HYDRAULIC

AND
NON HYDRAULIC CEMENT

CEMENT

-isabinder,asubstanceusedinconstructionthatsets
and hardens and can bind other materials together.The
mostimportanttypesofcementareusedasacomponent
in the production ofmortar in masonry, and
ofconcrete, which is a combination of cement and
anaggregatetoformastrongbuildingmaterial.
Cementsusedinconstructioncanbecharacterizedas
beingeitherhydraulicornon-hydraulic,depending
upontheabilityofthecementtosetinthepresenceof
water

HYDRAULICCEMENT
Majorapplicationofhydrauliccementisforthemanufactureofconcreteand
mortar.Itbondstheaggregatetoproduceabuildingmaterialthatisstrong,
durable,andcanwithstandtheenvironmentaleffects.Afterhardeningis
completed,thehydrauliccementwillmaintainitsstrengthandhardnesseven
belowwater.Themajorityoftheconstructioncementsbeingusedinconstruction
industrytodayarehydraulic.
Example:PortlandCement,Pozzolan-limecements,Slag-limecements,
Supersulfatedcements,Calciumaluminatecements

TypesandUsesofPortlandCement
1. General-useHydraulicCement(TypeI):Thiscementiscreatedasageneral
purposevariant,whichisprimarilyusedinfixingfloors,pavements,
buildings,bridges,pipes,etc.,whereitworkswellasaleakagestopper.
2. WhiteHydraulicCement(White):Theonlydifferencebetweenthisandthe
general-usehydrauliccementisthecolor.Itismanufacturedusingminimal
amountsofironandmagnesium,whichgivesitawhitecolor.Itismainly
usedinarchitecture,wherewhiteconcretewilllookgoodfordecorative
purposes.
3. ModerateSulfateResistantHydraulicCement(TypeII):Whenwateror
moistsoilcomeincontactwithconcrete,sulfatescanreactchemicallyand
resultinscalingcrackingandexpansion,whichruinsthestructure.This
cementisusedinsuchstructures,duetoitspartialresistancetosulfates,
whichitgetsduetothechloridesthataremixedwiththerawmaterials.For
thisreason,itismainlyusedinstructuresthatareexposedtoseawater.

4. HighSulfateResistantHydraulicCement(TypeV):Thiscementisusedinconcrete
structuresthatfaceahighamountofsulfatesonaregularbasis.Itusesalowwater-tocementratio,andhence,gainsstrengthmuchslowerthangeneral-usehydrauliccement.
Itisalsohighlyresistanttocorrosivematerials,suchasacids.
5. ModerateHeatofHydrationHydraulicCement:Whilegeneral-usehydrauliccement
generatesalotofheatwhilereactingwithwater,themoderateheatvariantisspecially
designedtogiveoutlesserheat.Suchcementiscommonlyusedinstructureswithhuge
mass,suchasfoundationsofbuildings,andlargeretainingwalls.Thiscementwillreduce
temperature-relatedcracking,makingthestructuremoredurable.
6. LowHeatofHydrationHydraulicCement(TypeIV):Thiscementgainsstrength
muchslowerthantheothertypes,becauseitgivesoutverylittleheataftermixingwith
water.Itisonlyusedinthelargestofstructures,suchasdams,whereheatminimization
isnecessary.Thistypeisonlyavailableinlargequantitiesondemand.
7. HighEarlyStrengthHydraulicCement(TypeIII):Thiscementgainsfullstrengthvery
quickly(inaroundaweekstime).Itishighlysimilartogeneralpurposecement,where
themaindifferenceisthat,earlystrengthcementisveryfinelyground.Itisusedin
placeswherethestructurehastobeusedimmediately.

Non-Portlandhydrauliccements
Pozzolan-limecements.Mixturesofground
pozzolanandlimearethecementsusedbythe
Romans,andcanbefoundinRomanstructuresstill
standing(ex.thePantheoninRome).Theydevelop
strengthslowly,buttheirultimatestrengthcanbe
veryhigh.Thehydrationproductsthatproduce
strengthareessentiallythesameasthoseproduced
byPortlandcement.

Slag-limecements.Groundgranulatedblast
furnaceslagisnothydrauliconitsown,butis
"activated"byadditionofalkalis,most
economicallyusinglime.Theyaresimilarto
pozzolanlimecementsintheirproperties.

Supersulfatedcements.Thesecontainabout
80%groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag,
15%gypsumoranhydriteandalittlePortland
clinkerorlimeasanactivator,withstrength
growthsimilartoaslowPortlandcement.They
exhibitgoodresistancetoaggressiveagents,
includingsulfate.
Calciumaluminatecementsarehydraulic
cementsmadeprimarilyfromlimestoneand
bauxite.Theactiveingredientsare
monocalciumaluminateandmayenite.Strength
formsbyhydrationtocalciumaluminate
hydrates.Theyarewell-adaptedforusein
refractory(high-temperatureresistant)
concretes,e.g.forfurnacelinings.

HydraulicCementUses
Hydrauliccementcanbeusedaboveofbelowgrade,however,itis
extremelyusefulifusedin:
SwimmingPools
Drainagesystems
Foundations
Elevatorpits
Manholes
Sealingaroundconcreteandmasonrystructures
Marineapplications.
Chimneys
Cisternsandfountains

ElevatorPit

Cistern

WhyAreMyWallsCracking?
1.ChangesinWeather
2.BadFoundation
3.Toomuchweight
4.Toomuchmoisture

HowtoApplyHydraulicCementonCracks
Step1-TakeAppropriatePrecautions
Hydrauliccementdriesveryquickly;therefore,mixonlyasmallamountfor
eachapplication.Hydrauliccementisalsocaustic,andthedustitproducescan
causeirritation.Youmustwearadustmaskandgloveswhileyouareworking
withit.Workinawell-ventilatedarea.
Step2-PreparingtheSurface
Prepareyoursurfaceforapplication.Washthewallsorfloortoremovethe
loosemortar,dirt,mold,grease,andotherdebris.Tokillthemold,useamild
detergentwithanaddedcapfulofbleachinthewater.Toremovethewhite
powderysubstancecalledefflorescence,usemuriaticacidwithawirebrush.If
thesurfacehasoil-basedpaint,youmustremovethepaintaswell.
Step3-PreparingtheCracksfortheApplication
Beforepatching,opencrackswithahammerandchisel.Whileyouare
chiselingthecrack,remembertoundercutthecrackinsuchawaythatthe
cracksinsideopeningiswiderthantheopeningofthesurface.Thatis
important,asitlocks-inthehydrauliccementasithardens.Onceyouhave
openedthecrack,cleanitwellwithabrushtoremoveanypossiblepiecesof
concreteordust.

Step4-PreparationoftheHydraulicCement
Mixasmallamountofhydrauliccementwithwaterinabucket.Youmust
carefullyfollowtheinstructionsonthepackagingforthepropermixtureand
consistency.Useatroweltocombineandmixthecementandwaterinthe
bucket.
Step5-ApplicationoftheHydraulicCement
Beforetheapplication,useaspraybottleorwatertodampenthecrackas
cementwilladherebettertothewetsurface.Applyalayerofhydrauliccement
tothecrackinsuchaswaythatthecementis.5-inchesbelowthebaseofthe
cracksurface.
Useatroweltoapplyanotherlayerofthecementtothecrack.Smooththelayer
andletitdryfor24hoursbeforepaintingthesurface.Later,paintthesurface
withthedesiredhue.

AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofHydraulicCement
Hydrauliccementwilloffersomeadvantagesbutitalsohassomedownsidesaswell.Some
ofitsadvantagesare:

Providedurablerepairsthatwilllastforlongperiodoftimes.
Setsandhardensfast,normallythreeminutesafterbeingmixedwithwater.
Itisacost-effectivesolution
Hydrauliccementisveryeasytouse
Hotwaterwillacceleratethesettingtimeandcoldwaterwillretardit
Canbeusedonverticalapplications
Itwillmaintainitsstrengthevenifit'ssubmergedinwater
Willnotcorrodenorbecomerusted
Hydrauliccementwillnotshrink
Butisalsohassomedrawbacks:

Oncemixed,thehydrauliccementonlyremainsworkablefor10to15minutes.
Willnotworkoverfrozensurfacesofifthetemperaturewilldropdramatically
withing48hours

HydraulicCementHealthandSafetyPrecautions
Hydrauliccementmustbehandledverycarefullyandyoumustwearnecessary
PPEbeforeapplying.Weencourageyouto:

Avoidbreathingthedust.
Avoidanycontactwitheyesorskin.
Silicainhalingmaycauselungproblems,althoughthereis
norealevidencesilicaisacarcinogen.
Theuseofprotectiveclothing:glovesormaskis
recommended.

NON-HYDRAULICCEMENT
Non-hydrauliccementwastheinitialcementthatwasconceivedbythe
scientists.Non-hydrauliccementcannotbehardenedwhenexposedtowater,
unlikethehydrauliccementthatbehavesdifferently.Non-hydrauliccementsare
producedbyusingmaterialslikegypsumplasters,non-hydrauliclime,andother
additives.Non-hydrauliccementshouldbekeptdrytoattainstrength,andbe
abletomaintainitsstructure.Mortarsthatcontainnon-hydrauliccementattain
strengthgraduallyafterbeingdried.Non-hydrauliccementshavebecome
obsoleteduetothedifficultiesinvolvedregardingthelongdurationsrequiredfor
dryingandsetting.
Example:Gypsumplasterandnonhydrauliclime

GYPSUM
o Gypsumisthemostwidely
usedofallinterior
constructionmaterials.
o Itisusedasasurface
materialforwallsand
ceilings.
o Itmaybefield-appliedas
gypsumplaster

GypsumPlaster(PlasterOfParis)
Gypsumbuildingplastersareused
extensivelyabroadforgeneral
buildingoperationsandthe
manufactureofpre-formedgypsum
buildingproductsliketiles,blocks,
plasterboardetc.

GYPSUMCEILINGTILES

GYPSUMBOARD

GYPSUMBLOCK

WALLANDCEILINGPLASTERING

Advantages
1. Fireresistant
2. Soundresistant
3. Fastinstallation
4. Easytorepair
5. Lightweight
6. Inexpensive
7. Excellentsubstrateforpaint,fabricandwood
8. Noshrinkagecracksonwallsandceiling
9. Aestheticpotential

NonHydraulicLime
Limeismadebyfirstburningchalkorlimestonetoform
quicklime(calciumoxide)andthenslakingthe
quicklimewithwater.Ifnoclayispresentintheoriginal
limestoneorchalk,theresultinglimeissaidtobe'nonhydraulic'.Thisformstiffensandeventuallyhardensby
reactingwithcarbondioxidewhichispresentin
rainwater(intheformofaweaksolutionofcarbonic
acid)toformcalciumcarbonateonceagain;aprocess
knownascarbonation.Theyuseittomakelimeputty
forplasteringandmortar.

LIMEPUTTY
Forconservationwork,non-hydrauliclimeis

usuallyusedinthesaturatedformknownas
'limeputty'.Thisissuppliedtositecoveredby
athinfilmofwaterinairtighttubs,to
minimizetheriskofcarbonation.Itismadeby
slakingthelimewithaslightexcessofwater.It
widelyusedformasonry.

Example:
WardlawMausoleum:Interiorconservationworkincludedlime
plastering.

LimeMortar