Chemistry of textile manufacturing

Intro, classification & Functions of

Auxiliaries
Lecture : 1,2,3

Lecturer : Engr.Nida Fatima

Intorduction
Textile can be defined as it is a flexible woven material
consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often
referred to as thread or yarn. Textiles widely used for
carpeting, furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for
tables, beds, flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs,
balloons, kites, sails.

Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials
come from four main sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton,
flax, jute), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon,
polyester, acrylic). Textiles many contain residues of a large
number of chemicals used in their manufacture. Some of these
chemicals may have inherent properties that are hazardous to
human health or the environment.

Fibres for fabrics come in three

types

natural (cotton, silk, wool)

cellulosic (viscose, acetate, cupro)
synthetic (polyester, acrylic and nylon)

Cellulosic fibres are regenerated from chemically treated cellulose, originally

derived from wood pulp; while synthetics are derived from petrochemicals.

Man-made fibres have already begun to dominate the market.

Within this category, it is polyester - poly(ethyleneterephthalate) or PET - that

is powering demand. So the environmental impact of these fibres has
become much more significant, and, for traditional synthetics, the picture is
far from green.

They are derived from petrochemicals, meaning their production depends on

declining reserves of oil and gas and they are not renewable. Also, their
production is energy-intensive, the fibres dont biodegrade and they are not
easy to recycle.

Chemicals are used in

textile

Chemicals are used in the manufacture and treatment of textiles.

Example: Process chemicals may be added at fiber

manufacturing, bleaching, dyeing and printing of fabrics.

Chemicals may also be added to the finished product to obtain

different functions.

Example: Antibacterial treatment of sportswear, flame-retardant

treatment of furnishing textiles, impregnation of outdoor clothing
and anti-mould preparations for transport and storage.

Coatings in plastic on clothes may contain plasticizers such as

phthalates.

Different stages of textile

manufacturing process
Washing and scouring of fibers and yarn
Bleaching of yarn and cloth
Mercerizing of yarn and cloth
Dyeing of yarn and cloth
Printing of cloth and garment
Finishing of cloth and garment
Washing of treated yarn, cloth and garment

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing

Mercerizing agents

Mercerizing agents helps in treatment of cotton fabrics with concentrated

caustic soda under fabric tension. Mercerizing agents are added in ordered
to impart a greater affinity for dyes and various chemical finishes to cotton
fabrics.

Peroxide stabilizers

Peroxide stabilizers can be applied on cotton, linen, polyester, yarns,

towels and knitted fabrics made of cellulose and blended fabrics to bleach
them.

Peroxide killers

Peroxide killers can be added at the stage of pre-bleaching stage and also
at peroxide bleaching processes to destroy the peroxide content. Peroxide
killers save the water and energy by reducing peroxide levels in fabrics.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Neutralizers

Neutralizers are a chemical compounds which neutralizes the more acid and
alkali content from fabrics. Some neutralizing agents can neutralize the acids
like acetic acid content from textile products.

Textile dyes

Textile dyes are applied to textiles and its products like fabrics, fibers, yarns with
different type of natural and synthetic dyes. Textile dying chemicals can be used
at different stages of textile production processes.

Dispersants

Dispersants prevents re-deposition and to maintain stable, homogenous nature

of dyes like indigo dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and direct dyes on textile surface.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Levelling agents

Levelling agents are added the stage of batch dyeing process of textiles to
improve level the dyes dispersion on textile products. Levelling agents still
makes dyes penetrate into textile products

Soaping agents

Soaping agents can be used after printing fibre, synthetic fibre and blend textile.
Soaping agents effectively remove the flooding, improve color brightness, and
prevent second contamination from the dropped dye in previous soap process.

Printing chemicals

Printing chemicals can be used to textile fabrics to obtain accurate print printing
design and to prevent slipping during processing. Printing chemicals used for
textile fabrics like knits and woven fabrics made from all kinds of fibers.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Vat levelling agents

Vat levelling agents can increase and supports the dye penetration and
migration of vat dyes to textile fabrics. Vat levelling agents also applied to
cellulosic fibers. Vat levelling agents prevents rapid dye take-up by the textile
fabrics.

Thickeners

Thickeners applied on the textile fabric surface without bleeding or spreading

to hold printing stuffs. Thickeners can be applied different type of textile
materials like polyester, nylon, acrylic and silk fabrics.

Binders

Binders are used at the stage of textile printing. Binders like puff binders, pearl
binders give shimmer, metallic and 3D effects to textile fabrics. Binders can
protect the pigment from mechanical abrasions and helps in fixing pigments to
fabrics.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Stain removers

Stain removers can remove ink stains, oil, grease, emulsion residues, textile inks
from textile fabrics. Textilestain removers are non-toxic, accurate, active, fast
acting, low odor agents.

Textile anti back staining agent

Textile anti back staining agent also termed as anti redeposition agent. Anti back
staining agent mainly used to reduce back staining and dye re-depositing during
various washing steps. Anti back staining agent prevents redeposition and
enhances brightness.

Textile finishing chemicals

Textile finishing chemicals applied to the fabrics and clothing to give special
effects. Finishing chemicals recommended for resistant finishes, shrinkage control
finishes, pre-cure soil release finishes and pre-cure permanent press finishes.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Cationic softeners

Cationic Softeners imparts soft, soapy, balanced internal softness,

voluminous surface and smooth handle for textile fabrics. Buy cationic fabric
softener in the form of flakes, paste forms from world of chemicals.com.

Nonionic softeners

Nonionic softeners can compatible to use for synthetic fibers and its blends
to impart bulky, heavy feel and to protect yellowing. Nonionic softeners
come in the form of flakes and paste form.

Anionic softeners

Anionic softeners can modify the softness of resin treated textile fabrics.
Anionic softeners give antistatic effects and rewetting properties.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Reactive softeners

Reactive softeners can give tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion

resistance and water resistance to textile fabrics. Reactive softeners
also used to give permanent softness to textiles.

Soluble softener

Soluble softener is a textile auxiliary agent which provides rich soft feel,
minimum yellowing and high solubility in cold water.

Antistatic agents

Antistatic agents have multiple applications in textile industry such as

usage in dyeing and finishing, speeding up the emission of the charges
effectively on fabric and reduce the static electricity.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Spin finishing agents

Spin finishing agents made up of different type of lubricants, emulsifiers

and antistatic agents. Chemical spin finishes are added to the spinning
bath prior to fiber formation.

Spinning aids

Spinning aids improves spinning performance and fibre-to-fibre frictional

properties and also reduces yarn imperfections.

Textile specialty chemicals

Textile specialty chemicals enable the textile processer to manufacture

textile with a comfortable feel and appearance. Textile specialty chemicals
also used for dyeing, printing and finishing stages of textile manufacturing.

Chemicals used during textile

manufacturing Cont

Dyeing auxiliaries

Dyeing auxiliaries usually used along with direct, disperse, reactive, acid, basic, indigo,
sulfur and indanthrene dyes. Dyeing auxiliaries influences the dyeing behavior and
providing intensified shades, dye penetration, optimizing the behavior of the dyeing
process.

Pretreatment chemicals

Pretreatment chemicals a type of textile processing chemicals which helps to remove

impurities like dirt, waxes and starch impurities. Pretreatment chemicals also help in
further processes like dyeing and finishing. Buy pretreatment chemicals from world of
chemicals.com.

Textile polymers

Textile polymers used to improve textile functionalities like aesthetic appeal, comfort,
textile soft display, smart wetting properties. Polymer coated textile fabrics used in
protective clothing for ?remen, waterproof jackets, and seat upholstery for cars.

Other chemicals used

Bleaching agent hydrogen peroxide
Antifoaming agent cibaflow c;antifoam tc;primasol nf
Anticreasing agent ciba fluid p;ciba fluid c
Perioxide stabilizer Lavatex;prestozen pl;stabilol p
Sequestering agent ladiqueast 1097;dekol sm
Peroxide killer invatex pc;lorinol pk;basopal pk
Reactive fixing agent cibaflex eco
Mercerizing wetting agent mercerol qwlf
Enzyme finishing agent bio polish al
Leveling agent baso winch pel;osimol rol;uniperol el

Reference

http://www.worldofchemicals.com/448/chem
istry-articles/chemistry-of-textilemanufacturing.html