surface, below
the ground and in the oceans.
3% of Earths water is fresh
water
96% of all liquid freshwater can
be found underground, the
remaining is on the surface or in
the air.

Groundwater and Surface


water
Groundwater
- is the water below Earths surface. It occupies cracks and pore
spaces in bedrock and between sediment particles. Geologic spaces
that can hold and transmit large quantities of water are called aquifers.
Deposits that do not easily transmit water are referred to as aquitards.

Two types of aquifers:


1. Unconfined aquifers are geologic units in which
the water is exposed to atmospheric pressure.

2. Confined aquifers are under pressure and


separated from the ground surface and
atmospheric pressure by confining layer or
aquitard.

Identified examples of land-use activities


may have an impact on the groundwater:
- Septic sewage
- Storm water and road runoff
- Handling and storage of hazardous
materials
- Construction of floor drains to accept
waste water in commercial facilities such
as machine shops and service stations.

Surface Water
- is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. It is replenish
naturally by precipitation and lost through discharge to the
oceans, evaporation, transpiration and seepage. Although
surface water system is only fed by natural input through
precipitation, the total quantity of water also depends on storage
capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the
permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff
characteristics of the land in watershed, the timing of the
precipitation and local evaporation rates.

Wa t e r C o n s e r v a t i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t
Policies in the Philippines

Water conservation encompasses the


policies, strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a sustainable
resource, to protect the water environment
and to meet current and future human
demand.

1. Presidential Decree No. 424 (1974) - created the National


Water Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate
water development in the country for social and economic
progress and to meet present and future needs for water.
2. Presidential Decree Np. 1067 (1976) instituted a Water Code
which consolidated laws governing the ownership, appropriation,
utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and
protection of the countrys water resources subject to the control
and regulation of the government through the National Water
Resources Council.
3.Executive Order No. 222 (1995) established the Presidential
Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management to
prepare a nationwide Water Conservation Plan to cover
conservation measures focusing on both the quality and quantity
of water and undertake a nationwide information campaign.

4. The National Water Crisis Act of 1995 (Republic Act No.


8041) addresses the countrys water problem through an
integrated water program management program and the
development of new water resources and the conservation
of identified watershed, among other provisions.
5. The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, an Act providing
for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management and for
other purposes, defined the beneficial use of water as the
use of the environment or any element or segment thereof
conductive to public or private welfare, safety and health;
and shall include, but not be limited to, the use of water for
domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation,
fisheries, livestock raising, industrial, recreational and
other purposes.

Uses of Water
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for
- Use of water for

domestic purpose
municipal purposes
irrigation
power generation
fisheries
livestock raising
industrial purposes
recreational purposes

Josefino Comiso
- Is currently a senior research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory of the
Goddard Space Flight Center.
- He co-authored the first satellite atlases on
sea ice that revealed for the first time the
true extent and spatial distribution of sea ice
in the Polar Regions.
- Generated the first detailed maps of surface
temperatures in the polar regions as derived
from thermal infrared satellite data. Those
include the role of sensible and latent heat
polynyas (Polyna is a Russian word
meaning an enclosed area of unfrozen water
surrounded by ice)
- Received his Bachelor of Science degree in
Physics from the University of the Philippines,
Masters Degree in Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics from the
University of California in Los Angeles.

Ways of Conserving and


Protecting Water Resources
1. Turning the water off when
brushing your teeth or washing
your hair can save a lot of water.
In fact, as much as 160 gallons of
water can be conserved each
month when you turn the water
off.

2. When washing your dishes (without


the dishwasher) do not leave the
water running to rinse.
3. Check your hoses and pipes for
leaks, cracks, and other damage.
4. Dont use your toilet as a trash can.
Every time you flush your toilet, you
use up to 9-12 liters of water.
5. Turn down water pressure when you
dont need it to come out of the faucet
at full force.

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