PHYSICS YEAR 10

REVISION
Millie Forbes 10D

PUTTING
RADIATION TO USE

Putting Radiation To Use

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
Neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom and has
a negative charge
Elements are two or more of the same atom joined
together chemically
Compounds are two or more of different atoms joined
together chemically
Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom and they
have a positive charge
Electrons are an electrical charge found outside of the
nucleus of an atom which have no charge

See atoms PowerPoint

ATOMS

Chemical Symbols
M = number of protons
and neutrons which is the
atomic mass
P = the number of protons
which is the atomic
number
X = the chemical symbol

X
P

Isotopes
An isotope is where the mass of an element can differ
because the number of neutrons can vary

RADIATION

Radiation
All three radiations are emitted from radioactive materials cause
ionisation
Half life is the time taken for half of the radioactive atoms you
started with to decay
You can measure half life on a graph
Radiation can be detected by a Geiger Mller tube or a
photographic film
Background radiation is the radiation all around us
The level of background radiation changes were you are
Radioactive substances decay over time
Nuclear radiation alpha, beta and gamma come from the nucleus
X-rays come from electron shells
Gamma, alpha and beta are IONISING radiations
This means they ionise atoms
Radiation harms living cells

Alpha Radiation
Alpha radiation is the helium nuclei
It has a +2 charge
It has a very strong ionising property
It is stopped by thin paper or a few centimetres of air
Used in smoke detectors

Beta Radiation
Beta radiation is high energy electrons
It has a -1 charge
It has a medium ionising property
It is stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium
Used in trackers and thickness gauges

Gamma Radiation
Gamma radiation is electromagnetic waves (EM Waves)
It has no charge
It has a very weak ionising property
It is stopped by a few centimetres of lead
Gamma rays have shorter waves than x- rays
Most dangerous outside body
Has medical and industrial uses

Carbon Dating
Fresh bone = 170 counts per minute
Ancient bone = 50 counts per minute
Background = 10 counts per minute
170- 10 = 160 = a fresh bone
50 10 = 60 = an ancient bone
Count rate of carbon-14 has fallen to one quarter of its original value
160/2 = 80
80/2 = 40
This is TWO half lives
So the bone is 5,600 x 2 = 11,200 years old
Carbon-14 half life = 5,600 years

Uses Of Radiation
Radiotherapy
Food preservation
Sterilising surgical equipment
Quality control checks in industry
Radiotracers
Smoke detectors

Things you need to know

E=mc2 = the energy is equal to the mass times the speed of
light squared
Fission = means to split apart
Fusion = means to put together
Nuclear fusion = typically happens in the heart of stars
Nuclear fission is the opposite of nuclear fusion

HOW FAST CAN

YOU GO?

Equations you need to know

Average velocity = displacement/time
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
Force = mass x acceleration
Momentum = mass x velocity
Weight = mass x gravity

Symbolic equations you need to

know
V=s/t
A=(v=u)/t
F=ma
Momentum = mv
W = mg

Units of measurement
Velocity is measured in m/s
Acceleration is measured in m/s/s
Force is measured in N
Momentum is measured in g/kg per m/s
Weight is measured in g/kg

Things you need to know

A vector has both magnitude and direction
It can be represented by an arrow on a diagram. The size
of the arrow indicates its magnitude
Three examples of vectors are acceleration, velocity and
displacement

Weight
Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
This can be written as w=mg
W is weight which is measured in Newtons
M is mass which is measured in kg and g
G is gravitational acceleration
G can also be referred to as gravitational field strength
and given the units Newtons per kilogram (N/kg)

FORCES

Resultant Force
The resultant force is the overall force acting on an object. You find it by
adding all of the forces together.
The resultant force is the left over force when all forces have been added
up or taken away
An object may have several different forces acting on it, which can have
different strengths in different directions
For example a plane travelling in a straight line at a steady speed the
plane has no resultant force.
If the resultant force acting on a body is zero, it will remain at rest or
continue to move at the same speed in the same direction
Any resultant force will produce acceleration, and this is the formula for it ;
F =ma or A = f/m
F = always the resultant force
A resultant force means acceleration
If there is an unbalanced force then the object will accelerate in that
direction

Forces
Many different forces act on an object
Working out the effect of forces is much easier if we
forget about the background and concentrate on the
object itself
We can draw a diagram called a free-body diagram
There is no resultant force if there is no change in
velocity
This means that all the horizontal forces cancel out and
all the vertical forces cancel out
The pulling force is at an angle to the horizontal so it
contributes a bit to the vertical forces and a bit to the
horizontal forces
The pulling force can be split into two components; a
horizontal component called PH and a vertical
component called PV.

Free-Body Diagram
A free body diagram is
drawn by;
The object being
represented by a simple
shape
Drag
The forces are drawn as
arrows
The direction of each arrow
shows the direction the
force is acting in
The length of the arrow
represents the magnitude
of the force

Lift

Thrust

Weight

How can data about forces be collected

on a computer in a spread sheet?
A spread sheet can be used to calculate the resultant force,
acceleration and velocity at very small time intervals to create
approximation of how the motion changes
You need to put in;
The mass of the parachutist. For a real parachutist this could
simply be measures with bathroom scales
A value for the acceleration due to gravity. This does vary from
place to place but using g=9.8 m/s/s is sufficiently accurate
The initial velocity
The constant k in the equation for drag FD =kv x 2. this depends
on the density of the air the cross sectional area of the parachutist
and the shape of the falling object. A good value for k = 0.15
The table on the next slide shows a section of a spread sheet used
to do this calculation as the parachutist approaches their terminal
velocity of just over 58 m/s

Table
Time (s)

Velocity (m/s)

Acceleration
(m/s/s)

Drag

13.3

57.95

0.41

470.06

13.4

57.99

0.39

470.73

13.5

58.03

0.38

471.38

13.6

58.06

0.37

472.01

13.7

58.10

0.35

472.61

G = 9.8 m/s/s
Mass = 50kg
K = 0.15
FD = kv x 2
Force + drag = constant x (velocity x velocity)
Force + drag = 0.15 x ( velocity x velocity)

Stopping Short
Many of the ideas we have met in this topic have come
together in working out stopping distances
Stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking
distance
Thinking distance = reaction time x speed
Breaking distance = breaking time x average speed
during breaking
Average speed during breaking = (speed of travel + 0) /
2
Breaking time = (speed of travel -0)/ breaking
deceleration
Breaking deceleration = breaking force / mass of vehicle

Forward Momentum
Force x time = change of momentum
F x t = mv mu

ROLLERCOASTERS
AND RELATIVITY

Work
Work is the amount of energy being transferred by a
force, when the object acted on by the force moves a
certain distance. You do work every time you move
something or move yourself from place to place.
The equation to calculate work is ;
Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of
the force
This can also be expressed as a symbolic;
W=Fs
Work is measured in Joules (J)
Force is measured in Newtons (N)
Distance is measured in metres (m)

Power
Power is the rate of doing work
The more work done in a certain time the greater the
power
The less time it takes to do a certain amount of work the
greater the power
Power is measured in watts (W) named after the
engineer
A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of work is being
done each second
Larger values of power can be measured in kilowatts
(kW)
1 kW = 1,000 W
Very large values of power can be measured in
megawatts (MW)

Power equations
The equation for power is ;
Power = work/time
This can also been shown as a symbolic;
P = w/t
If the power is known this can be used to calculate the work
done
Work = power x time
This in a symbolic would be ;
W = Pt
The time to do work can also be calculated using the equation;
Time = work/power
This can be shown as a symbolic;
T = w/p

Gravitational Potential Energy

The higher up you are the greater your potential energy
The greater your mass the greater your potential energy
Potential energy is measured in joules (J)

Gravitational Potential Energy

Equations
Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of
the force
Work done = mass x gravitational field strength x height
Potential energy transferred = mass x gravitational field
strength x change in height
PE = m x g x h
Potential energy = weight x change in height
PE = w x h

Units for measurements

Work done = Joules (J)
Force = Newtons (N)
Direction = metres (m)
Weight =
Mass = kilograms (kg)
Gravitational field strength = (N/kg)
Height = metres (m)

Kinetic Calculations
The kinetic energy (KE) gained by an object is calculated
from the equation
Kinetic energy = mass x (velocity x velocity)
This can also be written as;
KE = m(v x v)

Electrical energy
An electric motor will have a voltage (potentiak
difference) of V volts across it and a current of I amperes
flowing through it
It will lift the load in a time of t seconds
The voltage V multiplied by the current I is equal to the
power P being supplied to the motor
Power = voltage x current

Energy transfer
Power measures the rate of energy transfer so ;
Power (watts) = energy transferred (Joules) / time
This can also be written as;
P =E/t
The equation for power can be rearranged;
Energy transferred = power x time
E =Px t
If energy transferred = power x time and power =
voltage x current then ;
Electrical energy transferred = voltage x current x time
E =Vx Ix t

Scientific theories
Some scientific theories such as Einsteins theory of
relativity require creative imagination
Scientists may be reluctant to accept new theories such
as Einsteins relativity when they overturn longestablished explanations
Einsteins theory of relativity is believed because its
predictions were tested successfully

GOOD LUCK :)
Dont panic and it will go
really well :)