What is

Database
:Adatabaseis an organized collection
ofdata. Thedataare typically organized
to model aspects of reality in a way that
supports processes requiring
information. For example, modelling the
availability of rooms in hotels in a way
that supports finding a hotel with
vacancies.
Often abbreviatedDB,a database is
basically a collection of information
organized in such a way that a
computerprogram can

byfields,records, andfiles. A field is a single piece of

information; a record is one complete set of fields; and
a file is a collection of records. For example, a
telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list
of records, each of which consists of three fields:
name, address, and telephone number.
For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file.
It contains a list of records, each of which consists of
three fields: name, address, and telephone number.
A database is a collection of information that is
organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed, and updated. In one view, databases can
be classified according to types of content:
bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images.
Database, also called electronicdatabase, any
collection of data, or information, that is specially
organized for rapid search and retrieval by a
computer.

Database Development Process

Survey:-

SURVEY: The preparation of any plan for the

development
of an urban area, city or town requires reliable
factual data regarding existing physical and socioeconomic conditions such as housing, transport,
industries, employment and social services such
as schools, hospitals and recreational facilities.
The process of collecting such data is called a Survey.
have clearly defined objectives
Data should be collected in such a manner so as to
render its easy analysis and interpretation.
The required data is collected in a particular base
year. It may be at intervals of 4-5 years.

COMPONENTS OF PRLIMINARY PLANNING SURVEY:-

Preparation of Base Map of the

urban area.
Existing Land Use Survey.
Utilities and Services Surveys.
Survey of Community facilities like
Schools, Hospitals, Clinic, Parks and
Playgrounds, etc.
Sample household survey for
collecting essential data on housing,
transport services and amenities.

ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY:-

Data helps to achieve the main aim that is

more precise prediction.
The survey draws attention to the inter relation
between various complicated activities of a
town life.
It stresses the local requirements and
appropriate treatment to be given socially,
conveniently and artistically.
To evaluate the effects of development
To present detailed reasoned reports.
To provide the necessary understanding before
decisions for development are made
To study the situation objectively and factually

Surveys for planning

Physical survey
Social survey
Economic survey

Physical survey
Natural features
Topography
Types of soils
Contours of land
Forests

 Climatology
Rainfall
Humidity
Temperature
Wind direction

Social Survey:-

ITEMS TO BE COVERED: Community structure

History
Architecture
Health conditions
Housing and
Public services

Economic Survey:economic survey tells us the drastic

pictures of the economy. econmoic survey
has a complete information about past ,
present and future, of the economy. if we
plan with better management we can take
the goal of economic growth otherwise we
will face a worse condition
The Finance Ministry of India presents
theEconomic Surveyin the parliament
every year, just before theUnion Budget.
It is the ministry's view on the
annualeconomic developmentof the
country.

A flagship annual document of the

Ministry of Finance,Government of
India, Economic Survey reviews the
developments in theIndian
economyover the previous 12 months,
summarizes the performance on major
development programs, and highlights
thepolicyinitiatives of the government
and the prospects of the economy in
the short to medium term. This
document is presented to both houses
ofParliamentduring theBudget
Session.

What we Include in Economic Survey: State of the Indian economy

Challenges, policy responses, and medium-term
outlook
Fiscal policy and monetary management
Financial intermediation and the role of markets
External sector, balance of payments, and trade
Agriculture, industrial development and services
sector
Energy, infrastructure, and communications
Human development, climate change and public
programmes
India and the Global Economy

Building Age:-

How to determine the age of a building Building component age: construction materials,
methods, including hardware, saw cuts, and other
details can help determine when a building was
constructed or when it was modified.
Categories of listed building
There are three types of listed status for
buildings in England and Wales:
Grade I: buildings of exceptional interest,
Grade II*: particularly important buildings of
more than special interest.
Grade II: buildings that are of special interest,
warranting every effort to preserve them.

 Condition or age of the

buildings
Here the gradation of buildings
should be done on its future life.
1) Very good
50 yrs. And above
2) Good
30 to 49 yrs.
3) Moderate
15 to 29 yrs.
4) Bad
5 to 14 yrs.
5) Poor
Unfit for inhabitation
hence to be pulled
down

 Connectivity
I. Highways connecting the town
II. Traffic on roads and railways
and at junction
III.Parking survey
IV.Origin and destination survey
V. Accident survey
VI.Future trends in the traffic

Land Use:-

Land
useis
the
humanuseofland.Land useinvolves
the management and modification of
natural environment or wilderness into
built environment such as settlements
and semi-natural habitats such as
arable fields, pastures, and managed
woods.
It also has been defined as "the
arrangements, activities and inputs
people undertake in a certain land

Land use practices vary considerably

across the world. TheUnited Nations'
Food and Agriculture OrganizationWater
Development Division explains that "Land
use concerns the products and/or benefits
obtained from use of the land as well as
the land management actions (activities)
carried out by humans to produce those
products and benefits."As of the early
1990s, about 13% of theEarthwas
considered arable land, with 26% in
pasture, 32% forests and woodland, and
1.5% urban areas.

 Land use andland managementpractices have a major

impact onnatural
resourcesincludingwater,soil,
nutrients,plantsandanimals. Land use information can
be used to develop solutions for natural resource
management issues such as salinity andwater quality.
For instance, water bodies in a region that has
beendeforested or having erosion will have different
water quality than those in areas that
areforested.Forest gardening, a plant-based food
production system, is believed to be the oldest form of
land use in the world.
The major effect of land use onland coversince 1750
has beendeforestationoftemperate regions.More
recent significant effects of land use includeurban
sprawl,soil erosion,soil degradation,salinization, and
desertification.Land-use change, together with use of
fossil fuels, are the majoranthropogenicsources of
carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas .

 Land use
1) Residential: Hosing, lodging, Hostels
etc.
2) Commercial: Retail trade, Hotels,
Warehousing
3) Industrial: Light, Extensive & heavy
industries
4) Transport and communication: Bus
stands, Railway station, Airport etc.
5) Public utilities: Treatment plants,
Water works, Electric power plants,
Solid waste disposal.

7) Open spaces: Sports grounds,

Stadiums, Parks, Green belts, Water
bodies, Bus queue shelters,
Cemeteries.
8) Agricultural land: Orchards and
nurseries, Land under crops, Forest
land, Marshy land, Barren land, Land
under water, Diary farming.
9) Special zones: Shopping malls,
Multiplexes, Conventions centers,
Fuel filling stations etc.

 Density
Density is the count of population present per unit
area. There are two type of density discussed below:Gross density - A density measurement that
includes in the calculation, land occupied by public
rights-of-way, recreational, civic, commercial and
other non-residential uses.
Net density - A density measurement that includes
in the calculation only land occupied by residential
uses. It does not include streets, parks or other uses.
Units:Sector or colony level - Persons per hectare
State or country level - Persons per sq. km

Urban densityis a term used in

urban planningandurban designto refer
to the number of people inhabiting a
givenurbanized area. As such it is to be
distinguished from other measures of
population density. Urban density is
considered an important factor in
understanding how cities function.
Research related to urban density occurs
across diverse areas, including
economics, health, innovation,
psychology and geography as well as
sustainability.

 Urban densityis a very specific

measurement of the population of an
urbanized area, excluding non-urban landuses. Non-urban uses include regional
open space, agriculture and water-bodies.
There are a variety of other ways of
measuring the density of urban areas:
Floor area ratio- the total floor area of
buildings divided by land area of the lot
they are built on
Residential density- the number of
dwelling units in any given area

 Population density- the number of people in any given

area
employment density- the number of jobs in any given
area
Gross density- any density figure for a given area of
land that includes uses not necessarily directly
relevant to the figure (usually roads and other
transport infrastructure)
Net density- a density figure for a given area of land
that excludes land not directly related to the figure.
Weighted density- a density metric which measures
the density at which the average citizen lives. It is
determined by calculating the standard density of
each census tract, assigning each a weight equal to its
share of the total population, and then adding the
segments.

Building Use: A structure (such as a house, hospital,

school, etc.) with a roof and walls that
is used as a place for people to live,
work, do activities, store things, etc.
the act or process of making structures
by putting together materials.
A usually roofed and walled structure
builtfor permanent use (as for a
dwelling)
The art or business of assembling
materials into a structure

Mixed-Use Building
MIXED USE MULTISTOREY

SUBDENCITY
Residential- Multy-Family

Vertical Farm Concept

Mixed Use Complex

Building
Use: Act 2004 introduced a new definition
The Building

for change of use. This determines when a change

in a buildings use will require upgrading to certain
systems and elements. For example, a residential
villa becomes a restaurant, a warehouse becomes
an apartment. The Building Code requirements
may differ from one type of use to another.
An owner of a building must give written notice to
the council if they propose to change the use of a
building, or extend the life of a building with a
specified intended life.
An owner must also provide notice to the council if
they propose to subdivide land in a manner that
affects a building.
The council will then provide the owner with
written notice if it is satisfied the building in its new

 means of escape from fire, protection of

other property, sanitary facilities, structural
performance, fire-rating performance
access and facilities for people with
disabilities.
If the use of a building is being changed to
include household units where these did
not previously exist, the building must then
comply as nearly as is reasonably
practicable with the Building Code in all
respects. This will be assessed by the
council.

 Green building(also known asgreen

constructionorsustainable building)
refers to a structure and using process that is
environmentally responsible and resourceefficient throughout a building's life-cycle:
from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This
requires close cooperation of the design team,
the architects, the engineers, and the client at
all project stages.The Green Building practice
expands and complements the classical
building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort.

 Although new technologies are constantly

being developed to complement current
practices in creating greener structures, the
common objective is that green buildings
are designed to reduce the overall impact of
the built environment on human health and
the natural environment by:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other
resources
Protecting occupant health and improving
employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and
environmental degradation