Its the

You remember this! Its just:

f ( x h) f ( x )
|
f ( x)

h 0
Seems simple? It is!! Just remember that you have
to factor out h from the numerator so that it
cancels with the denominator, and youre set.

lim

Unfortunately, teachers/exam writers know its easy so

they make this factoring process really really (really!)hard.

Try an Example
f ( x) x 2 1

Start with the function

2
2

((
x

h
)

1)

(
x
1)
|
f ( x) lim

h
h 0

Input it into the rule

2
2
2

2
hx

x
1
|
f ( x) lim

h
h 0

Expand the factorial

2hx h 2
f ( x) lim

h
h 0

Now you have to factor out

h

h(2 x h )
f ( x) lim

h 0
f | ( x) lim 2 x h

And apply the limit!

f | ( x) 2 x
TADAAAA!!

Remember: h cannot =0 but

it gets SO CLOSE we just

h 0

Need MORE PraCTiCE?

Dont be fooled this powerpoint makes first
principles simple and, while the concept is, the
test questions can really do test your factoring
abilities.
Pointers:
You may be left with hs all over after factoring it out
as long as none are denominators, you should be
ok!

Practice:HL Math Book page 316 (example)

Questions on page 321 try with first principles!

Power Rule, Chain Rule, &

Implicit Differentiation
Peter Tu
IB Math HL (C)

Power Rule
The power rule comes
f x x f x
f ' x lim

into effect for

a x x ax
f ' x lim

differentiation for
x

equations who are in the Q x x x 1n x x n2 x x n3 x x K nn x x ,

n
n
n
n
form, a being a constant,
x x x x x x x K x x
1
2
3
n
f ' x lim a

x
x the variable, and n also


a constant:


n
n
f x ax n

x0

x0

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 3

n 3

x0

f ' x lim a nx n 1 x n 2 x x n 3 x K x
x0
2
3


n 1
f ' x anx
1

f x ax n

n 1

From the method of first Hence, the power rule

principles, we find that:
states:

f ' x anx n 1

nn

nn

x n

Example
Since it is possible to actually split up
different terms during differentiation,
We can use this to differentiate the equation:
f x

5 4 3 3 8 2 2 1 1
x x x x
4
2
7
3
7

In the following fashion:

5 4 3 3 8 2 2 1 1
x x x x
4
2
7
3
7
8 21
5
3 31
2 11
1 01
f ' x 4 x 41 3
x 2
x 1
x 0
x
4
2
7
3
7

9
16
2
f ' x 5 x3 x 2 x1 x 0 0 x 1
2
7
3
9
16
2
f ' x 5 x3 x 2 x
2
7
3
f x

Chain Rule
What should we do if we have to differentiate a
function respective to another function?
Given x, y, and z, can we differentiate x relative
to z indirectly?
If we write the differential as:
f ' x

x
y

f ' y

y
z

Since a differential is defined as the small

change of one over the small change of the
other, we can apply a multiplication rule of
fractions
x y xfor the chain rule:

y z

Example
The factory produces cups modeled by
function:
c 5t 2t
2

c
10t 2
t

These cups in turn generate revenue

modeled by the function:
r 2c 5c
2

r
4c 5
c

What is the rate of revenue generated?

c r r

t c t

r
10t 2 4c 5 40tc 8c 50t 10
t

Further exploration
Note, that the chain rule has no limits on
how many elements it can have, since it is
really based on multiplication of fractions,
so it is possible to have:
a b c d e f g h i j k a

b c d e f g h i j k l l

Implicit Differentiation
What happens when we try to differentiate
a relationship between two variables that
are no given as explicit functions?
Take:
y 2 2 x 2 y 3x 3xy

Implicit functions are dealt with the same

way, by differentiating each term with
respect to one variable, in this case x:

2
2
y 2 x y 3x 3xy
x

 Then, by using the chain rule and product

rules, we can simplify the equation:

y
y2

y
x

y
y

2 x 2
4 xy 3 3 x
3
y

y
y
y

2y
2 x2
4 xy 3 3x
3
y
x
x

y
y
y
2y
2 x2
4 xy 3 3 x
3y
x
x
x

Then we move the terms with the

differential of y in respect to x to one side,
and factor:
2y

y
y
y
2x2
3x
3 3 y 4 xy
x
x
x

y
2 y 2 x 2 3x 3 3 y 4 xy

x
y 3 3 y 4 xy

x 2 y 2 x 2 3x

Further Example
Consider a simpler case:
2 x 1 3 y 5 7
The concept is the same:
2 x 1 3 y 5 7
3 y 6 xy 10 x 7

3
y

6
xy

10
x

7
x
x
x
x

y
y
3 y 6 x 6 y 10 0
y
x
x

y
y
6x
6 y 10 0
x
x
y
y
3
6x
10 6 y
x
x
y
3 6 x 10 6 y
x
y 10 6 y

x 3 6x
3

Product Rule
Function

Derivative

y uv

dy du
dv

v u
dx dx
dx

y f ( x) g ( x)

dy
f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x)
dx

1
log e ( x)
x

Differentiate
the following:
2

x sin( x)
2

Let y = x sin( x )so that

u = x and v = sin (x)
This means that
and

= cos (x).

= 2x

du
dx

dv
Using dx
the product rule we have that

dy du
dv

v u
dx dx
dx
2 x sin( x) x 2 cos( x)
2 x sin( x ) x cos( x)
2

This time set up a table:

T
h
function
derivative
i
du
1
s
1

v log e x

dx

x2

dv 1

dx x

Adding, we have:

dy
1
1 1
2 log e x
dx
x
x x

1
(1 log e x)
x2

Quotient Rule
Function

u
y
v
f ( x)
y
g ( x)

Derivative

du
dv
v u
dy dx
dx

dx
v2

dy f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x)

2
dx
[ g ( x)]

Differentiate the following:

x2 1
sin( x)

2 x sin( x) ( x 2 1) cos( x)

[sin( x)]2

Let u = x + 1 and v = sin (x)

This gives the following derivatives,

du
and
2x
dx

dv
cos( x)
dx

Using the quotient rule we have:

du
dv
v u
dy dx
dx

dx
v2

2 x sin( x) ( x 2 1)cos( x)

sin 2 ( x)

Differentiation of Trig.
Functions

Examples

DIFFERENTIATION
Log and Euler Functions

Differentiation of Log
Functions
1
f ( x) ln x f '( x)
x
NOTE! The derivative of the natural
log of any value nx, example: ln 5x,
is equal to 1 over x!

y 5ln x
5
y'
x

g ( x) 4 ln 2 x
1
g '( x) 4(2 )
2x
4
g '( x)
x

g ( x) log a x

1
g '( x)
x ln a

y 5log 2 6 x
1
y' 5
g6
6 x ln 2
5
y'
x ln 2

Differentiation of Euler
Functions
The derivative of

ex

is

ex .

f ( x) 2 xe 2 x
f '( x) 2 x(2e 2 x ) 2e 2 x
f '( x) 4e 2 x 2e 2 x

Jessie Chiang
Block C

Tangents and Normals

Finding Tangents: (the line that
touches a point on a function and
shares the slope of the point on
the
function)
1. FIND THE SLOPE OF
THE TANGENT (slope of
tangent at (x,y) will be
f(x) at x)
2. PLUG THE SLOPE (m)
INTO LINEAR EQUATION
y= mx+b
3. PLUG ORIGINAL POINTS
(x,y) INTO LINEAR
EQUATION TO FIND b
4. DONE!!

Tangents and Normals

Finding Normals: (the perpendicular line to a point on

a function)
1. FIND THE SLOPE OF THE TANGENT (slope of
tangent at (x,y) will be f(x) at x)
2. REMEMBER THAT LIKE ALL PERPENDICULAR
LINES, THE SLOPE OF THE NORMAL X THE SLOPE
OF THE TANGENT = -1.
3. USE SLOPE OF TANGENT TO GET SLOPE OF
PERPENDICULAR
4. PLUG THE SLOPE (m) INTO LINEAR EQUATION y=
mx+b
5. PLUG ORIGINAL POINTS (x,y) INTO LINEAR
EQUATION TO FIND b
6. DONE!!

Lets try a problem!!

Given: y(x) = x^2
Let's find the tangent at x = 2. So what point is that? We know
the x-coordinate of the point. To find the y-coordinate,
simply use the equation of the curve!
Step 1: Find the derivative of the curve. The equation of the
curve is given in 4.5-2. You know how to take its derivative.
It's
y'(x) = 2x
Step 2: Evaluate the derivative at the point given. The
problem says do it at x = 2. The derivative at that x is y'(2)
= 4. That is your m. Write it down. m = 4.
Step 3: Solve for b. Remember, y = mx + b. We know what x
is, what y is, and what m is. If you plug them all in, you get
5 = 42 + b a And it's trivial algebra to go from there to b = -3
Step 4: Write the equation. You know m and b now. Simply
substitute them into y = mx + b. You get
y = 4x - 3 That's it. We're done. Once you know how to take the
derivative, these problems are easy. Just follow the four
steps here.
Figure 4.5-1 shows a graph of this problem. Observe how the
tangent line just kisses the curve at (2, 5). The angle they
meet at is, in fact, zero. Plotting the curve and the tangent
line is one way you can check your work to see if your
answer is right.
http://www.karlscalculus.org/calc4_5.html

Another problem!
Let's take our example from before where the curve
is
y = x^2 + 1 and we want the normal line to pass
through (2, 5). Step 1 is the same as before. It is
still the case that y' = 2x. In step 2, though,
after we evaluate y'(x) at x = 2 and find that it's
equal to 4, instead of setting m to that, we set m
to its negative reciprocal, which is -1/4.
The remaining steps are the same. Solve for b with
the x and y coordinates you have and the m you
have just determined. In this case we have:
5 = (-1/4)2 + b and solving for b, we have b = 5.5
So the answer here is y = (-1/4)x + 5.5
Figure 4.5-2 shows a plot of our curve and the line
that is normal to it at x = 2. Observe that the
normal line crosses our curve in two places. At
(2, 5) is the crossing at right angles that we
expected to get. To the left there is another
crossing at a point we have not determined yet.
http://www.karlscalculus.org/calc4_5.html

Finding the turning point of a function.

The derivative of f(x) gives
the slope of f(x) at a point,
where x is the x-coordinate
of that point.
At the turning point of f(x),
slope=0.
A turning point can be a
local maximum or a local
minimum.
To find the maximum or
minimum, differentiate
f(x). Where f (x)=0, x
gives the x-value of the
turning point of f(x).

Vanessa Carnegie (C block)

There are two ways to determine whether a turning-point is a local

maximum or a local minimum.
1. Determine the slope on either side of the turning
point. On a graph of f (x), the turning is where the
derivative crosses the x-axis. If f (x) is negative to the
left of the turning point and is positive to the right, it is a
local minimum.

f (x) of a
local
minimum

If f (x) is positive to the left of the turning

point and is negative to right, it is a local
maximum.

f (x) of
local
maximum

2. Using the second derivative of f(x). The second

derivative is the slope of the first derivative. If the
second derivative of f(x) at its turning point is
positive, it is a local minimum. If f (x) < 0, it is a
local maximum.

And now for an example

An open rectangular box with square base is to be made from 48 ft. 2 of material.
What dimensions will result in a box with the largest possible volume ?
Find an equation for the surface area of the box.
2

4 xy x 48

Rearrange this to solve for y.

48 x 2
y
4x
Now, find an equation for the volume of the box.

V width length height x 2 y

Replace y in so that x is the only variable.
2
3
48

x
x
V x2 y x2
12 x
4x
4

To find the maximum volume for

the box, differentiate V and let it
equal zero. Solve for x.

dV
3
12 x 2
dx
4

To verify our answer, find the

second derivative for the volume.
d 2V
3

x
2
dx
2
At x=4,
d 2V
3

(4)
dx 2
2

dV
0
dx
3
3
0 (16 x 2 ) ( x 4)( x 4)
4
4

x 4, 4

x4

dV
0
2
dx

This confirms that

there is a local
maximum at x=4.

(x cannot be a negative value

because it represents a length.)

Now we can find y.

48 x 2 48 (4) 2
y

2
4x
4(4)

The dimensions that will result

in a box with the largest
possible volume are:

4 ft 4 ft 2 ft 32 ft 3
Example taken from
http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/maxmindirectory/MaxMin.html
(full of applied maximum/minimum problems)

Maximum and
Minimum Word
Qu3stions
Jason L3i

Max / Minimum Word Questions

Application of calculus to find maximums
or minimums
Example
The points PQR form the corner of a house,
where angle PQR is a right angle. Running
parallel to these walls is a garden patch. 20
meters of fencing is available to create an
enclosure PUTSRQ, in such a way that PU =
RS = x. Assume PQ = QR = y.

Example (continued):
How should the fencing be placed so that
area PQRSTU is a maximum?
We know total fencing = 20 m

2(y+x)+2x=20
2y+4x=20
1. 2y = 20 4x

Area = 2(x*y) + x^2

= x^2 + 2xy Sub 1. Into this equation
= x^2 + 20x - 4x^2
= 20x 3x^2

Example(continued)
We know now A = 20x 30x^2
Using the first derivative we can find the x value that will give a maximum
Area
f(x) = 20 60x
60x = 20
x=1/3

Let f(x) = 0

Still we need to check if this is a maximum, minimum or point of inflexion

For x values lower than 1/3, f(x) is +

For x values higher than 1/3, f(x) is
Therefore it is a maximum point!!!

What are they?

Points of inflection are points on a
graph where the concavity changes!
This means that the derivative of this graph
will have a a minimum at the x where the
point of inflection occurs, because points of
inflection create maxs or mins unless it is a
flat P.I.
The flat P.I. is where the point is an xintercept on the graph of the derivative.

Example: Find the points of inflection of the graph y = 5 x 2 2 x3

Solution: In order to find the points of inflection of this graph you need to
differentiate the function twice, because maxs and mins always become zero
points on the differentiated graph.

10 x 6 x

dy
dx

d2y
dx

10 12 x

From this point we set the

value to zero to find x
-10=12x
-5/6=x
-.833=x
X is the point of inflection, the
point where concavity
changes!!!

AND THAT IS THAT

Related
Rates of
Change!

Related Rates of Change

Whats this all about?
We use related rates to relate the rate of change of
one variable with another
Everybody could have their own method of doing
these that they are comfortable with!
Generally, start with this when you get a question:
Given: Write what information you have.
Want: What are you looking to find?
When: When!

You need to know your formulae for shapes!

Ex// Volumes and surface areas of spheres, cones,
cylinders

Try to visualize each problem!

Lets do a problem together!

Get a pencil and pen!

Air is leaking from a spherical balloon at a rate of 5 cm 3 /min. Fin the rate
at which the surface area of the balloon is changing when the radius is 10
2
4 3
cm.
A

r
dV
cm
V r
5
Given: dt
min
3
dA
dV
dA
2
8 r
4 r
Want: dt
dr
dr
When: r 10
dA
dA dr
dr
1

(
)( )

2
dt
dr
dt
dV 4 r

Good Job!
dr
dr dV
( )( )
dt
dV dt
dr
5

dt 4 r 2

5
)(8 r )
4 r 2
dA 10

dt
r

r 10
dA 10

dt
10
dA
cm 2
1
dt
s

Integration of
LOG and EULER
functions
By: Cassandra Wee
Block G

Sowe already know how to do basic integration.

Now, well learn how to do it with log and Euler
functions! =D
For log functions, you
want to change the
integral into the following
form:

f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)

For Euler functions, you

want to change the integral
into the following form:

f ' ( x) e

f ( x)

dx

Lets try to integrate with a log function

2x

dx
2
2x 2

REMEMBER:
our goal is to get this

f ' ( x)
f ( x)

- let the denominator be f ( x)

- then f '( x) is 4 x
4x
dx
2
2x 2
- BUT...because we changed the numerator from 2 x to 4 x, we need to multiply
- the integral now looks like this :
the whole integral by

1
:
2

1
4x
- this is what it should look like : 2
2 2x 2
d (ln( f ( x)) f '( x)
- because

, the answer is
dx
f ( x)

1
2
ln(2 x 2) c
2

Now lets try a Euler function

2 x2 2

dx

REMEMBER:
our goal is to get this

f ' ( x) e

f ( x)

- let 2 x 2 2 be f ( x)
- so f '( x) is 4 x
- the integral looks like this : 4 x e

2 x2 2

dx

- BUT...because we multiplied it by 4 x, we also need to multiply it by

1
to
4x

cancel it
- the integral now looks like this :
d (e f ( x ) )
- since
f '( x) e f ( x ) ,
dx
the answer to this problem is

1
2 x2 2
4
x

e
dx (this is in the form we want)

4x

1 2 x2 2
e
c
4x

Integrating Trig
Functions
how exciting

Elyn Tan

Integrating trig functions can be

tricky
More specifically, lets look at the cosine double angle rule

cos 2
This tricky little thing can equate to other tricky little things that
can eventually help you solve complex trig functions!!

cos 2 cos sin

2
2 cos 1
2

1 2sin
2

Example
This is a common type of situation where you would
need to use the double angle rule
2
cos
x.dx

Then, looking at the previous slide, choose the

appropriate rule to use. In this case, we should use

cos 2 2 cos 2 1
1 cos 2
cos
2
2

And so using that rule we can

now integrate the trig function

1 cos 2 x
2
cos x 2
1
1 cos 2 x.dx
2
1
( x cos 2 x.dx)
2
Here we must use the substitution rule
Let

u 2x

du
2
dx
1
dx du
2

cos 2 x.dx
1
cos u .du
2
1
(sin 2 x) C
2
And so

1
( x cos 2 x.dx)
2
1
1
( x sin 2 x) C
2
2

Another example

cos

x.dx

Looks hard? No worries

First begin with this:
3
cos
x.dx

cos x cos 2 x.dx

cos x(1 sin 2 x).dx
cos x cos x sin 2 x.dx
sin x cos x sin x sin x.dx

Again, we must use the substitution

rule
Let

u sin x

du
cos x
dx
du
dx
cos x

sin x cos x(u 2 ).

sin x u 2 .du
1 3
sin x u C
3
1
sin x sin 3 x C
3

du
cos x

Differentiation and Integration of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
Differentiation of inverse sine:

x tan y y arctan x.

sin 2 y cos 2 y 1,
Differentiate both sides with respect to x

dy
1 cos y
dx

Differentiation of inverse tangent:

dy
1

.
dx cos y

Differentiate both sides with respect to x

dy
1 sec 2 y
dx

dy
1
2 .
dx sec y

But, from the identity: sin y cos y 1,

But, from the identity: 1 tan y sec y,

We have:

We have:

cos y 1 sin 2 y 1 x 2 ,

d
1
.
arcsin x
2
dx
1 x

dy
1
1

,
dx 1 tan 2 y 1 x 2

d
1
.
arctan x
dx
1 x2

Differentiation and Integration of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
Integration to inverse sine:

Integration to inverse tangent:

d
1
.
arcsin x
2
dx
1 x
Express in terms of differentials:

d arcsin x

1
1 x2

dx.

Integrate both sides:

1
1 x2

dx arcsin x C.

d
1
.
arctan x
dx
1 x2
Express in terms of differentials:

d arctan x

1
dx.
1 x2

Integrate both sides:

1
dx arctan x C.
2
1 x

Differentiation and Integration of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
Example 1:

Example 2:
1
1
dx

16 x 2 42 x 2 dx

d
arcsin ln x
dx
By the chain rule:

Knowing that:

d
1
1
arcsin ln x

2
dx
1 ln x x

dx

arctan

a2 x2

1
x 1 ln x

x
C,
a

We find that:

dx

arctan

42 x 2

x
C.
4

Integration by Substitution
Integration
by
Substitution is pretty
self-explanatory.
Basically,
we
let
something in the original
function
equal
to
something new to make
the integration easier or
work.

Normal
Consider:
f ( x) sin cos d

First step, we would look for any

derivatives of a term in the
integral function.
We can spot two.sin ' sderivative is cos .
cos ' s derivative is
sin .
Then, we choose a term in the
integral to be substituted by another
easier variable, say u.

In this particular function, we can

cos
substitute either term insinthe
integral
(
and
)
sin
I will substitute
for u.
u sin
Therefore,
f ( x) sin cos d And
substitute
f ( x ) u cos d
to get
Since we know
derivativesin cos
u sin
Therefore,
.
du
cos
d

REMINDER: IF
INTEGRAL IS
DEFINITE, THEN
DONT FORGET TO
CHANGE THE
BOUNDARIES WITH
THE SUBSTITUTED
VALUE!!!!!

du cos .d
Rearrange it and we get
f ( x) u cos d

Look at the original equation, there is cos .d

also
We can substitute it for du, forming the

f ( x) u.du
equation
Which is much easier than it was at
first.
Now You try a question.

f ( x) tan sec 2 d

d sec
sec tan
d

f ( x) tan sec 2 d

d tan
sec 2
d

Substitute:
1.732

f ( x)

u sec 2 d

udu

Let
u=tan du
sec 2
d
du sec2 d

1
1.732

f ( x)

u
f ( x)

1.732

Change boundaries:
Lower boundary:

u tan

1.732 1
f ( x)

2
2

f ( x) 0.999912 1

Upper boundary:

u tan

3
1.732

Unusual and Special

Substitutions
Julian Springer

Integration by Substitution
Integration by substitution is used to make
the integration process easier. Usually,
what needs to be substituted is easy to
see, but there are cases where it is not
obvious what part of the function needs to
be substituted to make the integration
easier to solve.

Examples

There is a way to solve

2
these problems, but it is
x 9
dx
not immediately obvious. In
x
the next slide, the
substitution will be shown.
2

9x 16
dx
3
x

2
27

4
x
dx

The Substitution
Function Contains: Substitute:

a b x
2

a
x sin
b

Ex: 16 9x 2

a b x
2

Ex: 16 9x 2

b x a
2

Ex: 9x 2 16

4
sin
3

a
tan
b

4
tan
3

a
x sec
b
x

4
sec
3

Examples Solved
Here, the first example is solved:

This is the substitution:

x 3sec

x 9
dx
x
2

dx
3sec tan
d
dx 3sec tan d

9sec 2 9

3sec tan d
3sec

9tan tand

3 tan 2 d

sec d 1d

x 9

3tan 3 C

x 9 3sec

x
C

The final step is done using triangles, and finding

what angle theta holds.

Integration by Parts
Lena Shen

So what is Integration by Parts?

I
Used when the integral contains the product of
two functions of x
We know from product rule that:

d ( )

dx

Therefore:

.
dx

.
dx

So what is Integration by Parts?II

Changing the sides, we get:

.
dx

.
dx

WHICH IS OUR RULE~

/
Written in rule book as:

d
d
dx dx dx dx

Sample Problem!
Integrate ln x

let

ln x

ln x ln x
1
x ln x x

x

1
x ln x x ln x x ln x x .dx
x
x ln x x ln x ln x 1.dx

x ln x x ln x x ln x x x c
x ln x x ln x x ln x 2 x c
2

x ln x 2 x ln x 2 x c
2

ln x.dx

dx

let

ln x 1
1 x

x

1
x ln x x .dx
x
x ln x x c

INTEGRATION BY
PARTS (double)
Yung Lam Ho

Integration by parts (double) is

when you have to integrate by parts
TWICE!
Example:

sin x.dx

PART 1:

Let u=sinx

u cos x

v e x
v ex

uvdx uv uv.dx

x
x
x
e
sin
x
.
dx

sin
xe

cos
xe
.dx

Now we need to use integration by parts one more

time to integrate cosxex!

PART 2:

Now let's integrate:

x
cosxe
.dx

v e x
v ex

Let u= cosx
u= -sinx

From the previous slide, we already found that:

x
x
x
e
sin
x
.
dx

sin
xe

cos
xe
.dx

Now, we can integrate cosxe x directly into the above equation

x
x
x
x
e
sin
x
.
dx

sin
xe

e
cos
x

sin
xe
.dx

x
x
x
x
e
sin
x
.
dx

sin
xe

e
cos
x

sin
xe
.dx

2 sin xe x .dx sin xe x cos xe x

ANSWER:
x
e
x
sin
xe
.dx sin x cos x

Differential Equations:

Used to solve problems in the form:

dy
2e x

y
Strategy to solve such problems:dx
dy
Bring all the y-terms and x-terms such that:
f ( y)
g ( x)
dx
Example:
dy
2e x

dx
y
dy
y
2e x
dx
dy
x
y dx .dx 2e .dx

y.dy 2e

y2
2e x c
2
y 4e x 2c

The dx cancels here so left side

becomes only in terms of y and
the right side only in terms of x
Note: do NOT forget the constant c and simply
add a + c at the end of the expression
because this would be WRONG!
I.e.

y 4e x c

Would be wrong.

Another example! Step by step:

2

dy
3 x 2 ( y 1)
dx

2 dy
3x 2
( y 1) dx

dy

Then integrate both sides with respect to x.

( y 1) dx .dx 3x .dx
2

2 ln y 1 x 3 c
x3
2

y 1 e e
x3
2

c
2

y Ae 1

First bring the expression with y on the left side.

Finish the integration.

Re-arrange the equation to make it in terms of y
(dont forget the constant c because this is an
indefinite integral)

Where A e

c
2

which is a constant.

Last example this time with definite integral

equations!

dy

Consider the following expression: 2e y ( x 2)

= 1, find the definite expression fordxy.
The working out to solve this is shown below:

and given that for y = 0, x

dy
2e y ( x 2)
dx
1 y dy
e
x2
2 dx
1 y dy
e
.dx ( x 2).dx
2 dx
1 y x2
e 2x c
2
2
y
2
e x 4 x 2c
y ln x 2 4 x 2c

Now, at this point, sub in the values given above and solve for c:
0 ln 12 4(1) 2c
e 0 5 2c
2c 4
c 2

therefore the y expression is:

y ln x 2 4 x 4

Finding Area bound by x-axis

Indefinite integral:
Definite integral:

2
(
x
3)dx

( x 3)dx
2

The graph shows the function f(x) = x2+3. The

shaded area represents the definite integral

( x 2 3)dx

The procedure for

calculating area
under x-axis:
(1) Integrate the
function, omitting
the constant of
integration
(2) Put the result in
square brackets
with the limits
outside
(3) Substitute the
limits into the
integrated function
(upper limit first)
and subtract the
two numbers

Lets try an example!

Find the area bound by the curve
y=12x2(1-x) and the x-axis
(1)find where the graph cuts the xaxis by graphing
We see that the limits are from 0
to 1 (zeros of the curve)
(2) Integrate. Do not forget to
multiply out before integrating.
1

12 x 12 x dx
12 x dx 12 x dx
2

12 x 12 x

4
3
3

(3) Substitute limits in

0

12(1)3 12(0)3
12(1)1 12(0)1
(

)(

)
3
3
4
4
4 3 1

Another example!

Find the area bound by f(x) = (x2-1)(x-3) = x3-3x2-x+3 and the

x-axis. Graph it!

We can see from the graph that the limits are from -1 to 1, and 1
to 3.
We must be careful here. There is a negative area. You cannot
integrate separately and add the two areas. You must
subtract the negative area from the positive because we want
a positive area!

( x 3 x x 3)dx (x 3 3x 2 x 3)dx
3

x 4 3 x 3 x 2 x 4 3x 3 x 2

3x

3x
4 3 2
4 3 2

4 (4)
8units

Area bound by y axis

y with
1
Ex/ Find the exact value of the area enclosed by the curve
x
equation:
the
y-axis and the, lines y=4/3
and y=2.
The working is the same, except
First, sketch the graph of the
that we must first write the
function.
1 of y.
function in terms
y 1
x
1
y 1
x
yx x 1
x( y 1) 1
1
x
y 1

Now we can work out the

integral. 2 1

4
3

dy ln( y 1)
4
y 1
3
2

4
ln(2 1) ln 1
3
1
ln1 ln
3
ln 3

Jenny Wong

Area Between Two Curves

Boundaries
First, the intersection points between the two
graphs needs to be found. To do this, set the
two functions to be equal to each other and
then solve for x.
These intersection points are the boundaries
for the integration. Generally there will only be
2 intersection points, but if there are more,
consider the functions to be in different
sections. For example, if there are
intersection points at
x = -2, 2 and 4, then integrate between -2 and
2 and then 2 and 4.

What next?
Before you integrate the functions, first find
which function is will have a greater area
beneath it. To do this, you can simply graph
the two functions and see which is further
from the axis which you will be integrating
from (this will almost always be the x-axis)

Finally integrate
The area bound by the two curves is the
difference in the areas beneath each of the
curves. This can be done by integrating the
difference of the curves. Eg.
or
f
(
y
)

g
(
y
).
dy

f
(
x
)

g
(
x
).
dx

For good examples

of how to do it, go to
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/5/a
rea2curves.3/index.html

Volume Around X Axis

By: Patrick Bai

Volume Around the X Axis

Consider the region between the graph of a
y fand
( x) the x axis
continuous function
from where x = a to x = b
Take for example where
f ( x ) andx

1 x 4

2-D image

Revolved around the x axis

Volume Around X Axis

b

Volume =
V=

V=

where

y f ( x)

( x ) 2 .dx

x.dx

x
V=

2
2

y
.dx

15
V= 2

Taken from:
http://curvebank.calstatela.edu/volrev/volrev.htm

Volume Around Y Axis

By: Michael Chang

Volume Around the X Axis

Consider the region between the graph of a
continuous function
y f ( x)
To find the volume of revolution around the y axis,
express the equation in terms of x using y.
Find the limits in terms of y; y = a to y = b
x f ( y)
Take for example where
and

f ( x)

y x
2-D image

y x

Revolved around the

2 x axis

1 x 4
1 y 2

Volume Around X Axis

b

Volume =
V=
V=
V=

V=

x .dy
2

2
4
y .dy
1
1

( y 2 ) 2 .dy

y

5
5

32 31

5
5

Volumes of revolution bound

by 2 curves!

Equation of Volume of
Revolution
The equation for obtaining the volume of
Revolution
is:equations are as follows:
Suppose two

Calculations
First find the intersection points (a,b) by equating the two
curves:
After calculating the intersection you will find:
,
)

Second find plug the functions into the equation:

Its g(x) h(x) because g(x) is on top!
*Note* Remember to graph the functions so you can see
which is on top
The equation can then be worked out:

We can then use the fnInt (f(x), x, a, b) function to figure out the
volume

= ( 15.46875 5.0520833)
= (10.4167)
= 125 /12 units3

Calculus Test#1
7. Find the total area enclosed by the function and the
x-axis.
Graph the function on the calculator.
It shows that area between x=1 and x=1 has a positive yvalue and areas between x=1 and x=2, and between x=1 and x=-2 have negative y-values.
While integrating, set up the equation so that theres a
negative sign in front of areas with boundaries that have
negative y-values.

Area

x 4 5 x 2 4.dx x 4 5 x 2 4.dx x 4 5 x 2 4.dx

1

x5 5 x3
x5 5x3
x5 5x3

4 x.dx
4 x.dx
4 x.dx
5
3
5
3
5
3
1
2
1
1

x5 5 x3

x5 5x3

x5 5 x3

4 x
5 3 4 x 5 3 4 x
5
3

2
1
1 5
1 5
32 40
32 40
1 5
1 5
( 4) (
4) (
4) (

8) ( 8) ( 4)
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5 3
5 3

8

Ans: 8 square units

8. The shaded area shown below the function is 6a

units. Find a.
Integrate the given equation using a and -a as
boundaries
a

x 2 2.dx
0

2 x
3

x 2 2.dx

x
3 2 x

a3

03
( 2a ) ( 0)
3
3

a3
a3

2a
2a
3
3

03
( a )3
( 3 0) ( 3 2( a ))

Set equation of area under the curve = 6a

3

2a
4a 6a
3
3
2a
2a
3
a2 3
a 3

By Robert Xie

The beginning
The maximum is a stationary point.
Stationary points can be found by finding the value of x
when first derivative is equal to zero.
ln x
f x
x
f ' x ln x x 2 x 1 x 1
ln x 1
f ' x 2 2
x
x
1 ln x
f ' x
x2

Cont..
Now find x when the first derivative is equal to zero.
1 ln x
0
x2
0 1 ln x
ln x 1
xe
This gives the stationary point.

It cannot yet be determined whether it is a maximum point.

Thus, we use the second derivative. If the value is
greater than zero, it is a minimum; if it is less than zero, it
is a maximum.
f '' x 1 ln x 2 x 3 x 2 x 1
ln x 3
2x2
Now find the second derivative when x e
ln e 3
f '' e
2e 2
1
f '' e 2 0
e
Since the second derivative is less than zero,
the stationary point is a minimum
f '' x

ii) To find the coordinates iii) Inflection occurs when

of the maximum, we
the second derivative of
substitute the x value
f(x) is equal to zero
into the original f(x)
ln x 3
f '' x
function.
2x2
let x e
0 ln x 3
ln e
f e
ln x 3
e
3
xe
1
f e
e
1
The coordinates are at e,
e

c) To find the area bound by the x axis, function f and x=5,

the intersection between the function and the x axis
must be found

ln x
f x
x
0 ln x
1 x

Therefore the limits are x=1 and x=5.

The next step is integration.

5 lnx
1 x .dx

ln xgx 1.dx

To integrate, the substitution rule will be used.

let u ln x
du
1
x
dx
5

ln xgx

du
u g gdx
1
dx
5

u gdu
1

u

2

ln x

ln 5

ln1
2

d) Finding the volume can be done using the

calculator since the question does not ask for an
exact answer.

ln xgx

1 2

.dx 1.38

Semester 2 Exam #3

a)
Area of trapezium:

1
(OA CB ) h
2

h
h r sin
sin
r
OA r
CD r cos *CB 2CD

CB 2r cos

h(OA CB )

2
r sin (r 2r cos )
2
2
r sin (1 2 cos )
2
2
r (sin 2 sin cos )
2
2
r
(sin sin 2 )
2

b)

r2
T (sin sin 2 )
2

differentiate
r 2 (cos 2 cos 2 )

dT

d
2
r 2 (cos 2(cos 2 sin 2 )

2
r 2 (cos 2(cos 2 (1 cos 2 ))

2
2
2
r (cos 2(2 cos 1)

2
r2

(4 cos 2 cos 2)
2

To calculate the value of

T=0
2

when T is maximum, let

r
(4 cos 2 cos 2) 0
2
2
4 cos cos 2 0

let x cos

4 x2 x 2 0
x 0.59307, 0.84307

53.6,147.5

BUT cannot be greater than 90, so

is

53.6

Verify!
x
f(x)

x<53.6
f(x)>0

x>53.6
f(x)<0

Maximum when x=53.6

c)
BOC 180 2
KOA

AOB 180 (180 2 )

AOB
Using Cosine Rule:

AB r r 2r cos
2
2
AB 0.813r
2

AB 0.902r

Parameter = OA+OC+CB+AB
= r + r + 1.18 r + 0.902 r
75cm = 4.08 r
r = 18.4 cm
T is maximum when 53.6, r 18.4
2

18.4
T
(sin 53.6 sin 2(53.6))
2
297.961943...

T 298

Question 6
from 2006 Calculus Exam #2
Given the two functions, f ( x) sin 2 x and
g ( x) cos x where x 0 and is an angle in
radians, find
(a) The exact area bound by the two curves
and the y axis. (6 marks)
(b) The exact volume of the solid generated
when the area found in part (a) is rotated
fully around the x axis. (6marks)
Yujin Park

Area bound by the two functions,

f ( x) sin 2 x and g ( x) cos x, and the y-axis.
Find the intersection of the two curves by letting f(x) = g(x)
Intersection
(

g (x)

3
)
2

Intersection
(0.5 , 0)

f (x)

Area that
we want!

(a) The exact area bound by the curves and the y axis.
b

Area under a curve =

f ( x) dx,
a

where the boundaries (limits) are x-values,

from a to b.

We already know the boundaries, 0 to

and thus, a=0 and b= .

6
Also, since the area is under g ( x) but above f ( x ),
the area would be Area under g ( x) - Area under f ( x)

Area bound by two curves and the y-axis

= cos( x)dx sin(2 x) dx

Area , cos( x) dx sin(2 x) dx

6
0

1
[sin( x)] [- (cos(2 x))]06
2

[sin( ) sin(0)] [(cos(2 ) cos(0)]

6
2
6

[sin( ) 0] [(cos( ) 1]
6
2
3
1
1 1
[ 0] [ 1]
2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
(- )
2 2 2
2 4
1
units 2
4

(b) The exact volume of the solid generated when the

area found in part (a) is rotated fully around the x axis.
Volume generated when part of the curves are rotated through 360o around the x-axis,
b

V= { f ( x)}2 dx,
a

where the boundaries (limits) are x-values, from a to b.

, and
6
V= V from g ( x) is rotated around, excluding volume from f ( x) rotated around,
Volume would be Volume under g ( x) - Volume under f ( x)
From part (a), a=0 and b=

V {cos( x)}2 dx {sin(2 x)}2 dx

using cos2 = 2cos 2 1 =1 2sin 2

1
1
(cos(2 x) 1) (1 cos(4 x)) dx
2
2
0

cos(2 x) cos(4 x) dx
20

1
1
[ sin(2 x) sin(4 x)]06
2 2
4

1
1
2
1
1
[ sin( ) sin( ) sin(0) sin(0)]
2 2
3 4
3
2
2
1
3 1
3
[
]
2 2 2 4 2
3
3
[

]
2 4
8

3 3

units 3
16

Question 1.
(Hint: a calculator may be used for (b) and (c) but give some
explanation as to how you solved it)

Solution!
(a) Use the chain rule:
f '( x) 3 x 2 cos x x 3 sin x
(b) Find the point at which f '( x) 0
0 3 x 2 cos x x 3 sin x

Graph in Calculator and find zeros within 0 x

2
y 0 at x 0;1.19245...
Graph the original equation
Use the trace function to find the aforementioned zeros
This will tell you if it is a maximum on the graph [highest point]
We find it is a maximum at x 1.19245...

Cont
(c) To find the point of inflection find the second derivative
f ' x 3x 2 cos x x 3 sin x
f '' x 3x 2 cos x 6 x sin x 3 x 2 sin x x 3 cos x

Graph this function to locate its zeros between 0 and

2
we find y 0 at x 0
If this point is traced on the original graph,
it is found this is the original point of inflection

Question 2.
Air is leaking from a spherical
balloon at a rate of 5cm3/min. Find
the rate at which the surface area
of the balloon is changing when the
radius is 10cm.

Solution
dV

Given
Find

dt

dA
dt

when r = 10

4
V ( pie)r 3 -------->Differentiate both sides
3
dV

2 dr
4( pie) r
dt
dt

When r = 10,
2 dr
-5 4( pie)(10)
dt
dr
dt

1
80( pie )

Cont

2
A 4( pie ) r Differentiate both sides

dA
dt

8( pie ) r

dr
dt

When r = 10,
dA

1
8( pie )(10)
80( pie )
dt

dA
dt

Thus area is changing at -1 cm^2/sec when r = 10

Calculus Test #1 Q9
f ( x) 2 x 2
x2
g ( x) 1
2

To make it easier, well rename the functions

f(x) and g(x).
(a) On the same set of axis, sketch the
curves and find the intersection points.
5

(-0.632, 0.8)

f ( x) 2 x 2
(0.632, 0.8)

0
-2

x2
g ( x) 1
2

Thats easy,
the question
doesnt ask for
exact values;
just find them
on your
calculator:

(-0.632, 0.8)
-5

(0.632, 0.8)

(b) Find the exact volume of revolution formed when the region enclosed
by the curves in (a) is rotated about the y axis.
Ok, so we cant really find the volume around the y axis
We have to rewrite the functions in terms of y so that we can find the
volume of revolution around the x axis:

y 2x2
x

y
2

x
f ( x)
2

x2
y 1
2
x 2 2y
g ( x) 2 2 x

The second graph shows the functions in terms of y. Notice that the
volume of revolution around the y-axis for the first graph will be the same
as the volume of revolution around the x-axis for the second graph.
5

1
x

0
-2

0
-0.5

-5

-1

0.5

1.5

We will now integrate the functions, being

careful to use the right boundary points.

To find the volume of

revolution for the area A, we
will integrate f(x) from x=0 to
x=0.8.

x 0.8

0.8

g ( x) 2 2 x

f ( x)

x
2

0.5

A
0
-0.5

0.5

x

4

0
-0.5

x
VA ( ) .dx
0
2
0.8 x

.dx
0 2

1.5

1.5

25

0.8

units3

To find the volume of revolution for the area B, we will integrate g(x) from
x=0.8 to x=1.
1

VB ( 2 2 y ) 2 .dx

x 0.8

0.8

2 2 y.dx

1.5

g ( x) 2 2 x

0.8

x
f ( x)
2

2 1

2 y y

0.5

0
-0.5

0
-0.5

0.5

units3

1.5

Total volume:

V VA VB

units3

0.8

(c)

Write an integration equation involving only a single integral that

could be used to find the volume of revolution if the region
described in (a) is rotated about the x axis.

f ( x) 2 x 2
(-0.632, 0.8)

Note the area revolved is g(x) f(x).

(0.632, 0.8) x

-2

The exact value of the intersection

point 0.632 from (a) can be stored on
your calculator and used as the
boundary points for the integration.

0.632

0.632

g ( x) .dx
2

0.632

0.632

f ( x) 2 .dx

0.632
x2 2

(1 ( )) .dx
(2 x 2 ) 2 .dx
0.632
0.632
2
0.632
x4
2

(1 x ) 4 x 4 .dx
0.632
4
0.632

x2
g ( x) 1
2

-5

0.632

0.632

3.75 x 4 x 2 1 .dx

Madeleine Ong
Block C; Math HL II
Armstrong

A curve has equation

Find the equation of the
tangent to this curve at the point (1,1)
Step 1: Find the slope of the tangent
formula is the derivative of the given function
dxy 3 d 2 x 2 d 3

dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
y 3 3 y 2 x 4 xy 2 x 2
0
dx
dx
dy
3 y 2 x 2 x 2 4 xy y 3

dx
dy 4 xy y 3
2
dx 3 y x 2 x 2
equation for the tangent's slope

Plug in given point: (1,1)

dy 4 1 1 1

dx 3 1 2 1 2 1 2
3

dy 4 1 5

1
dx 3 2
5
Slope of the tangent at 1,1 is -1

Cont
Step 2: Use the slope-intercept form to find the
equation of the tangent
slope m 1
y mx b
y x b
plug in given point (1,1) to find y-intercept (b)
1 1 b
b2
y x 2 tangent equation

Step 1: Establish what rate(s) is known and needs to be found

Know :

dr
d
dA
2
0.1 radians Find :
dt
dt
dt

When : r 3 and

Cont
Step 2: Manipulate equations to find the rate
Substep 1: Known: Asector

1 2
r
2

dA 1 d r 2

dt 2 dt
Sub-step 2: Substitue into previous rate equation:
dA 1 2 d
dr
r
2 r
dt 2
dt
dt
dA r 2 d
dr

dt
2 dt
dt

Cont
Sub-step 3: Substitute in known values for rates:
dA 32

.1 3 2
dt
2
4
dA 9 3
cm 2

5.16
dt 20 2
sec

Test #2
Short Answers 5 and 6

Richard Yeung

Short Answer #5

Part a

Part b

Short Answer #6

Graphing the problem makes it a lot easier!

Black is
Sin(2x)

Red is
Cos(x)

We are looking for the blue area

The graph
shows us that
even though we
are looking for
the area bound
by the two
curves and the y
axis, we can
find this in
terms of x!
The blue area is found by

Sin(2 x) Cos ( x)

Where, point p is marked by the

dotted line and is found by finding
the intersection of the two curves

Finding Intersect
Let
Sin(2x) = Cos(2x)
2Sin(x)Cos(x) = Cos(x)
Sin(x) = 0.5
Think of the 30-60-90 triangle
X=

Finding area

We know that p =
6
Now we must find the area using
p

Sin(2 x) Cos ( x)


Solve
6 u 2 .du

2
=
We know that
0

6 Sin(2 x)Cos( x).dx

1 3 6
0
= 2[ u ]
0

6 2Sin( x)Cos 2 ( x).dx

Let u = Cos(x)
Then du = -Sin(x) . dx

1
3

2[
cos
( x)] 6
=
0
3

2 3 3
=
(
)
3 2
= 0.433

Calc test #1 Q5: Given that the curve y x 3 px 2 qx r passes through (1,1)
and has turning points where x 1 and x 3, find the values of p, q, and r.
Step 1: Sub. in (1,1) into the eq. of the curve.
1 1 p q r
0 pqr
Step 2: Use the fact that turning pts occur when

dy
0:
dx

Step 3: Solving the two equations simultaneously...

p -3
q -9
r... using the equation found in step 1, we get r 12

0 3x 2 px q

Step 3: Sub. in the given x values at which the

turning pts occur

Let x 1

Let x 3

0 3- 2p q

0 27 6 p q
-27 6 p q

-3 -2 p q

Answer: p -3, q -9, r 12

Calc test #1 Q6: An atheletics track has two straights of length g m (where g 0)
and two semi circular ends of radius x m. The perimeter of the track is 400 m.
(a) Show that g 200 - x, and hence write down the possible values that x may have.
Step 1: DRAW.

Step 2: Set up the equation linking g and x.

1

2 x
2

g
x

s 400 2 g 2

200 g x
g 200 x (shown)

Hence,
200 g
x
m, where x 0.

(b) What values of g and x produce the largest area inside the track
Step 1: Set up an equation of the area.

Step 3: But you must justify your reasoning...

Area A x 2 2 gx

"This value of x gives the maximum area as A x 2 2 gx

But, g 200 x :
A x 2 2 x 200 x
x 2 400 x 2 x 2
400 x x 2

is a concave down parabola."

Step 4: Sub. in...

200
0m

g 200

Step 2:
For the largest area,
A '( x ) 0 400 2 x
x

400 200

m
2

Answer: g 0 m, x

200
m

Calculus Test #1
Numbers 3 and 4
Solutions!!

3. The tangent to the curve y = 2x+ax+b at the

point (-2, 11) is perpendicular to the line
2y = x + 7. Find the value of a and b
DIFFERENTIATE y = 2x+ax+b
y = 4x+a (This is now the slope)

The slope
2y = x+7
y= X 7
2

Here we can see that the slope equals

1
2

ATTENTION! The question asked for.. Perpendicular,

thus meaning that the slops is a negative reciprocal
4x+a = -2, where x = -2
a=6

Number 3 continued

Now that weve found (a), substitute a=6

into the original equation
y = 2x+6x+b

Now substitute in the point given (-2, 11) to find b

11 = 2(-2)+6(-2)+b
11 = 8-12+b
b = 15

So yeay!! Now weve found a AND b

a=6
b = 15

4. Given the sketch below

(a) If the line represents y = f(x) give the approximate x
values for when
(i) f(x) = 0 ..
(ii) f(x) = 0 ......

When the first derivative equals zero,

you look for the maximum and minimum
of the graph

Thus -5.5, -1/4, and 4(1/4)

When the second derivative equals zero,

you look for the x intercepts

Thus -1 and 2

(b) If the line represents y = f(x) write the approximate x values

where
(i) y = f(x) has minimum points .
(ii) y = f(x) has maximum points
(iii)
y = f(x)
points
of inflection

Since
thehas
second
derivative
is zero,
the steps have to be taken
backwards to solve this problem.
Use the x intercepts of y = f(x) to construct the first derivative graph
since they will be the maximum and minimum points
Now use the x intercepts of y = f(x) to construct the original graph of
y = f(x).
Answers
(i) x = -1
(ii) x = 2
(iii) x = -5.5, -1/4, 4